The principle of effective demand states that given endogenous expenditure patterns, the level of exogenous expenditure determines the level of employment. If investment represents the sole form of exogenous expenditure, employment adjusts to the level of investment. If exogenous expenditure changes, equilibrium is restored via the equilibrating variable, employment. If employment is linked in a unique way to income, we have what is referred to as the income adjustment process. The income adjustment process is investigated in a closed and a small open economy (SOE) which imports consumption and capital goods. If a SOE imports its capital goods, the causal link between investment and employment is weakened. When capital goods are imported, investment adjusts to the balance of payments and animal spirits are constrained. Certain South African data are analysed within the framework of the income adjustment process. / M.A.(Economics)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-04T12:35:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Rezende Azevedo.pdf: 1755449 bytes, checksum: aa4e16e0504e0108a8e17052384ae516 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T12:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney Rezende Azevedo.pdf: 1755449 bytes, checksum: aa4e16e0504e0108a8e17052384ae516 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The purpose of the presente study is to investigate the situations of social helplessness experienced by families that receive any help from the “BolsaFamília” program in the Municipality of VárzeaPaulista -SP. The research is essentially qualitative, where were analyzed aspects related to the objective and subjective conditions of the beneficiary families and the ability to access and evaluate municipal public services, for instance health, education and social assistance. The Evaluations were made through a questionnaire applied at the households address, where it was heard reports of different situations of social abandonment experienced by these families during their lives. Material and symbolic relations between families, and the construction of feminine gender that the PBF has in addition to the discursive elements showed the occurrence of familism and pointed out the feminization of poverty. It was also evaluate how people deal with absence or presence of the State. In which dimension is happening the “non-accountability” of the state and the accountability of the families. The familismphenomenonand the interface with the PBF. The biggest Brazilian program of income transfer faces an articulation difficulty with other social policies, which makes it difficult to overlap the stigma of a social program of poverty relief. We approached different situations of social destitution that accumulates in the family dynamics which demands the offer of social protection .Questions about death in the family, accidents, evictions, famine, constant residential changes, diseases, births, discrimination, landslides, flood, maternity domestic violence, unemployment, and street situation. Situations of disrespect, humiliation and embarrassment that cause ethical-political suffering. The research shows how families, especially women, working class that doesnt have the support of the State and how much the “extended family”, like religious institution and friends/ neighbors can offer and help. In most families, occasional and restricted support. The poor women who live from the work are the same who suffer prejudice and discrimination from the several discriminating agents mentioned in the research. They are exploited by working capital and they occupy the most precarious jobs, even exploited, they need to resist to the perverse logic of social abandonment,low access and quality of the public services that accumulate according to the territory / O presente estudo se ocupa em investigar as situações de (des)proteções sociais vivenciadas pelas famílias beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família do Município de Várzea Paulista-SP. A pesquisa é de caráter essencialmente qualitativa, tendo sido analisados aspectos pertinentes às condições objetivas e subjetivas das famílias beneficiárias. Analisamos as condições de acesso das famílias em relação às políticas públicas e coletamos avaliações sobre os serviços públicos do município, entre os quais os de saúde, educação e assistência social. As avaliações foram feitas através da aplicação de um questionário realizado no domicílio das famílias, onde ouvimos os relatos de diferentes situações de (des)proteções sociais vivenciadas por essas famílias no decorrer de suas vidas. Identificamos relações materiais e simbólicas entre as famílias, e constatamos a construção do gênero feminino que o PBF tem para além dos elementos discursivos que revelaram a ocorrência do familismo e apontaram para a feminização da pobreza. Também avaliamos como as pessoas lidam com ausência/ presença do Estado. Em que medida está ocorrendo conjuntamente a desresponsabilização do Estado e a responsabilização da família. A pesquisa abordou a questão do fenômeno do familismo e a interface com o PBF. Em que medida o maior programa de transferência de renda condicionada do Brasil enfrenta dificuldade de articulação com as políticas sociais e assim, sobrepor-se ao estigma de programa social de alívio a pobreza. Agrupamos as situações de (des)proteções sociais que se acumulam nas dinâmicas familiares, em razão da ausência da oferta de proteção social. Questões relacionadas à morte em família, acidentes, despejos, fome, mudanças residenciais constantes, doenças, nascimentos, discriminação, desabamento, enchente, maternidade, violência doméstica, desemprego, situação de rua e na rua. Quantificamos e analisamos as situações de desrespeito, humilhação e constrangimento que causam sofrimento ético-politico. A pesquisa aponta o quanto as famílias, nelas principalmente as mulheres pobres que são pertencentes uma classe social que vive do trabalho, não contam com o apoio do Estado e o quanto as beneficiárias podem contar com as famílias extensas, instituições religiosas e amigos/vizinhos. Na maioria das famílias, um apoio esporádico e restrito. As mulheres pobres que em geral participam da classe que vive do trabalho e são exploradas pelo capital trabalho: ocupam os empregos mais precários, e mesmo exploradas, resistem à lógica perversa do desamparo social e do baixo acesso à qualidade dos serviços públicos, que se acumulam conforme o território

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-09T12:16:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Cristina Neves Carnelossi.pdf: 2214443 bytes, checksum: f2f7ce95b0d2e570cfb2439032a16420 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T12:16:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Cristina Neves Carnelossi.pdf: 2214443 bytes, checksum: f2f7ce95b0d2e570cfb2439032a16420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Access to money dissociated from the labor market, which is the purpose of this study, is addressed as a non-contributory social protection right in the form of income security right. We approached the perspectives of existing initiatives on access to money as a right of social protection for Brazilian citizens presented in three chapters. In the first, the demystification or the notion of labor as a hegemonic condition of access to money in a socioeconomic context governed by the fourth industrial revolution and through the immaterial economy, which is the chosen economic focus. Then, in the second chapter, the global growth of economic inequality and the growing need for non-contributory social protection in its income security format is the civilizing political focus used as axiological content which frames the empirical examination through the third approach of the study. The third chapter focuses on the analysis of historical forms instituted in Brazil, after 1988 Constitution, related to income security in the context of public social assistance policy. The identification of challenges to income security as a social and welfare right takes place through the empirical analysis of national provisions (Benefício de Prestação Continuada – BPC, in Portuguese) and the transfer of income from the “Bolsa Família Program” (PBF, in Portuguese). The logic of governmental management that preside these two devices, that operate forms of access to money dissociated from the labor market, paradoxically reiterates in their dynamics the liberal logic of the market, dissipating users of a possible contribution of right of citizenship. The applicant's needs, existence and experiences are rejected. Several revealing expressions emerge in the adverse conjuncture to the defense of income security as a socialwelfare right, under outrageous expressions of human dignity, the need for money to survive in the society of capital. This demonstrates the increasingly dramatic lack of protection that is exacerbated by the lack of access to a necessary standard of income security / O acesso ao dinheiro dissociado do mercado de trabalho, tema deste estudo, é aqui abordado como direito de proteção social não contributiva na forma de direito à segurança de renda. Abordam-se as perspectivas das iniciativas já existentes do acesso ao dinheiro como direito de proteção social ao cidadão brasileiro, apresentada sem três capítulos.No primeiro, a desmistificação, ou o descortinar da ideia de trabalho como condição hegemônica de acesso ao dinheiro num contexto socioeconômico regido pela quarta revolução industrial e pela economia do imaterial é o enfoque econômico escolhido.Em seguida, o crescimento global da desigualdade econômica e a crescente necessidade por proteção social não contributiva em seu formato de segurança de renda é o foco político civilizatório empregado como conteúdo axiológico que emoldura o exame empírico, por meio da terceira aproximação do estudo, presente no terceiro capítulo que focaliza a análise de formas históricas instituídas no Brasil, após a Constituição de 1988, relativas à segurança de renda no âmbito da política pública de assistência social. A identificação de desafios à segurança de renda como direito socioassistencial processa-se pela análise empírica dos dispositivos nacionais, o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) e a transferência de renda do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). A lógica de gestão governamental que preside esses dois dispositivos, que operam formas de acesso ao dinheiro dissociado do mercado de trabalho, paradoxalmente reiteram em sua dinâmica a lógica liberal de mercado e esvaem seu usuário de um possível conteúdo de direito de cidadania.Desprezam-se necessidades, existência e experiências do demandatário. Na conjuntura adversa à defesa da segurança de renda como direito socioassistencial, emergem diversas expressões reveladoras, sob expressões ultrajantes à dignidade humana, da necessidade por dinheiro para sobrevivência na sociedade do capital. Expressa-se, assim, a desproteção, cada vez mais dramática, agravada pela destituição do acesso a um padrão necessário de segurança de renda

The principle of effective demand states that given endogenous expenditure patterns, the level of exogenous expenditure determines the level of employment. If investment represents the sole form of exogenous expenditure, employment adjusts to the level of investment. If exogenous expenditure changes, equilibrium is restored via the equilibrating variable, employment. If employment is linked in a unique way to income, we have what is referred to as the income adjustment process. The income adjustment process is investigated in a closed and a small open economy (SOE) which imports consumption and capital goods. If a SOE imports its capital goods, the causal link between investment and employment is weakened. When capital goods are imported, investment adjusts to the balance of payments and animal spirits are constrained. Certain South African data are analysed within the framework of the income adjustment process. / M.A.(Economics)

Text in Afrikaans / Social security is an important instrument of government to reduce the risks of economic insecurity to indivi~uals and the community. Social security usually consists of social insurance (for example pensions, unemployment insurance and workmen's compensation) and social assistance (for example social pensions, disability grants and maintenance grants). In view of South Africa's low economic growth, high and rising unemployment, widespread poverty, skew distribution of income and the disintegration of the family, social security requires urgent attention. This issue is even more pressing during the political transition since most policy measures and institutions are reconsidered, while pressure on government expenditure increases. This study commences with a discussion of basic aspects of social security, such as its definition, the rationale for social security in a market economy, the possible influence on economic behaviour, targeting, the financing of social security through a payroll tax and general taxation and the financing of a national pension fund. One of the sources of information of social security is the experience of other countries in this regard. The second part, which constitutes the core of the study, involves a comparative study of social security. After a general discussion on comparative studies, the origin and development of social security in welfare states (the USA, Britain and the Netherlands) and developing countries (Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba and Sri Lanka) are studied. African countries and the "miracle" countries of the East also receive brief attention. The main emphasis is on equity and efficiency, and aspects such as affordability, financing, targeting, the extension of coverage, a negative income tax, traditional social security and specific programmes that could be of importance to South Africa. In the last section the origin and development of and the fiscal scope for social security are discussed. Besides social insurance and assistance, programmes such as in-kind transfers, public works programmes and tax expenditure receive attention. Aspects of social security such as poverty alleviation, means testing, take-up rates, administration and corruption are discussed, while recommendations are made on topics such as a "voluntarily" national pension scheme, employment creation programmes and food stamps. / Bestaansbeveiliging is 'n belangrike instrument in die hande van die owerheid om die risiko' s van ekonomiese onsekerheid vir individue en die gemeenskap te verminder. Bestaansbeveiliging bestaan gewoonlik uit maatskaplike versekering (waaronder pensioene, werkloosheidsversekering en ongevalleversekering) en maatskaplike bystand (byvoorbeeld maatskaplike pensioene, ongeskiktheidstoelaes en onderhoudstoelaes). In die lig van Suid-Afrika se lae ekonomiese groei, hoe en stygende werkloosheid, wydverspreide armoede, skewe verdeling van inkome en gesinsverbrokkeling, verg bestaansbeveiliging dringende aandag. Die aangeleentheid is des te dringender gedurende die politieke oorgangsperiode waartydens die meeste beleidsmaatreels en instellings in heroorweging geneem word en daar voortdurend druk op die owerheid is om meer van die land se skaars bronne te gebruik. Ter inleiding word enkele kemaspekte van bestaansbeveiliging bespreek, waaronder die definisie daarvan, die rasionaal vir bestaansbeveiliging in 'n markekonomie, die moontlike invloed van bestaansbeveiliging op ekonomiese gedrag, die rol van teikenstelling, die finansiering van bestaansbeveiliging deur middel van 'n loonstaatbelasting en algemene belastings en die finansiering van 'n nasionale pensioenfonds. Een bron van inligting oar bestaansbeveiliging is die ervaring van ander lande op hierdie terrein. Die tweede gedeelte, wat die kern van die studie is, behels 'n vergelykende studie van bestaansbeveiliging. Na 'n inleidende bespreking oar vergelykende studies in die algemeen, word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van bestaansbeveiliging in welvaartstate (die VSA, Brittanje en Nederland) en in ontwikkelende lande (Chili, Mexiko, Guatemala, Kuba en Sri Lanka) bestudeer. Afrikalande en die "mirakel-lande" van die Coste kry oorsigtelik aandag. Die nadruk in die gedeelte val veral op billikheid en doeltreffendheid en aspekte soos bekostigbaarheid, finansiering, teikenstelling, uitbreiding van dekking, negatiewe inkomstebelasting, tradisionele bestaansbeveiliging en programme wat vir Suid-Afrika van betekenis kan wees. In die laaste gedeelte word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van en die fiskale ruimte vir bestaansbeveiliging in Suid-Afrika bespreek. Benewens maatskaplike versekering en bystand, kry programme soos in natura oordragte, openbare werke-programme (werkskeppingsprogramme) en belastinguitgawes aandag. Aspekte van bestaansbeveiliging soos armoedeverligting, die middeletoets, opneemkoerse, administrasie en korrupsie word bespreek en aanbevelings word onder me er gemaak ten opsigte van 'n "vrywillige" nasionale pensioenskema, werkskeppingsprogramme en voedselkoepons. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ekonomie)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group) "fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the private insurance market and the family and community. Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security. Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and expenditure trends are examined. The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first line of support for many. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul word. Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika - daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word. Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike bystand. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging 'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar 'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk, gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.

Part I comprises three chapters (2-4) that analyse the optimal combination of a universal benefit (B≥0) and categorical benefit (C≥0) for an economy where individuals differ in both their ability to work and, if able to work, their productivity. C is ex-ante conditioned on applicants being unable to work, and ex-post conditioned on recipients not working. In Chapter 2 the benefit budget is fixed but the test awarding C makes Type I and Type II errors. Type I errors guarantee B > 0 at the optimum to ensure all unable individuals have positive consumption. The analysis with Type II errors depends on the enforcement of the ex-post condition. Under No Enforcement C > 0 at the optimum conditional on the awards test having some discriminatory power; whilst maximum welfare falls with both error propensities. Under Full Enforcement C > 0 at the optimum always; and whilst maximum welfare falls with the Type I error propensity it may increase with the Type II error propensity. Chapters 3 and 4 generalise the analysis to a linear-income tax framework. In Chapter 3 categorical status is perfectly observable. Optimal linear and piecewise-linear tax expressions are written more generally to capture cases where it is suboptimal to finance categorical transfers to eliminate inequality in the average social marginal value of income. Chapter 4 then derives the optimal linear income tax for the case with classification errors and Full Enforcement. Both equity and efficiency considerations capture the incentives an increase in the tax rate generates for able individuals to apply for C. Part II (Chapter 5) focuses on the decisions of individuals to work when receiving C, given a risk of being detected and fined proportional to C. Under CARA preferences the risk premium associated with the variance in benefit income is convex-increasing in C, thus giving C a role in enforcement.

Text in Afrikaans / Social security is an important instrument of government to reduce the risks of economic insecurity to indivi~uals and the community. Social security usually consists of social insurance (for example pensions, unemployment insurance and workmen's compensation) and social assistance (for example social pensions, disability grants and maintenance grants). In view of South Africa's low economic growth, high and rising unemployment, widespread poverty, skew distribution of income and the disintegration of the family, social security requires urgent attention. This issue is even more pressing during the political transition since most policy measures and institutions are reconsidered, while pressure on government expenditure increases. This study commences with a discussion of basic aspects of social security, such as its definition, the rationale for social security in a market economy, the possible influence on economic behaviour, targeting, the financing of social security through a payroll tax and general taxation and the financing of a national pension fund. One of the sources of information of social security is the experience of other countries in this regard. The second part, which constitutes the core of the study, involves a comparative study of social security. After a general discussion on comparative studies, the origin and development of social security in welfare states (the USA, Britain and the Netherlands) and developing countries (Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba and Sri Lanka) are studied. African countries and the "miracle" countries of the East also receive brief attention. The main emphasis is on equity and efficiency, and aspects such as affordability, financing, targeting, the extension of coverage, a negative income tax, traditional social security and specific programmes that could be of importance to South Africa. In the last section the origin and development of and the fiscal scope for social security are discussed. Besides social insurance and assistance, programmes such as in-kind transfers, public works programmes and tax expenditure receive attention. Aspects of social security such as poverty alleviation, means testing, take-up rates, administration and corruption are discussed, while recommendations are made on topics such as a "voluntarily" national pension scheme, employment creation programmes and food stamps. / Bestaansbeveiliging is 'n belangrike instrument in die hande van die owerheid om die risiko' s van ekonomiese onsekerheid vir individue en die gemeenskap te verminder. Bestaansbeveiliging bestaan gewoonlik uit maatskaplike versekering (waaronder pensioene, werkloosheidsversekering en ongevalleversekering) en maatskaplike bystand (byvoorbeeld maatskaplike pensioene, ongeskiktheidstoelaes en onderhoudstoelaes). In die lig van Suid-Afrika se lae ekonomiese groei, hoe en stygende werkloosheid, wydverspreide armoede, skewe verdeling van inkome en gesinsverbrokkeling, verg bestaansbeveiliging dringende aandag. Die aangeleentheid is des te dringender gedurende die politieke oorgangsperiode waartydens die meeste beleidsmaatreels en instellings in heroorweging geneem word en daar voortdurend druk op die owerheid is om meer van die land se skaars bronne te gebruik. Ter inleiding word enkele kemaspekte van bestaansbeveiliging bespreek, waaronder die definisie daarvan, die rasionaal vir bestaansbeveiliging in 'n markekonomie, die moontlike invloed van bestaansbeveiliging op ekonomiese gedrag, die rol van teikenstelling, die finansiering van bestaansbeveiliging deur middel van 'n loonstaatbelasting en algemene belastings en die finansiering van 'n nasionale pensioenfonds. Een bron van inligting oar bestaansbeveiliging is die ervaring van ander lande op hierdie terrein. Die tweede gedeelte, wat die kern van die studie is, behels 'n vergelykende studie van bestaansbeveiliging. Na 'n inleidende bespreking oar vergelykende studies in die algemeen, word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van bestaansbeveiliging in welvaartstate (die VSA, Brittanje en Nederland) en in ontwikkelende lande (Chili, Mexiko, Guatemala, Kuba en Sri Lanka) bestudeer. Afrikalande en die "mirakel-lande" van die Coste kry oorsigtelik aandag. Die nadruk in die gedeelte val veral op billikheid en doeltreffendheid en aspekte soos bekostigbaarheid, finansiering, teikenstelling, uitbreiding van dekking, negatiewe inkomstebelasting, tradisionele bestaansbeveiliging en programme wat vir Suid-Afrika van betekenis kan wees. In die laaste gedeelte word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van en die fiskale ruimte vir bestaansbeveiliging in Suid-Afrika bespreek. Benewens maatskaplike versekering en bystand, kry programme soos in natura oordragte, openbare werke-programme (werkskeppingsprogramme) en belastinguitgawes aandag. Aspekte van bestaansbeveiliging soos armoedeverligting, die middeletoets, opneemkoerse, administrasie en korrupsie word bespreek en aanbevelings word onder me er gemaak ten opsigte van 'n "vrywillige" nasionale pensioenskema, werkskeppingsprogramme en voedselkoepons. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ekonomie)

Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Social workers are increasingly being encouraged to include the economic development of their clients in the intervention strategies they apply. As a result of this, social work programmes with income generating activities are becoming commonplace within the social work arena. People with disabilities have been identified as a group that should be targeted for support in income generating activities and small business initiatives. An exploratory study of the effect of a social work programme on the lives of people with disabilities was undertaken. A literature study was conducted on perspectives and intervention strategies that are applied in social work intervention with people with disabilities. This included the ecological and strengths perspectives of social work as it applies to people with disabilities. The empowerment approach was described as an intervention strategy to be applied by social workers working with people with disabilities. Disability in South Africa was explored by focussing on the disability rights movement as well as the policies and institutions that affect the lives of people with disabilities. Little research has been done to explore the effect of social work programmes with income generating activities on the lives of the people involved in them. Exploratory research was done in the Western Cape using the interview survey for data collection,. The experiences of people with disabilities, who are members of a social work income-generating programme, were explored. Information obtained during the interviews is presented in four categories, namely: demographic information of the respondents, the nature of the respondents' disabilities, respondents' involvement in the programme and their awareness of their rights as people with disabilities. The study revealed that although, income generating activities were the focus of the programme, respondents did not identify economic rewards as the main reason for remaining in the programme. Respondents identified emotional and social rewards as being of most value to them in their membership of the programme. It is therefore concludedthat social work programmes should include both income-generating activities as well as activities that will enhance the emotional and social development of people with disabilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Maatskaplike werkers word al hoe meer aangemoedig om die ekonomiese opheffing van hul kliënte in te sluit by die intervensie strategieë wat hul implementeer. Gevolglik word strategieë met inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite al hoe meer alledaags in die maatskaplike werk arena. Mense met gestremdhede is as 'n groep geïdentifiseer om ondersteuning in inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite en kleinsake inisiatiewe te ontvang. 'n Verkennende studie is onderneem om die effek van 'n maatskaplike werkprogram op die lewens van mense met gestremdhede te ondersoek. 'n Literatuurstudie is ook onderneem om die maatskaplike werk perspektiewe en intervensie strategieë wat van toepassing is op mense met gestremdhede, te beskryf. Dit het die maatskaplike werk ekologiese en sterkte perspektiewe ingesluit en ook hoe dit van toepassing is op mense met gestremdhede. Die bemagtigings benadering in maatskapike werk en die toepassing daarvan op mense met gestremdhede word ook beskryf. Gestremdheid in Suid-Afrika is verken deur te fokus op die gestremdheids regtebeweging, sowel as die beleid en instansies wat 'n effek het op die lewens van mense met gestremdhede. Min navorsing is tot dusver gedoen om die effek van maatskaplike werkprogramme met inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite op die lewens van mense met gestremdhede te verken. Verkennende navorsing is in die Wes-Kaap gedoen met behulp van onderhoude as 'n instrument vir data insameling. Die ervaringe van mense met gestremdhede, wie lede van 'n maatskaplike werk inkomstegenererende program is, is verken. Inligting wat ingewin is gedurende onderhoude word in vier kategorië aangebied, naamlik: demografiese inligting van respondente, die aard van respondente se gestremdhede, respondente se betrokkenheid by die program sowel as hulle bewustheid van hulle regte as gestremdes. In die studie is bevind dat alhoewel inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite die fokus van die program was, het respondente nie noodwendig die ekonomiese beloning as die hoof rede om in die program aan te bly, geïdentifiseer nie. Respondente het die emosionele en sosiale beloning geïdentifiseer as die aspek wat die meeste waarde vir hulle ingehou het. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat maatskaplike werk programme beide inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite, sowel as aktiwiteite wat die emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling van gestremdes aanmoedig, moet insluit.

Orientador: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Justo_CarolinaRaquelDuartedeMello_D.pdf: 2322207 bytes, checksum: 4e73227f42d4116e675cd2ea516aa44a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta tese procura mostrar que, a despeito de sua crescente expansão no Brasil, os programas de transferência de renda - aqui genericamente denominados programas de renda mínima - não apresentam um único modelo consolidado no país. A análise comparativa realizada a partir dos estudos de caso dos programas municipais de Campinas, Jundiaí, Santo André e Santos mostrou que os programas são diferentes não apenas em termos de seus desenhos institucionais, mas de maneira mais significativa em termos das idéias, concepções e valores segundo os quais eles vieram se constituindo. Com base nisso, foi possível identificar diferentes noções de cidadania subjacentes aos programas, a partir de uma dupla abordagem: liberal e fortemente assentada no trabalho - em Jundiaí e Santos -, ou democrático-participativa, potencialmente prescindindo do trabalho como seu substrato - em Campinas e Santo André. Percebeu-se, assim - dos discursos dos gestores públicos aos das beneficiárias -, que as implicações dos programas de renda mínima vão muito além da dotação financeira: elas não só incidem sobre distintas concepções de cidadania, mas também sobre formas diferenciadas de enxergar e pensar a sociedade, bem como de agir sobre ela. Isso significa que estes programas - com base nos distintos projetos políticos sobre os quais se apóiam e dos quais fazem parte, quer como Renda Mínima, quer como Renda Básica - indicam diferentes caminhos: seja, por um lado, para a manutenção (ou apenas alívio) da pobreza e para a conservação da sociedade, seja, por outro lado, para a superação da pobreza e transformação da sociedade / Abstract: This work intends to show that Minimum Income programs, despite their expansion in Brazil since 90's, do not have a consolidated only-model.. Through the comparative analysis about the programs from Campinas, Jundiaí, Santo André and Santos, ali them cities in the state of São Paulo, it was possible to verify that these programs are different not just because of their institutional design, but rather because of the ideas, values and conceptions which support each policy. So, it was possible to identify different conceptions of citizenship underlying each program: those ones from Jundiaí and Santos are supported for a liberal conception of citizenship, in which work occupies a central place; those ones from Campinas and Santo André are supported for a democratic-participative conception of citizenship, whichcan dispense with work as its substrata. Through both spokes, from beneficiaries to policy makers of each program, not just the same conception of citizenship was identified and ratified, but also same opinions about the society and about how to act on it. Thus, beyond the money transfer, these Minimum Income programs have diverse socio-political implications. On the basis of different political projects, in which they appear whether as Minimum Income or Basic Income, these programs indicate different ways: in strict meaning, toward poverty keeping (on the one hand) or overcome (on the other hand); in broad meaning, toward society maintenance (on the one side) or transformation (on the other side) / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais