• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 361
  • 121
  • 70
  • 55
  • 39
  • 22
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • Tagged with
  • 916
  • 155
  • 151
  • 112
  • 110
  • 84
  • 75
  • 67
  • 57
  • 52
  • 51
  • 48
  • 46
  • 46
  • 46
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
601

Degradation modeling of concrete submitted to biogenic acid attack

Yuan, Haifeng, Yuan, Haifeng 03 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Bio-deterioration of concrete, which is very common in sewer system and waste water treatment plant, results in significant structure degradation. Normally, the process can be described by the two following parts: 1) Biochemistry reactions producing biogenic aggressive species in biofilms which are spread on the surface of concrete. As one of the most significant biogenic acid in sewer pipes, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is produced by sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB). 2) Chemical reactions between biogenic aggressive species and cement hydration products which is responsible for concrete deterioration. A reactive transport model is proposed to simulate the bio-chemical and chemical deterioration processes of cementitious materials in contact with SOB and H2S or sulfuric acid solution. This model aims at solving simultaneously transport and biochemistry/chemistry in biofilms and cementitious materials by a global coupled approach. To provide an appropriate environment for SOB to grow, the surface neutralization of concrete (i.e., the absorption of H2S and aqueous H2S corrosion) is considered. To obtain the amount of biogenic H2SO4, the bio-oxidation of H2S by the activation of bacteria is simulated via a simplified model. To provide a suitable environment for SOB to grow, the abiotic pH reduction of concrete process is introduced. The production rate of H2SO4 is governed by the pH in the biofilms and the content of H2S in gas.It is assumed that all chemical processes are in thermodynamical equilibrium. The dissolution of portlandite (CH) and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) and the precipitation of gypsum (C¯S H2) and calcium sulfide are described by mass action law and threshold of ion activity products. To take into account the continuous decrease of the Ca/Si ratio during the dissolution of C-S-H a generalization of the mass action law is applied. By simplifying the precipitation process of gypsum, a damage model is introduced to characterize the deterioration of concrete due to the swelling of gypsum. Thus, the porosity evolution and deterioration depth during deterioration process are taken into account. Only diffusion of aqueous species are considered. Different diffusion coefficients are employed for various ions and Nernst-Planck equation was implemented. The effect of the microstructure change during deterioration on transport properties is considered as well. For both biofilms and cementitious materials, the balance equations of total mass of each atom (Ca, Si, S, K, Cl) are used to couple transport equations and (bio-)chemical reactions. The model is implemented within a finite-volume code, Bil. Following the introduction of principle of the finite volume method, the coupling of the bio-chemistry process in biofilms and chemistry process in cementitious materials is illustrated. By this model, some experiments reported in literature, including chemical immersion tests (statical solution condition and flow solution condition) and microbiological simulation tests, are simulated. The numerical results and the experimental observations are compared and discussed. The influence of properties of cementitious materials (initial porosity, carbonated layer, etc.) and environmental factors (concentration of H2SO4, content of H2S, etc.) are investigated by this model as well. Furthermore, a long term predictionis conducted
602

Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion in space nuclear reactor power systems

Presby, Andrew L. 12 1900 (has links)
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion offers a means of efficiently converting heat into electrical power. This has potential benefits for space nuclear reactor power systems currently in development. The primary obstacle to space operation of thermophotovoltaic devices appears to be the low heat rejection temperatures which necessitate large radiator areas. A study of the tradespace between efficiency and radiator size indicates that feasible multi-junction TPV efficiencies result in substantial overall system mass reduction with manageable radiator area. The appendices introduce the endothermodynamic model of a TPV cell and briefly assess the utility of advanced carbon-carbon heat pipe radiator concepts. / Lieutenant, United States Navy
603

Investigation of Thermal Performance of Cylindrical Heatpipes Operated with Nanofluids

Ghanbarpourgeravi, Morteza January 2017 (has links)
Nanofluids as an innovative class of heat transfer fluids created by dispersing nanometre-sizedmetallic or non-metallic particles in conventional heat transfer fluids displayed the potential toimprove the thermophysical properties of the heat transfer fluids. The main purpose of this study is toinvestigate the influence of the use of nanofluids on two-phase heat transfer, particularly on thethermal performance of the heat pipes. In the first stage, the properties of the nanofluids were studied,then, these nanofluids were used as the working fluids of the heat pipes. The thermal performance ofthe heat pipes when using different nanofluids was investigated under different operating conditionsexperimentally and analytically. The influences of the concentration of the nanofluids, inclinationangles and heat loads on the thermal performance and maximum heat flux of the heat pipes wereinvestigated.This study shows that the thermal performance of the heat pipes depends not only on thermophysicalproperties of the nanofluids but also on the characteristics of the wick structure through forming aporous coated layer on the heated surface. Forming the porous layer on the surface of the wick at theevaporator section increases the wettability and capillarity and also the heat transfer area at theevaporator of the heat pipes.The thermal performance of the heat pipes increases with increasing particle concentration in all cases,except for the heat pipe using 10 wt.% water/Al2O3 nanofluid. For the inclined heat pipe, irrespectiveof the type of the fluid used as the working fluid, the thermal resistance of the inclined heat pipes waslower than that of the heat pipes in a horizontal state, and the best performance was observed at theinclination angle of 60o, which is in agreement with the results reported in the literature. Otheradvantages of the use of nanofluids as the working fluids of the heat pipes which were investigated inthis study were the increase of the maximum heat flux and also the reduction of the entropy generationof the heat pipes when using a nanofluid.These findings revealed the potential for nanofluids to be used instead of conventional fluids as theworking fluid of the heat pipes, but the commercialization of the heat pipes using nanofluids for largescale industrial applications is still a challenging question, as there are many parameters related to thenanofluids which are not well understood. / <p>QC 20170228</p>
604

[en] INFLUENCE OF VISCOELASTICITY AND SHEAR ON THE DYNAMIC STABILITY OF BEAMS AND TUBES / [pt] INFLUÊNCIA DA VISCOELASTICIDADE E DO CISALHAMENTO NA ESTABILIDADE DINÂMICA DE VIGAS E TUBOS

OSCAR FABRICIO ZULETA INCH 12 August 2014 (has links)
[pt] As estruturas com cargas não conservativas podem perder a estabilidade por divergência, quando a amplitude da resposta estática se incrementa monotonamente, ou por flutter, através de oscilações com amplitudes exponencialmente crescentes. Neste trabalho estudam-se vários aspectos sobre o efeito do amortecimento e da deformação cisalhante na estabilidade dinâmica de vigas e tubos. Um programa computacional que permite obter cargas críticas e respostas no domínio do tempo é implementado, formulando as equações através do método dos elementos finitos. Comparam-se os resultados de vigas de Euler-Bernoulli e vigas de Timoshenko, considerando várias alternativas para a aplicação do amortecimento proporcional e viscoelástico. Tubos são modelados com elementos tridimensionais enriquecidos com modos adicionais incompatíveis. O amortecimento viscoelástico é introduzido na relação constitutiva do material, atuando sobre as deformações desviadoras. As cargas críticas dinâmicas são calculadas a partir do problema de autovalor característico, obtido aplicando a transformada de Laplace às equações de conservação de momentum. Nas análises dinâmicas um método implícito é utilizado para a integração do tempo e um algoritmo de segunda ordem na integração das relações constitutivas viscoelásticas. Os resultados mostram que para algumas formas de amortecimento, as respostas obtidas considerando a deformação cisalhante mudam qualitativamente o comportamento da carga crítica dinâmica, incluindo alguns paradoxos, conforme o amortecimento é incrementado. / [en] Structures with non-conservative loads can lose stability either by divergence, when static response amplitude increases monotonically, or by flutter, through oscillations with exponentially increasing amplitudes. Several aspects concerning the influence of damping and shear on the dynamic stability of beams and tubes are studied. A special-purpose computer program has been developed, enabling critical loads and time history responses to be obtained applying the finite element method to formulation of the equations. Results of Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams are compared for a number of alternative formulations of proportional and viscoelastic damping. Tubes are modeled with tridimensional elements implemented with additional incompatible modes. Viscoelastic damping is introduced in the constitutive relations of the material, acting on deviatoric strains. Flutter loads are calculated through the characteristic eigenvalue problem obtained applying the Laplace’s transform to the momentum equation. In the dynamic analysis an implicit method is used for time integration and a second order algorithm is used in the integration of viscoelastic constitutive relations. The results show that, for some types of damping, the responses obtained taking into account shear strains change qualitatively the behavior of the flutter load, including certain paradoxical phenomena, as damping is increased.
605

Aspectos de linguagem organística em Das Wohltemperierte Clavier - &#39;O cravo bem temperado&#39; - Estilo antigo e temperamento moderno / Aspects of Organistic Language in Das Wohltemperierte Clavier - Johann Sebastian Bach\'s \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\".

Oliveira, Sérgio de Carvalho 04 May 2015 (has links)
O objetivo da presente pesquisa é, decifrando o significado do termo Clavier (-teclado?, em sentido genérico), na obra tecladística de J. S Bach - especialmente nos Prelúdios e Fugas que compõem Das Wohltemperierte Clavier, oder Praeludia und Fugen durch alle Tone und Semitonia - concentrar-se naqueles que apresentam maiores problemas de execução ao cravo e propor uma leitura dessas peças ao órgão de tubos, levando em conta a linguagem instrumental de cada instrumento. / The objective of the present study remains in the meaning of the word Clavier (-keyboard?, in a general sense) in Bach\'s keyboard works - especially the Preludes and Fuges of Das Wolhtemperierte Clavier, oder Praeludia und Fugen durch alle Tone und Semitonia - to focus in those pieces that presents more difficulties to perform on a harpsichord and suggest a pipe organ performance according to each instrumental language.
606

Caracterização e controle do comportamento mecânico do concreto reforçado com fibras para tubos. / Characterization and control of mechanical behavior of fibre reinforced concrete for pipes.

Monte, Renata 17 April 2015 (has links)
Os estudos focando a otimização do reforço dos tubos de concreto para obras de saneamento são importantes por estes componentes estarem vinculados a grandes necessidades sociais que ainda atingem o Brasil e outros países em desenvolvimento bem como pelo fato destes componentes serem produzidos em série, o que gera economia de escala. Neste sentido, a utilização de fibras como reforço dos tubos trás consigo um grande número de vantagens aplicativas e de desempenho. A tendência internacional de busca por um consenso no dimensionamento e controle do concreto reforçado com fibras (CRF) como material estrutural está sendo direcionada para o fib Model Code 2010. Geralmente, para a caracterização do CRF são utilizados os ensaios de flexão de vigas. Porém, a moldagem desses corpos de prova para o controle do CRF dos tubos apresentou resultados inadequados em estudos anteriores. A definição do reforço ótimo de tubos de CRF através da tentativa e erro no ensaio de compressão diametral do componente deve ser evitada pelos elevados gastos (financeiros, de material e tempo) associados a esta metodologia. O projeto deve ser atingido através de modelos confiáveis que possam otimizar o reforço através da previsão adequada do desempenho do componente. Da mesma forma, deve-se obter procedimentos de controle do material que sejam concatenados com os procedimentos de controle do produto. Neste sentido, esta tese propõe uma metodologia para a caracterização e controle do comportamento mecânico do CRF para a produção de tubos, que permita modelar o comportamento do componente no ensaio de compressão diametral e verificar sua adequação a uma aplicação estrutural. O estudo foi dividido em três fases principais. Na primeira houve a avaliação de um método de ensaio alternativo ao de flexão de prismas para o controle do CRF. Na segunda fase experimental houve a incorporação de modificações no método de ensaio de compressão diametral do componente de modo a aproximá-lo à filosofia do fib Model Code 2010. Nesta etapa foram avaliados tubos com reforço de fibras de aço, macrofibras poliméricas e vergalhões para comprovar a pertinência da nova metodologia de ensaio. Na terceira fase do estudo foi realizada uma simulação numérica para previsão de comportamento dos componentes ensaiados utilizando os parâmetros do material caracterizados através do método de ensaio alternativo validado na primeira fase. Os resultados obtidos na modelagem foram comparados com o resultado experimental do ensaio do componente de modo a validar a metodologia proposta. Os resultados demonstraram a adequação do ensaio Barcelona para a caracterização e controle do comportamento mecânico do CRF destinado à produção de tubos. Essa caracterização poderá subsidiar simulações numéricas do comportamento do componente no ensaio de compressão diametral. Com isto, ábacos de projeto de tubos de concreto reforçados com diferentes tipos de fibras poderão ser desenvolvidos, identificando as classes resistentes que serão atendidas dependendo do diâmetro do tubo e do teor de fibras empregados. Esta tese aponta também para a necessidade de uma revisão na normalização vigente, estabelecendo critérios relacionados ao comportamento pós-fissuração que avaliem o estado limite de serviço e o estado limite último. Isto permitirá uma avaliação homogênea do tipo de reforço e tornará mais adequada a comparação entre distintos tipos de reforço (fibras ou convencional). / The international trend for a consensus about the design and control of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) as a structural material is based on the fib Model Code 2010. Generally, in order to characterize the FRC, bending tests are used. However, the moulding of these control test specimens of the FRC pipes is not quite simple as has been shown by previous studies. The design of FRC pipes through trial and error in the component-crushing test should be avoided. This test shall be limited to the acceptance control or final validation of a new component, designed through reliable models that optimize the reinforcement and the component performance. These models should allow both design and prediction of the component behaviour related to the quality control. In that sense, this thesis proposes a methodology for characterizing and controlling the mechanical behaviour of FRC for the production of pipes. This study allows modelling the component behaviour in crushing test and verifying their suitability for structural application. The methodology considered consisted in three main topics: evaluation of an alternative method of FRC control test; modification of the procedure of the crushing test method in order to approach the fib Model Code 2010 philosophy, and prediction the mechanical behaviour of the components comparing numerical simulation results with experiments results. In this last topic, the characterization of the materials performance by the alternative test method was considered. The results indicated that the Barcelona test is suitable in order to characterize and control the mechanical behaviour of the FRC used for the production of pipes. This characterization is able to support numerical simulations of the component behaviour in crushing test. It allows the development of design tables identifying the pipes resistant classes considering a variety of parameters such as types and contents of fibres and pipes diameters. This thesis also points out the need for a review of the current standards, establishing parameters related to the post-cracking behaviour to assess the serviceability limit state and the ultimate limit state. This allows a homogeneous evaluation of the reinforcement type and makes it more suited to comparing different types of reinforcement (fibre or conventional).
607

Contribuição ao projeto de cabos umbilicais e tubos flexíveis: ferramentas de CAD e modelo de macro elementos. / Flexible pipes and umbilical cables project contribution: CAD tools and macro-element model.

Provasi, Rodrigo 10 December 2012 (has links)
A Engenharia Offshore está sempre em evolução, motivada pela busca de novos poços de petróleo, o que acarreta em maiores lâminas dágua e demanda novas tecnologias que tornem o processo viável. Neste contexto, não apenas novos tipos de plataformas são desenvolvidas, mas também novos tipos de tubos flexíveis e cabos umbilicais. A maior dificuldade de gerar esses novos tipos de cabos é determinar a sua viabilidade. Tubos flexíveis e cabos umbilicais são de difícil modelagem, devido à interação entre as camadas, além de difícil concepção, dada a grande variedade de componentes e o grande número de configurações possíveis. O processo de concepção desses cabos é baseado nas funções que os elementos que os compõem têm de cumprir, levando aos tipos de componente que serão utilizados. O processo consiste em definir as funções que o cabo deverá executar e selecionar os elementos que o irão compor. Esse processo deve levar em conta as características estruturais e respeitar restrições definidas no projeto. Com o objetivo de tornar o processo de concepção desses cabos menos laboriosa, propõe-se neste trabalho uma ferramenta computacional do tipo CAD (do inglês Computer Aided Design), bem como um modelo de mecânica interna para tratar da interação entre as camadas. A ferramenta CAD aqui proposta difere das demais por facilitar em muito a definição do cabo e de suas funções. Ela inclui ainda ferramentas de verificação da configuração final através de um modelo 3D. Ela permite ao usuário criar uma configuração totalmente nova a partir de uma biblioteca de elementos previamente definido. O software ainda oferece a visualização tridimensional, que facilita a verificação de certos erros de projeto intrínsecos a esses tipos de cabo bem como a visualização de resultados advindos do modelo. Outra possibilidade que o CAD traz é a utilização de seus módulos bi e tridimensional como pré e pós processadores de outros modelos, não somente o proposto aqui. Isso aumenta em muito as possibilidades de utilização. Propõe-se um modelo de elementos finitos com elementos feitos sob medida, denominados aqui como macro-elementos. Nessa modelagem, os elementos são descritos com mais detalhes, procurando levar em conta as características dos elementos físicos que pretendem representar, minimizando o número de elementos necessários para descrever o problema como um todo. Com esse tipo de abordagem, pretende-se utilizar todas as potencialidades dos modelos numéricos, como por exemplo o abrandamento de certas hipóteses, com as do modelo analítico, incorporando características do elemento físico no modelo matemático. Nesse trabalho propõe-se elementos cilíndricos para capas e tubos equivalentes, elementos de tendão e elementos de ligação e contato. / The offshore industry is in constant evolution due to the need of reaching new oil fields in increasingly water depths. In this scenario, not only new types of platforms are being designed, but also new types of flexible pipes and new umbilical cable configurations. The greatest difficulty to generate a new concept for a riser is to determine if it is viable or not. Flexible pipes and umbilical cables are complicated to model, due to the interactions between their layers, and to design, due to the great variety of components and possible arrangements. The design of those elements is based on the functions they are intended to perform, leading to the elements that will be selected. The process consists on defining the cable features and selecting the elements that will compose it. The process should take into account the desired structural characteristics and must respect constraints defined in the project. Aiming to turn the conception of these cables into a less laborious process, this work proposes Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, as well an internal mechanic model to deal with the layer interaction. The CAD tool proposed in this work differs from the others by making the cable definition and functions easier. It also includes tools for verification of the cable using a 3D model. It makes possible to the user to create a totally new configuration based on a predefined component library. The software also has a tri-dimensional visualization module, which makes the verification of certain errors attached to the project of such cables, as well enables the visualization of results from the model. Another possibility that the CAD offers is the use of the two and three-dimensional modules as pre- and post processors for other models, not only the one proposed here. This greatly increases its usage possibilities. It is also proposed a finite element model with custom-made elements, called here macro-elements. In this modeling, the elements are described with more details, taking into account the characteristics of the targeted physical elements, minimizing the number of the necessary elements to describe the problem as a whole. With this kind of approach, one intends to utilize all the potentialities from both numerical models, such as the relaxation of certain hypothesis, and analytical models, bundling into the mathematical model the physical characteristics of the element. It is proposed in this work cylindrical elements for sheaths and equivalent tubes, tendon elements and contact and connection elements.
608

Modelagem física de condutos enterrados sujeitos a perda de apoio ou elevação localizada / Physical modeling of buried pipes subjected to localized loss of support or elevation

Costa, Yuri Daniel Jatobá 24 May 2005 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental sobre o comportamento de dutos enterrados sofrendo perda de apoio ou elevação em uma determinada região ao longo do comprimento. Foram realizados ensaios com modelos físicos compostos por um maciço de areia pura contendo um tubo repousando sobre um alçapão localizado no centro do vão. A pesquisa envolveu dois programas experimentais distintos. O primeiro foi desenvolvido na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos/USP e contou com o desenvolvimento e a construção de um equipamento de ensaios possuindo um sistema de alçapão. Os modelos eram dotados de instrumental capaz de medir as deflexões e as deformações específicas ao longo do duto, além das tensões totais no maciço de solo circundante e na base do equipamento. O segundo programa experimental foi conduzido na Universidade do Colorado em Boulder, EUA, e envolveu ensaios em centrífuga. Essa fase da pesquisa teve por finalidade realizar uma investigação visual dos mecanismos de ruptura do sistema composto pelo solo e pelo duto sujeito à perda de apoio. Ambas as etapas do trabalho contaram com a execução de testes com modelos sem tubo. Os ensaios realizados revelaram aspectos importantes do problema investigado. A movimentação ativa ou passiva do alçapão exerceu uma forte influência na redistribuição das tensões no maciço de solo exterior à estrutura, a qual abrangeu distâncias horizontais superiores a 5 B e verticais superiores a 4 B. Após a perda de apoio ou a elevação, o topo, a base e as demais partes do conduto assumiram perfis de deflexão distintos ao longo do comprimento, os quais foram consideravelmente influenciados pela densidade relativa do solo e pela sobrecarga aplicada. A movimentação ativa do alçapão revelou ainda padrões de ruptura incluindo localizações de deformação propagando-se para a região do maciço de solo fora do alçapão / This thesis presents an experimental study on the behavior of buried pipes undergoing a loss of support or elevation in a localized region along its length. Tests with physical models comprising a pure dry sand and a tube resting on a rigid trapdoor base located at the center of its length were performed. The research included two distinct testing programs. The first testing program was carried out at the School of Engineering of Sao Carlos/USP, and included the construction of a laboratory facility containing a trapdoor system. The models were equipped with devices for measuring deflections and strains in the pipe, and total stresses in the soil mass and in the lower boundary of the model. The second phase of this investigation was conducted at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA, and involved centrifuge testing. The main goal of this part of the research was to assess the failure mechanisms that take place when the pipe experiences loss of support. Models without the pipe were also tested in both phases. Important aspects of the soil-structure interaction were verified with the testing programs carried out in this study. A strong influence on the stress redistribution within the soil mass in the vicinity of the structure was achieved after the active or passive conditions were established, encompassing horizontal distances greater than 5 B and vertical distances greater than 4 B. The crown, the base, and the other parts of the pipe assumed distinct deflection profiles after the loss of support or elevation, which were strongly influenced by the relative density of the surrounding soil and by the surficial applied surcharge. The imposed downward boundary movement included the formation of shear bands initiating at the edge of the void and propagating towards the soil mass in the vicinity of the trapdoor
609

Perda localizada de carga em gotejadores integrados em tubos de polietileno / Local head losses for integrated drippers in polyethylene pipes

Gomes, Anthony Wellington Almeida 30 March 2009 (has links)
A inserção de gotejadores em uma tubulação modifica as linhas de fluxo, provocando turbulência local, que resulta em perdas de carga adicionais maiores que as perdas contínuas na tubulação. Para avaliar a perda total de carga, ao longo da linha lateral de gotejadores, as perdas contínuas e as localizadas, devidas à presença dos emissores no tubo, devem ser consideradas. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um experimento conduzido para avaliar as perdas localizadas de carga em gotejadores coaxiais integrados em tubos de polietileno. A perda de carga para diferentes vazões foi determinada em quatro modelos de tubos gotejadores, com sete repetições. Cada segmento de tubo utilizado continha 11 gotejadores. Para cada vazão, a perda localizada de carga foi calculada pela diferença entre a perda de carga no tubo com emissor e a perda de carga continua no tubo uniforme, estimada pela equação de Darcy-Weisbach. Aproximações matemáticas foram sugeridas para calcular a perda de carga com base no coeficiente de carga cinética (K) e em um valor constante de comprimento equivalente (Le). Para cada modelo de tubo gotejador, o coeficiente K foi praticamente independente do número de Reynolds, para R > 10 000, sugerindo que cada gotejador pode ser caracterizado por um valor médio de K, obtido em função de um índice de obstrução. Em decorrência, propôs-se uma alternativa para calcular a perda localizada de carga, provocada por gotejadores coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno, em função de relações geométricas entre a área de escoamento através do gotejador e a da seção do tubo. Os resultados encontrados possibilitam concluir que: (a) maior variabilidade dos valores de K ocorreu para os gotejadores não-autocompensados e a maior perda localizada de carga para os autocompesados; (b) o aumento do grau de obstrução (1 - Ag/At) proporcionou o aumento na perda localizada de carga. Considerando a vazão de 20 x 10-5 m3 s-1, nos tubos gotejadores Amanco, observou-se que o aumento de 1,79 vez no grau de obstrução resultou no aumento de 3 vezes na perda localizada de carga; já nos gotejadores Naandan, o aumento de 2,2 vezes no grau de obstrução proporcionou o aumento de 8,9 vezes na perda de carga; (c) a consideração da perda localizada de carga é um critério relevante no dimensionamento de linhas laterais de gotejamento, especialmente quando se utilizam gotejadores autocompensados. A desconsideração da perda localizada de carga levou à superestimativa do comprimento máximo da linha lateral de até 25,7%, para os gotejadores autocompensados, e de 9,5%, para os não-autocompensados; (d) o cálculo da perda localizada de carga, utilizando o modelo potencial para estimar o valor de K em função do índice de obstrução, mostrou bons resultados, comparáveis àqueles obtidos com o valor de K ajustado pelos dados observados em laboratório, o que resultou em pequenas variações na estimativa do comprimento máximo da linha lateral por esses dois procedimentos. Considera-se, assim, que a perda localizada de carga em gotejadores coaxiais, pode ser calculada utilizando-se um coeficiente de carga cinética calculada em função do índice de obstrução. / The insert of the drip in a pipe modifies the flow line, causing local turbulance, which results in more additional head loss than the continued loss in pipes. In order to evaluate the local head loss, along the drip irrigation laterals, the continued and localized loss due the presence of these emitters inside the pipes must be considered. This work shows the results of an experiment carried out to evaluate the local head loss in coaxial drippers integrated to polyethylene pipes. The head loss for different discharges was determined using four drip pipe models, using seven repetitions. Each pipe segment contained 11 drips. For each discharge, the local head loss was calculated by the difference between head loss in the pipe with emitters and the continued head loss in the uniform pipe, estimated by Darcy-Weisbach equation. Mathematical approaches were proposed to calculate the head loss based on the kinetic head coefficient (k) and in a equivalent length of pipe constant value (le). For each drip pipe model, the k coefficient was considered independent from Reynolds number, R >10.000. It can be concluded that each drip can be characterized by an average k, obtained in function from a obstruction index. As a result, it was proposed an alternative to calculate the local head loss caused by coaxial drip integrated to polyethylene pipes, according to geometric relationship between the flow area through the drip and the pipe section. According to the results can be concluded that: (a) the not self-compensated pressure emitters showed more variability in k values and the self-compensated showed greater local head loss; (b) the obstruction index increase (1 ag/at) caused an increase in the total head loss. Considering a discharge 20 x 10 -5 m3 s-1, it was observed in Amanco drip that a 1,79 times increase in obstruction index, resulting in 3 times the head loss and in Naandan drip, it was observed that 2,2 times increase in obstruction index, resulting in 8,9 times the head loss; (c) the head loss is a relevant criterion in the drip laterals design, especially for self-compensated drips. The disregard of the local head loss resulted in a over-estimate of 25,7% in the maximum length lateral, for self-compensated drips, and until 9,5% for not self-compensated drips; (d) the calculation of the local head loss using the potential model to estimate k value, according to the obstruction index, showed good results when comparing to those obtained using k factor adjusted to the observed data in the laboratory. Resulting in few variations in the maximum length lateral estimation for both procedures. It is considered that the local head loss, caused by the integrated drip on drip lateral, can be calculated using kinetic head coefficient according to obstruction index.
610

Contribution expérimentale à l'amélioration des modèles de transition de régime en écoulement diphasique horizontal. / Experimental and numerical contribution to the improvement of horizontal two-phase flow transition modeling

Ozturk, Onur can 05 December 2013 (has links)
Plusieurs régimes d’écoulement diphasiques adiabatiques eau/air horizontaux (écoulements dispersés àbulles et intermittents) et leur développement axial ont été étudiés dans l'expérience METERO,constituée d’une conduite circulaire horizontale de 100 mm de diamètre interne. Différentes techniques d’instrumentation ont été améliorées et utilisées pour mesurer les grandeurs caractéristiques de l’écoulement afin d’apporter une description locale et l'évolution axiale des écoulements. Les mécanismes physiques responsables des régimes d’écoulement et de leurs transitions, notamment la compétition entre forces turbulente et de flottabilité ont été explicités. Les différences entre les régimes à bulles et intermittent ont été mises en évidence et les processus physiques à l’origine de ces différences ont été expliqués. Deux nouvelles cartes de régime d’écoulement adimensionnelles ont été proposées: la première apporte une amélioration à la représentation de Taitel & Dukler (1976) et propose un nouveau critère de transition. La deuxième, novatrice, quantifie les effets des forces de turbulence et de flottabilité en fonction du taux de vide. / Several horizontal water-air two-phase adiabatic flows (dispersed bubbly flows and intermittent flows)and their axial evolutions have been studied in the METERO experiment which is consisted of ahorizontal circular test section with an internal diameter of 100 mm. Different measurement techniqueshave been improved and utilized to measure the flow characteristics in order to bring a localdescription and axial evolution of the flows. The responsible physical mechanisms of the flow regimesand their transitions, particularly the competition between turbulent force and buoyancy force havebeen explained. The differences between dispersed bubbly flows and intermittent flows have beenhighlighted and the physical process at the origin of these differences has been explained. Two newdimensionless flow regime maps have been proposed: the first one brings an improvement to therepresentation of Taitel & Dukler (1976) and proposes new transition criteria. The second novel maptakes into account the effects of turbulent and buoyancy forces and the void fraction.

Page generated in 0.0423 seconds