Of all fields of historical enquiry, Germany’s Third Reich is perhaps the richest in sources and historiography. Therefore, it is logical to assume that this is where we see history done at its best. The chief interest of this dissertation is how historians select their sources and how they use the evidence they find in their sources. I have taken relations between Jewish Germans and non-Jewish Germans as a case study because of the enormous quantity of primary source material and because so many historians have commented on the issue. I do not attempt to make any claims about what happened between Jewish Germans and their non-Jewish compatriots nor do I make a moral assessment of behaviours and attitudes among the ‘ordinary’ people of Germany under the Third Reich. Rather, this is a technical exercise to examine how well the historians have done history in this particular area. My systematic review of the historians’ methodologies reveals that many either distort the evidence they cite or put forward arguments that go well beyond what the evidence warrants, perhaps because of pre-conceived theories which shape their approaches to the evidence. Moreover, they fail to make the best possible use of some types of source such as personal narratives. In order to ascertain whether these sources can be better used, I systematically analyse a selection of personal narratives which are sometimes quoted by historians, in particular the 1933-1945 diaries of Victor Klemperer. My question is: Do these testimonies really say what the historians claim they say about relations between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans? And if not, how can we analyse them to determine what they actually do say? The two kinds of problems which emerge are how to select a balanced range of sources and how to use them properly. My argument is that there are six methodological principles that should underpin good historical practice. Because historians are not scrupulous to apply these common-sense rules, their arguments are methodologically flawed and they do not use some sources to the full extent of their value. This raises the question of whether these problems are confined to this particular field or whether they are endemic to the history profession as a whole.

Moterų socialinė-ekonominė situacija Lietuvos kaime Santrauka Šiame magistro darbe atkreipiamas dėmesys į moterų situaciją teritoriniu aspektu, t. y. į kaimo vietovėse gyvenančias moteris. Gyvenimas kaime turi tam tikrą specifiką: nors kaime mažesnė oro tarša, vaizdingesnis kraštovaizdis, platesnė erdvė, visgi šioms vietovėms būdinga prastesnė socialinė infrastruktūra, mažesnės profesinės karjeros ir užimtumo galimybės, labiau komplikuotas susisiekimas ir pan. Kaimo moterų tema dar nėra plačiai išnagrinėta mokslinėje literatūroje, tad pateikiami duomenys yra nepakankamai išsamūs, gana fragmentiški. Dažniausiai minimas gilesnis kaimo moterų skurdas, prastesnės gyvenimo sąlygos, didesni darbo krūviai, pasyvesnis dalyvavimas socialinėje bei kultūrinėje veikloje, didesni jaunų, labiau išsilavinusių moterų migracija į miestą. Dėl šių priežasčių kaime gyvenančioms moterims kyla didesnis pavojus atsidurti socialinėje atskirtyje. Pagrindinis darbe keliamas tikslas – išanalizuoti Širvintų rajono kaimo moterų socialinę-ekonominę situaciją atskleidžiant socialinius-ekonominius veiksnius turinčius didžiausią poveikį kaimo moterų padėčiai bei labiausiai sąlygojančius socialinę atskirtį. Siekiant įgyvendinti iškeltą tikslą Širvintų rajone buvo vykdomas tyrimas apklausiant kaime gyvenančias darbingo amžiaus moteris. Apklausai atlikti buvo sudaryta anketa. Siekiant išsiaiškinti kaimo moterų socialinę-ekonominę situaciją buvo naudojami 7 ją charakterizuojantys veiksniai: užimtumas, pajamų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Socio-Economic Situation of Women in Countryside of Lithuania Summary This master‘s dissertation is focused on the situation of women from the territorial point of view, therefore women living in rural areas are emphasized here. Life in such areas has it‘s own particularity: air pollution is extended to a lesser degree, landscape is more picturesque and wider spread of nature – all those factors are typical of countryside. On the other hand, worse social facilities, less employment and career possibilities, complicated means of communication are more applicable in rural than in urban areas. The subject of rural women is not fully explored in scientific literature yet that’s why given information is not enough circumstantial and quite fragmentary. Topical issues usually dealt are poverty among rural women, bad living conditions, high workload, passive participation in social and cultural activities, increased young and educated women migration to cities. Because of these reasons women living in rural areas are facing a bigger probability to experience social exclusion. The main objective in this dissertation is to analyze socio-economic situation of rural women in Širvintos region revealing socio-economic factors which have a big impact on situation of rural women and determine a social exclusion. With the view of implementation of proposed object, there was an empirical research carried out and employable rural women were polled in Širvintai region. There was a questionnaire... [to full text]

This study looks at Open Innovation in Research and Development projects and explores the nature of collaboration and leadership characteristics. Thereby perspectives of both industrial and academic partners are considered, focusing primarily on the project level of the collaboration. It is based on the understanding that leadership plays a crucial role in bringing the partners successfully together, based on the prior understanding that academia and industry are potentially different in the nature, objectives and working dynamics of research and development.   This thesis begins with examining the existing literature on the concept of Open Innovation, including benefits and drawbacks of such projects. This leads to uncovering the managerial challenges that such projects encounter which can be mitigated by effective leadership. For this reason, relevant theories on leadership are explored, especially focusing on leadership in R&D contexts, as these kind of projects have special requirements from leaders that differ from traditional projects.  This research is qualitative in nature and takes an abductive approach to theory. 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted, consulting with heads of R&D departments from industrial companies, professors in charge of research labs at universities and representatives from intermediary organisations. The study is exploratory and cross-sectional in nature, as open innovation collaborations in Sweden, the UK and the Netherlands were in the centre of attention. The process of analysis implied the use of a template analysis, which provided the researchers with enough flexibility to code, categorize, and interpret necessary findings. The results show that the nature of Open Innovation collaborations differs from case to case, from mere contractual relationships to collaborative partnerships with a high level of interaction on a daily basis. The key motive for both partners is finance-based, as the universities gain access to funding and the company can save on research expenses. Additionally, companies benefit from access to academic expertise and from potential governmental funding.  Further, there is not a single leader in an industry-university collaboration, rather each entity has a leader of their own and collaborative working is fostered by them. It is deduced that no single leadership theory fits best in the operational level of R&D open innovation functioning, rather it is a mixture of a few popular theories which were predominant in collaborative relationships. The characteristics of leaders in open innovation were deduced and autonomy, communication and joint problem-solving have a prominent role in furthering the R&D collaborative relationship. As a result, a connection between leadership and Open Innovation collaborations was explored.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the place of Syria in the Arab-Israeli conflict and in the Middle East peace process in the period between the 1948 war and 2000. In this context, the aim is to find out an answer to the question of how Syria acquired its central place in the conflict and a critical role in the peace process. Accordingly, the thesis consists of three main parts. In the first part of the study, the central place of Syria in the wars against Israel is examined. In the second part of the study, the challenges Syria faced during the 1980s and 1990s, and how these challenges affected the Syrian position in its relations with Israel are discussed. In the third part, the critical role of Syria in the bilateral negotiations between Syria and Israel is scrutinized. Finally, this thesis is concluded in with the developments occured in the Middle East in the period between 2000 and today.

在台灣數位遊戲產業規模呈現持續成長之際，隨著產業環境的變遷，卻也面臨許多的挑戰，如代理產品比例過高、遊戲研發人才不足、市場規模有限等。近年來，國內遊戲軟體業者紛紛進軍大陸，因此，本研究透過個案研究與深入訪談，探討國內四家遊戲廠商赴大陸投資動機、地點選擇、新產品開發兩岸分工模式，並比較兩岸遊戲研發人才之優劣，及大陸研發人才之任用與訓練等議題，得到發現如下： 一、台灣遊戲廠商赴大陸投資動機 (一)台灣遊戲廠商赴大陸投資的主要動機在於大陸遊戲市場的興起，其次為人力成本與取得的考量。 (二)大陸投資據點的選擇以遊戲研發人才取得容易為主要考量。 二、遊戲新產品開發策略 (一)遊戲軟體新產品的開發朝向網路多人使用化及多平台化發展。 (二)遊戲的開發組成專案團隊進行，遊戲企劃扮演靈魂人物角色。 三、兩岸分工模式 不同的公司，採用不同的分工方式： (一)採用兩岸水平分工者，依遊戲產品分類，各產品分別於兩岸研發；兩岸人員的交流主要來自於公司的正式會議。 (二)採取兩岸垂直分工者，將遊戲開發中美術的部份由大陸製作。 (三)兩岸遊戲研發人才比較：台灣的遊戲企劃優於大陸，美術設計兩岸各有專長，程式撰寫兩岸程度相差無幾。 四、大陸子公司人員任用與訓練控制機制 (一)大陸分公司之高階主管，偏好不當地化，主要派遣台籍幹部。 (二)減少研發人員的流動，提供內部升遷管道。 五、大陸投資動機與兩岸分工方式對於新產品開發之影響 (一)大陸投資主要動機影響遊戲新產品研發類型，主要動機為市場因素者著重於線上遊戲的研發，成本因素者另著重於電視遊樂器遊戲之研發。 (二)兩岸分工方式影響遊戲開發團隊專業成員的佈置，水平分工者，兩岸皆擁有完整的研發團隊，垂直分工者，研發團隊重心放在台灣。 / Taiwan's digital game industry faces a lot of challenges when they try to grow up. For example, there are too many imported products, short of research & development (R&D) manpower and the limited market scale. In recent years, many domestic companies move their factories to China. The purpose of this research is to find out the industrial firms’motive,location choice, new products development in Taiwan and China,to compare the R&D manpower between Taiwan and China,to understand how they employ the staff and design the training program, etc. The study selected four major Taiwanese game software companies as research subjects for case studies in depth. Preliminary research findings are as follows: I.The motive of Taiwanese game software companies invested in China: 1.The main motive to invest in China is the marketing raising. The second consideration is human resources and availabilities. 2.The choice of location is based on obtaining R&D manpower easily. II.New products development strategy: 1.The new game toward to multi-user and multi-platform on the network. 2.Forming project team for each new products development. III.The division of labor between Taiwan and China. Different company has way of division: 1.If the company adopts horizontal division way, it conducts R&D for different products separately between Taiwan and China. The communication between Taiwan and China is implemented through the company's formal meetings. 2.If the company adopts vertical division way,its drawing or artistic design of game production process is completed in China. 3.Compare the R&D manpower between Taiwan China:the game planning of Taiwan is superior to China, the artistic design each have specialty,the program writing degree is very nearly the same. IV.The employment and training in China subsidiary company: 1.The China subsidiary company prefers assigned its executive to be from Taiwan instead of local people. 2.To prevent the research staff from losing,the company provides the internal promotion system to local people. V.The impact of Investment motive and the division of labor between Taiwan and China on new product development. 1.The main motive influences the new products development. With a motive on local market,the firm will focus on the on-line games development; with a motive on cost consideration,the firm will focus on the TV games development. 2.The division of labor between Taiwan and China influences the allocation of R&D manpower. If the company adopts horizontal division way, it will have complete R&D team in both Taiwan and China. If the company adopts vertical division way, it will place its R&D center in Taiwan.

Robert Kaplan與David Norton（2004）於策略地圖一書中指出，平衡計分卡四大構面，即財務、顧客、內部流程、學習與成長，是有某種程度的相關性而連結在一起的。提升與整合無形資產，必定能改善內部流程，進而增進顧客構面與改善關係人權益。 針對此一構面相關性的課題，本研究以購物中心為例，建構百貨零售業的策略管理架構，藉由績效衡量指標的建立，實施問卷調查，找出指標重要性。接著以多變量的統計方法分析資料，驗證平衡計分卡各個構面的相關性。 研究結果發現，「學習與成長構面」顯著正向的影響「內部流程構面」；而「學習與成長構面」也顯著正向的影響「財務構面」；但「學習與成長構面」對於「顧客構面」雖然呈現正向影響，在本研究的模式下卻不顯著。另外，「內部流程構面」顯著正向的影響「顧客構面」；而「內部流程構面」對「財務構面」的影響，雖為正向但並不顯著。最後，「顧客構面」顯著正向的影響「財務構面」。 實務上的意義是，百貨公司如果要提升獲利，可以藉由學習成長構面的增進來提升內部流程構面，再藉由內部流程構面的增進來提升顧客構面，進一步由顧客構面的增進來改善財務績效。 / In the book of Strategy Maps, Robert Kaplan and David Norton delineated that the four perspectives of balanced scorecard link together in a chain of cause-and-effect relations. Enhancing and Aligning intangible assets leads to improved process performance, which, in turn, results in customer and shareholder success. This research was based on a case study of a shopping mall in Taipei County. We established a set of performance measurement indicators and gave members of the shopping center a survey. After applying the SEM and LISREL, the results found how important those indicators were. By using multivariate analysis technique, we demonstrated the chain of causation between various perspectives of balanced scorecard. Our findings showed that learning and growth perspective affected internal process perspective positively. Learning and growth perspective affected financial perspective positively. But learning and growth perspective could not affect customer perspective significantly. On the other hand, internal process perspective affected customer perspective positively, but could not significantly affect the financial perspective. Ultimately, we found that customer perspective affected financial perspective positively. In practice, if a shopping center wants to raise profit by strengthening customer perspective, it can enhance learning and growth of employees to increase internal process perspective. Then, better internal process can bring out the improvement in customer perspective.

過去國外的實證研究結果指出，民眾在退休後的消費支出會有減少的現象，文獻稱此現象為 “退休消費的難題 （Retirement Consumption Puzzle）”。本研究主要目的在於探討不同世代是否在退休消費難題的程度上有所差異。研究結果顯示，臺灣民眾在退休後，家戶的消費並未有顯著的減少現象，但對不同世代戶長退休後的家戶消費行為進行分析，本研究發現相較於20年代的家戶，40年代的退休家戶其退休後的消費有顯著減少現象，可能的原因在於年輕世代面臨人口平均餘命增加所產生的長壽風險，而人口結構老化使得過去養兒防老的觀念式微，以及年輕世代對未來退休金制度產生疑慮，使得年輕世代家戶退休後的消費有顯著下降的現象，此結論顯示不同世代在退休後的消費行為確有顯著差異。 / The world is facing the dual effect of life expectancy and declining fertility, this phenomenon will enable society and individuals exposed to the longevity risk. In this study, we use “The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.（Taiwan）. The results show that there is a decline in the expenditure of food after retirement, and younger generations decline less than elder generation obviously. There are also declines in work-related expenditures, including clothing, transportations and communication. It means that retired-consumption puzzle is not obvious to younger generations. While the consumption of home management, recreation and education do not drop after retirement, showing leisure time increase and also increase those consumption. Health and medical expense is related to the age and health status, not to the status of work. Total consumption expenditure is no significant correlation with retirement. Finally, there is a trend of younger generation consumption increase. Comparing, it may have retirement plan to support the increasing consumption.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to compare the aviation derived reliability metric known as the Maintenance Free Operating Period (MFOP), with the traditionally used, and commonly found, reliability metric Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), which has over the years shown some innate disadvantages in the field of maintenance. It will be shown that this is mainly due to MTBF’s inherent acceptance of failure and the unscheduled maintenance therewith directly connected. Moreover, MFOP is successfully applied to a mining specific case study, as to date, no other application of the MFOP concept to the mining sector is known. An extensive literature study is presented, which covers concepts relevant to the overall study and which helps to contextualise the problem, revealing the major shortcomings of the commonly accepted MTBF metric. A methodology to analyse systems MFOP performance, making use of failure statistics to analyse both repairable and non-repairable systems, is presented. Validation makes use of a case study which applies the MFOP methodology to a system, specifically in the mining sector. It was shown that MFOP could be applied to the data obtained from the mining sector, producing estimates which were accurate representations of reality. These findings provide an exciting basis on which to begin to facilitate a paradigm shift in the mind set of maintenance personnel, setting reliability targets and dealing with unscheduled maintenance stops. KEYWORDS: Maintenance Free Operating Period, Mean Time Between Failure, Maintenance, Mining / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die Onderhoudvrye Bedryf Tydperk (OBT), ’n betroubaarheidsmaatstaf afkomstig van die lugvaart industrie, te vergelyk met die Gemiddelde Tyd Tussen Falings (GTTF) maatstaf wat tradisioneel in algemene gebruik is, maar wat oor die jare inherente nadele met betrekking tot instandhouding geopenbaar het. Dit sal bewys word dat hierdie nadele hoofsaaklik ontstaan as gevolg van die GTTF se inherente aanvaarding van failure en die ongeskeduleerde instandhouding wat daarmee gepaard gaan. OBT word ook suksesvol aangewend in ’n mynwese-spesifieke gevallestudie, wat aaangegaan is aangesien geen ander sooortgelyke aanwending in die mynwese sektor tot datum bekend is nie. ’n Breedvoerige literatuurstudie word voorgelê wat relevante konsepte dek en die probleem binne konteks plaas, en daardeur die hoof tekortkominge van die algemeen aanvaarde GTTF metriek ontbloot. ’n Metodologie waardeur analise van die stelsel werkverrigting van die OBT uitgevoer kan word met gebruik van onderbrekings statistiek om herstelbaar sowel as onherstelbare stelsels te analiseer, word voorgestel. Geldigheid word getoets deur ’n gevallestudie wat die OBT metodologie aangewend word spesifiek vir ’n stelsel in die mynwese Dit is bewys dat OBT toegepas kan word op data afkomstig van die mynwese sector, en skattings lewer wat akkurate voorstellings is van die werklikheid. Hierdie bevindinge is opwindend, en dit dien as die basis vir ’n die aanwending van ’n paradigmaskuif in die benadering van instandhoudingspersoneel tot die daarstelling van teikens vir betroubaarheid en ook in hul hantering van ongeskeduleerde instandhoudingsophoud. SLEUTELWOORDE: Onderhoudvrye Bedryf Tydperk, Gemiddelde Tyd Tussen Falings, Onderhoud, Mynbou

O que fazem profissionais de educação numa produção televisiva? Nesta pesquisa, por meio de 'conversas' com praticantespensantes que atuam em produção de TV, e no uso de outros documentos (programas editados, argumentos, textos e roteiros), busco responder a essa pergunta e compreender as redes de conhecimentos e significações relativas aos espaçostempos de ação desses profissionais, entendidos como entre-lugares de educação e comunicação. A pesquisa, na perspectiva dos estudos com os cotidianos, se articula ao GRPESQ Currículo, redes educativas e imagens, do Laboratório Educação e Imagem/ProPEd/UERJ, e busca apoio em conversas/narrativas com/de professores que trabalharam/trabalham em televisão em especial, no programa Salto para o Futuro integrando a equipe de educação da TV Escola (MEC), ou atuando como consultores de séries temáticas. Sobre o assunto, também foram ouvidos responsáveis pela assessoria pedagógica dos canais Encuentro e Pakapaka, na Argentina, em doutorado-sanduíche, com o apoio da Capes. Como fundamentação teórica, além de pesquisas com os cotidianos, a partir de textos de Michel de Certeau, de Nilda Alves e de Inês Barbosa de Oliveira, dos quais emergem algumas das noções que permeiam essa investigação, ressalto a contribuição de autores da sociologia, como Pierre Bourdieu e Boaventura de Sousa Santos e, ainda, de represe ntantes dos chamados estudos culturais, entre eles Jesús Martín-Barbero, Nestor Canclini, Stuart Hall, Homi Bhabha entre outros. A questão do outro, da alteridade, que permeia a tese, em sua tessitura com narrativas e imagens, busca inspiração também nos escritos e em conversas com Carlos Skliar e nos textos de Jorge Larrosa. As conclusões possíveis destacam a importância das ações desses profissionais (professores) nesses espaçostempos televisivos. / What do professionals in education do in a television production? This research is an attempt to answer this question not only through conversations with the practitioners engaged in television production but also through sources such as edited programmes, arguments , texts and scripts. In doing so, I intend to understand the net of knowledge and meanings related to the so called space-times of action (here understood as an in-between place belonging to both education and communication fields) of these professionals. This work, under the perspective of everyday life studies, is aligned with the research group entitled Curriculum, educational networks and images, from the Education and Image Laboratory of the post graduation program in Education (ProPEd) of the University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ). It concentrates in talks with and narratives of educators who worked and have been working either as members of TV Escola which belongs to the Ministry of Education (MEC) or consultants of a particular educational television program entitled Salto para o Futuro. The ones responsible for the pedagogical consultancy of the channels Encuentro and Pakapaka from Argentina have also been interviewed thanks to a doctorate program supported by Capes. The theoretical framework is based on the writings of Michel de Certeau, Nilda Alves and Ines Barbosa de Oliveira; besides them, the contributions of the sociological thinkers Pierre Bourdieu and Boaventura de Souza Santos as well as some representatives of cultural studies such as Jesús Martín Barbero, Nestor Canclini, Stuart Hall, Homi Bhabha, among others, have also been used. Issues about the other and alterity have found inspiration in Carlos Skliar and Jorge Larrosas texts. The possible conclusions made highlight the relevance of the actions of these professionals (teachers) in this space-time television environment

I detta konstnärliga examensarbete undersöks huruvida det går att binda samman fyra låtar av olika karaktär med hjälp av övergångar bestående av olika musikaliska- och icke musikaliska element. Fyra olika metoder för övergångar har testats och utvärderats för att se vilken som fungerar bäst. Metoderna som testats är: körarrangemang, atonala övergångar, ledmotiv och narrativt tal. Tidigt i arbetet stod det klart att körarrangemang var svårt att få till estetiskt och att tiden för att få till det bra skulle bli för knapp. Att arbeta atonalt var däremot lättare då inga regler sattes upp förutom att övergången skulle börja på tonarten som varit och landa i tonarten som skulle komma. När ledmotivet skrevs tonalt var det svårt att få till men då ett vindljud fick agera återkommande ledmotiv tillförde det rymd och rum till övergångarna. För att hitta de narrativa stroferna som skulle sägas lästes de fyra låttexterna igenom för att hitta nyckelfraser som bäst beskrev känslan inför kommande låt. Som resultat visade det sig senare att kombinationen av atonala syntar, vindljudet som agerade ledmotiv samt de narrativa stroferna passade bäst när de kopplades samman och arbetade tillsammans. / This artistic degree project researches if it is possible to link four different songs of diverse genres onto one EP through the use of both musical and non-musical elements that arise as bridges between the songs. Four different methods have been tested and evaluated to see which one gives the best result. The tested methods are: arrangements for choir, atonal bridges, leitmotif and narrative phrases. Early on it became clear that the arrangements for choir were hard to complete in the limited time that existed for the project. To work with atonal bridges was easier since the only guide line used was that the bridge should start in the key last heard and end on the same key as the upcoming song. When the leitmotif was written tonally it was difficult to do but using the sound of wind as a non-musical leitmotif added a nice space to the bridges. When working with the narrative phrases the songs were analysed carefully to find the key phrases of the lyrics from the four songs to use in the narrative speech. The result of this project indicates that the best way to create these bridges is to combine the different methods, use the atonal synthesizers with the non-musical wind sounds as a leitmotif along with the narrative phrases. The only method not used was the arrangement for choir. / <p>Jag bifogar en mp3-fil med övergångarna mellan låtarna samt de 4 låtarna jag arbetat med. </p><p>Musiker, låtskrivare, producent och mixare: Frida Holmgren Övriga musiker:Martin Axelsson, Oscar Treitler, Emma Beskow, Jonna Inge, Caroline Waldemarsson, Olle Roberg, Karolin Engman</p>