Spelling suggestions: "subject:"income taxa act"" "subject:"cancome taxa act""
21 |
Tax incentives for South African wine producers investing in environmental conservation / Anna Jacoba de BruynDe Bruyn, Anna Jacoba January 2015 (has links)
There is an increasing focus on environmental conservation worldwide, evidenced by such
events as the signing of the Kyoto Protocol by developing countries, and by consumers
becoming more environmentally conscious. The purpose of this study was to investigate how
government could, through tax law, incentivise businesses to invest in environmental
conservation. One of the major South African industries contributing to the GDP is the wine
industry. South Africa, new in world wine production, is ranked among the top 10 wineproducing
countries, together with countries such as Australia. The average foreign consumer is
more environmentally conscious, which means that South African wineries also have to become
environmentally aware to ensure that their products are competitive in the foreign markets. A
negative aspect of investing in environmental conservation is that a substantial upfront capital
investment is normally required, which could lead to wineries not investing unless they can see
a significant benefit as a result.
Given this, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is an income tax
benefit for wineries when investing in environmental conservation in terms of the Income Tax
Act no.58 of 1962 (hereafter “the Act”). Government can, through tax law, either reward people
for doing the right thing or punish them by imposing taxes for doing the wrong thing. The
sections of the Act that have been identified as incentivising environmental conservation are
Sections 11D, 12B, 12K, 12L, 37B and 37C, all with specific requirements before the incentives
can be used.
The study contains an analysis of the type of environmental conservation that wineries can carry
out and considers whether those conservation activities would enable them to use the
incentives stated in the Act. Some of the environmental conservation activities identified that
wineries could perform include the use of solar power to minimise their energy consumption,
thereby reducing their impact on the environment. Further, there are industrial codes which
encourage recycling and waste management, certain aspects of which would enable a winery to
use some of the sections in the Act.
The incentives available in the Income Tax Acts of other wine-producing countries, such as
France, Australia and the Oregon state in the USA, were also reviewed to see how the
incentives in their Acts compare with those in the South African Income Tax Act.
Lastly, a limited empirical study was conducted to determine the wineries’ perspective in respect
of the incentives indicated in the Act and whether or not they find that the incentives encourage
them to carry out further environmental conservation. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
|
22 |
Critical analysis of the components of the transfer pricing provisions contained in Section 31(2) of the Income Tax Act, no 58 of 1962Van der Westhuysen, Gerdi, Van Schalkwyk, L. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that transfer pricing legislation (i.e. section 31 of the Income Tax Act, 58
of 1962 (“the Act”) has been in force in South Africa since 1995, it has only been in the
last three years that the South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) has embarked on a
number of assessments of taxpayers’ cross border transactions with foreign group
companies. In particular, the SARS targets taxpayers that have rendered cross border
services (including financial assistance) to a foreign group company for no consideration
and has assessed these taxpayers on the adjusted interest/ fee amounts.
Since the burden of proof lies with the taxpayer to demonstrate that its cross border
transactions with foreign group companies do not infringe the provisions of section 31(2)
of the Act, this study provides taxpayers with guidance as to when its transactions would
fall within the scope of application of section 31(2) of the Act and when the SARS would
be excluded from applying the provision of section 31(2) of the Act.
Following upon a critical analysis of the essential components of section 31(2) of the Act
the following conclusions are drawn by the author:
• If the taxpayer proves that it did not transact with a connected party (as defined in
section 1 of the Act), or it did not supply goods or services in terms of an
international agreement (as defined in section 31(1) of the Act), or its transfer
price would be regarded as arm’s length, the Commissioner would be excluded
from applying the provision of section 31(2) of the Act since all of the
components to apply section 31(2) of the Act are not present.
• The current view held by the South African Revenue Service and tax practitioners
that transactions between a South African company and an offshore company,
which are both directly or indirectly held more than fifty percent by an offshore
parent company, are transactions between connected persons (as defined in
5
section 1 of the Act) is incorrect in law. Section 31 of the Act is not applicable to
such transactions.
• The Commissioner will be excluded from making a transfer pricing adjustment to
a service provider’s taxable income where the following circumstances are
present:
o Where the cross border transaction with a connected party does not give
rise to gross income, which is the starting point in the determination of
taxable income, since the service provider agreed to render services for no
consideration and was therefore not entitled to receive income (i.e. no
receipt or accrual) and
o Where the service provider can provide evidence that demonstrates that
there was no practice of price manipulation as regards the transaction
under review. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel oordragprysbeleid wetgewing (artikel 31 van die Inkomstebelastingwet 58 van
1962 (“die Wet”)) al sedert 1995 in Suid Afrika van krag is, het die Suid Afrikaanse
Inkomstediens (“SAID”) eers werklik gedurende die laaste drie jaar begin om aanslae ten
opsigte van belastingpligtiges se internasionale transaksies met buitelandse
groepmaatskappye uit te reik. In die besonder teiken die SAID belastingpligtes wat
dienste (insluitend lenings) aan buitelandse groepmaatskappye vir geen vergoeding lewer.
Aangesien die bewyslas op die belastingpligtige rus om te bewys dat sy internasionale
transaksies met buitelandse groepmaatskappye nie die bepalings van artikel 31(2) van die
Wet oortree nie, word belastingpligtiges in hierdie studie van riglyne, wat aandui
wanneer transaksies met buitelandse groepmaatskappye binne die omvang van artikel
31(2) van die Wet val asook onder welke omstandighede die SAID verhoed sal word om
artikel 31(2) van die Wet toe te pas, voorsien.
Na aanleiding van ‘n kritiese analise van die deurslaggewende komponente van artikel
31(2) van die Wet kom die skrywer tot die volgende gevolgtrekkings:
• As die belastingpligte kan bewys dat hy nie met ‘n verbonde persoon (soos
omskryf in artikel 1 van die Wet) handelgedryf het nie, of dat hy nie goedere of
dienste in terme van ‘n internasionale ooreenkoms (soos omskryf in artikel 31(1)
van die Wet) gelewer het nie, of dat sy oordragprys as arm lengte beskou kan
word, sal die Kommissaris verhoed word om die bepaling van artikel 31(2) van
die Wet toe te pas, aangesien al die komponente van artikel 31(2) van die Wet nie
teenwoordig is nie.
• Die huidige sienswyse van die SAID en belastingpraktisyns dat transaksies wat
tussen ‘n Suid Afrikaanse maatskappy en ‘n buitelandse maatskappy plaasvind,
waar ‘n buitelandse moedermaatskappy meer as vyftig persent van albei
maatskappye se aandeelhouding (direk of indirek) hou, beskou kan word as
7
transaksies tussen verbonde persone (soos omskryf in artikel 1 van die Wet) is
regstegnies nie korrek nie. Artikel 31(2) van die Wet is nie van toepassing op
sulke transaksies nie.
• Die Kommisaris sal onder die volgende omstandighede verhoed word om enige
oordragprysaanpassing aan ‘n diensleweraar se belasbare inkomste te maak:
o Waar die internasionale transaksie met ‘n verbonde persoon nie bruto
inkomste (die beginpunt van ‘n belasbare inkomste berekening) voortbring
nie, aangesien die diensleweraar ingestem het om dienste teen geen
vergoeding te lewer, wat tot die gevolg het dat die diensleweraar nie
geregtig is om inkomste te ontvang nie (dus geen ontvangste of toevalling)
en
o Waar die diensleweraar kan bewys dat die transaksie nie onderhewig aan
prys manipulasie was nie.
|
23 |
An analysis of sections 11D(1)(A) and 11D(5)(B) of the income tax Act No. 58 of 1962 as amendedStrauss, Carien 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In February 2007 section 11D was inserted into the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 as
amended. The aim of the section was to encourage private-sector investment in
scientific or technological research and development (R&D). This was an indirect
approach by National Treasury to increase national scientific and technological R&D
expenditure in order to complement government expenditure on the subject matter.
Although section 11D provides generous income tax incentives, the interpretation
thereof was found to be a hindrance in attaining the goal sought by National
Treasury. This is due to the fact that this section demands a firm grasp of intellectual
property (IP) law, principles of tax, and technology in general. This is clearly shown
by the lapse in time (i.e. three years) between the passing of section 11D into law
and the release of the South African Revenue Services’ (SARS) final interpretation of
section 11D, i.e. Interpretation Note 50.
The release of Interpretation Note 50 in August 2009 sparked wide-spread
controversy among many a patent attorneys and tax consultants. The interpretation
of the section by SARS was found by many to be so draconian that it destroyed the
incentive entirely.
The objective of this study is to provide greater clarity on the areas of section 11D
which have been found to be onerous to taxpayers. Hence the meaning of “new”
and “non-obvious” in the context of a discovery of information as eligible R&D
activity1 was examined. Hereafter the ambit of the exclusion of expenditure on
“management or internal business process”2 from eligibility for the incentive in the
context of computer program development was examined.
It was established that the meaning of “novel” and “non-obvious” as construed by IP
jurisprudence could mutatis mutandis be adopted for purposes of interpreting section
11D(1) of the Income Tax Act. Therefore, information would be regarded as “new” if
it did not form part of the state of the art immediately prior to the date of its discovery. The state of the art was found to comprise all matter which had been made available
to the public (both in the Republic and elsewhere) by written or oral description, by
use or in any other way. Information would also be regarded as non-obvious if an
ordinary person, skilled in the art, faced with the same problem, would not have
easily solved the problem presented to him by having sole reliance on his
intelligence and what was regarded as common knowledge in the art at the time of
the discovery.
It was submitted that in construing the meaning of the “management or internal
business process” exclusion, the intention of the lawgiver should be sought and
given effect to. The Explanatory Memorandum issued on the introduction of section
11D states that the lawgiver’s intention with the section was to ensure that South
Africa is not at a global disadvantage concerning R&D. The R&D tax legislation of
Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada was therefore examined to establish the
international bar set in this regard.
SARS is of the view that the “management or internal business process” exclusion
applies to the development of any computer program (with the said application)
irrespective of whether the program is developed for the purpose of in-house use,
sale or licensing. However, it was found that such a restrictive interpretation would
place homebound computer development at a severe disadvantage when compared
with the legislation of the above mentioned countries. In order to give effect to the
intention of legislature, it was submitted that the exclusion provision should be
construed to only include the development of computer programs for in-house
management or internal business process use. Computer programs developed for
the said application, but for the purpose of being sold or licensed to an unrelated
third party, should still be eligible for the R&D tax incentive. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 11D is gevoeg tot die Inkomstebelastingwet 58 van 1962 gedurende
Februarie 2007. Die wetgewing het ten doel om privaatsektor investering in
tegniese en wetenskaplike navorsing en ontwikkeling (N&O) aan te moedig.
Nasionale Tesourie dra dus op ‘n indirekte wyse by tot die hulpbronne wat die
regering op nasionale vlak aan tegniese en wetenskaplike N&O bestee in ‘n
gesamentlike poging om N&O in Suid-Afrika te stimuleer.
Artikel 11D hou op die oog af baie gunstige inkomstebelasting aansporings in. Dit
wil egter voorkom asof die interpretasie daarvan as ernstige struikelblok dien in die
bereiking van die doel wat Nasionale Tesourie voor oë gehad het. Dit kan
toegeskryf word aan die feit dat die artikel ‘n wesenlike begrip van intellektuele
eiendom (IE) wetgewing, belasting beginsels en tegnologie in die algemeen vereis.
Die feit dat dit die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstebelastingdiens (SAID) ongeveer drie jaar
geneem het om hul interpretasie (i.e. Interpretasienota 50) van die artikel te
finaliseer dien as bewys hiervan.
Die SAID het gedurende Augustus 2009, Interpretasienota 50 vrygestel. Die nota
het wye kritiek ontlok by menigte IE prokureurs en belastingkonsultante. Daar is
algemene konsensus dat die SAID se interpretasie so drakonies van aard is, dat dit
enige aansporing wat die artikel bied, geheel en al uitwis.
Die doel van hierdie studie is om die problematiese bepalings van die
aansporingsartikel te verlig en groter sekerheid daaroor te verskaf. Gevolglik is die
betekenis van “nuut” en “nie-ooglopend” soos van toepassing op ‘n ontdekking van
inligting as kwalifiserende N&O aktiwiteit, bestudeer. Verder is die omvang van die
bepaling wat besteding op “bestuur of interne besigheidsprosesse” uitsluit van
kwalifikasie vir die aansporingsinsentief, bestudeer in die konteks van rekenaar
programmatuur ontwikkeling. By nadere ondersoek is daar bevind dat die betekenis van “nuut” en “nie-ooglopend”
soos uitgelê vir doeleindes van IE wetgewing mutatis mutandis aangeneem kan
word vir die uitleg van artikel 11D(1)(a) van die Inkomstebelastingwet. Vervolgens
word inligting as “nuut” beskou indien dit nie deel uitmaak van die stand van die
tegniek onmiddellik voor die datum waarop dit ontdek is nie. Die stand van die
tegniek vir die bepaling van nuutheid behels alle stof wat reeds aan die publiek
beskikbaar gestel is (hetsy binne die Republiek of elders) by wyse van skriftelike of
mondelinge beskrywing, deur gebruik of op enige ander wyse. Inligting word as nie-ooglopend
beskou indien ‘n gewone werker wat bedrewe is in die tegniek en
gekonfronteer is met dieselfde probleem, nie geredelik die antwoord tot die probleem
sou vind deur bloot staat te maak op sy intelligensie en die algemene kennis in die
bedryf op die tydstip van die ontdekking nie.
Daar is aan die hand gedoen dat die doel van die wetgewer nagestreef moet word
met die uitleg van die “bestuur of interne besigheidsprosesse” uitsluiting. Die
Verklarende Memorandum wat uitgereik is met die bekendstelling van artikel 11D het
gemeld dat die wetgewer ten doel gehad het om Suid Afrika op ‘n gelyke speelveld
met die res van die wêreld te plaas wat betref N&O. Die N&O belastingbepalings
van Australië, die Verenigde Koninkryk (VK) en Kanada is dus bestudeer om die
internasionale standaard in die opsig vas te stel.
Die SAID is van mening dat die strekwydte van die uitsluiting so omvangryk is dat dit
alle rekenaar programmatuur wat ontwikkel is vir ‘n bestuur- of interne
besigheidsproses toepassing tref, ten spyte daarvan dat die bedoeling van die
belastingpligtige was om die programmatuur te verkoop of te lisensieër aan ‘n
onverbonde derde party. Dit was egter bevind dat so ‘n beperkende uitleg die
aansporing van rekenaar programmatuur ontwikkeling in Suid Afrika geweldig
benadeel in vergelyking met die regime wat geld in lande soos Australië, die VK en
Kanada. Ten einde gevolg te gee aan die bedoeling van die wetgewer, is daar aan
die hand gedoen dat die uitsluiting slegs so ver moet strek as om rekenaar
programme vir eie gebruik te diskwalifiseer. Rekenaar programme wat dus
ontwikkel word met die doel om dit te verkoop of te lisensieër aan onverbonde derde
partye moet steeds vir die aansporingsinsentief kwalifiseer.
|
24 |
Die inkomstebelastingimplikasies van aandele-aansporingskemas in Suid-Afrika15 August 2012 (has links)
M.Comm. / In the case of share purchase schemes, the employer assists the employee to buy shares through a trust. If the interest on the loan is at a rate lower than the standard rate for tax purposes, the employee will be taxed on the difference between the standard and actual rate charged. An alternative for buying ordinary shares is to buy convertible preference shares in the Company. A scheme involving convertible debentures has the same basic principles as convertible preference shares, but the South African Revenue Services might use section 8A of the Act as it seems as if only a right to ordinary shares is offered to the employee. If the company does not have the means to administrate any of the schemes summarised above, they can make use of a phantom share scheme. With this scheme there is no actual buying or selling of shares, but "bonuses" are calculated with reference to the movement in the share price. These incentives are treated as normal bonuses for tax purposes in the hands of the employer and employee. To provide the employees with a tax effective scheme is just as important as providing a share incentive scheme. Companies, therefore, have to consider all the schemes available and the tax implications before implementing a share incentive scheme.
|
25 |
Prohibition of wear and tear allowance on structures of a permanent natureKhwela, William 24 July 2013 (has links)
M.Comm. (South African & International Taxation) / The capital allowance mentioned in section 11(e) of Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (“the Act”) refers to machinery, plant, implements, utensils and articles, the value of which may have diminished by reason of wear and tear or depreciation. The machinery, plant, and articles in question, often accede to other assets of a permanent nature such as immovable buildings. This is a problem in South Africa because the wear and tear allowance is lost when machinery, plant or articles lose their identities upon being absorbed into assets of a permanent nature such as a building. Buildings and other structures of a permanent nature do not qualify for the wear and tear allowance in terms of section 11(e) of the Act. This article investigates the uncertainties with regard to interpreting what constitutes “buildings, or other structures or works of a permanent nature” for the purposes of the prohibition of wear and tear allowances contained in section 11(e)(ii) of the Act.
|
26 |
Aftrekbaarheid van omgewingsherstel uitgawes vanuit 'n belasting-oogpuntSwart, Willem Jacobus 07 October 2014 (has links)
M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract
|
27 |
The impact of competition law remedies on the taxation process in South AfricaMhango, Muyeyeka Bazuka 24 July 2013 (has links)
Combating the effects of the global recession that hampered the economies of various nations has been endeavoured by many governments since 2008. The South African government’s stand to do this shows that it is possible to return the economy back to its glory days, however, the duration of this process of overturning the same is unknown. The government has raised policies and programs, one of which being the New Growth Path (NGP) to combat these effect. This programme, inter alia, calls for increased government expenditure to facilitate job creation through infrastructure development. It is trite economic principles that government expenditure has to be balanced with its revenue collection, otherwise it might lead to budget deficit. Prolonged budget deficit, naturally, is not ideal for a nation’s economy as the same increases government borrowing, results in higher taxes, and affects inflation. While government revenue is mostly financed through taxes, studies show that increasing taxes is also to the detriment for the economy. Therefore, there is a need for disenable policy stand to be taken in respect of the government’s programme, as well as the generation of revenue to support the same. In this regard, one of the ways being advanced by this research in respect of a better combating the recession is to utilise economic legislations enacted in the country. Amongst other economic legislations in South Africa this paper discusses Income Tax Act (SA ITA) (which regulate the persons to pay income taxes) and Competition Act (which regulate fair competition). The focus of this dissertation revolves around the impact competition law remedies have on the income taxation process. The aim of the research is to analyse the possible loopholes in the current legislation that might hamper a government revenue generation to support its new growth path. This was met through an extensive study of relevant literature in competition and income tax laws in South Africa and also comparative analysis with relevant laws of the United States of America (USA). The main conclusion drawn from this research is that there is an impact of the current competition law remedies on the income taxation process. This research promotes and argues for a change in approach, through government enactment of clear and certain laws both in the field of competition law and tax law. This change would assist government in raising revenue more effectively and achieve it economic growth path and, in turn, combat the global economic crisis that affected the economy. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted
|
28 |
An analysis of the purposive approach to the interpretation of South African fiscal legislationSwanepoel, Pieter Andries 20 August 2013 (has links)
No abstract available / Mini-Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law
|
29 |
Säkringsredovisning : Redovisningsmässiga och skattemässiga konsekvenser / Hedge Accounting – Accounting and Tax ImplicationsAndersson, Elin, Selin, Sandra January 2016 (has links)
Internationella företag kan idag utsättas för många olika typer av risker i sin verksamhet.Dessa risker kan bland annat kopplas till valutor, räntor samt råvarupriser. I syfte att reduceradessa risker används finansiella instrument som idag behandlas i den internationellaredovisningsstandarden IAS 39 Finansiella instrument, Redovisning och värdering. När ettfinansiellt instrument används i säkringssyfte benämns det säkringsinstrument, och dess värdeförväntas utvecklas i motsatt riktning i förhållande till den post som säkras. För att uppnåmatchning mellan dessa komponenter i redovisningen används säkringsredovisning. Ävensäkringsredovisning behandlas i IAS 39 och sedan denna standard togs i bruk har den fåttmycket kritik för att vara alltför komplex och svår att tillämpa i praktiken. Komplexiteten kanbland annat härledas till de valmöjligheter som standarden erbjuder. I tillägg till detta ärsäkringsredovisning frivilligt att tillämpa och kan dessutom avbrytas.Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tillämpningen av dagens redovisningsmässiga ochskattemässiga regler kring säkringsredovisning påverkar företag, staten samt aktieägare.Vidare ämnar vi undersöka vilka konsekvenser som uppkommer till följd av hur regler kringsäkringsredovisning tillämpas i praktiken. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och består att tretypfall som konstruerats för att visa på hur utvalda intressenter påverkas av dagens regleringarsamt de redovisningsmässiga och skattemässiga problem som kan uppkomma vid tillämpningav säkringsredovisning.Studien visar att kritiken som riktats mot IAS 39 är berättigad. När beskattning avsäkringsarrangemang tas i beaktning träder en ny dimension av komplexitet in i bilden. Dettakan förklaras genom att svenska beskattningsregler och IFRS standarder inte förespråkarsamma värdering av finansiella instrument. Trots att RFR 2 träder in för att reducera dessaskillnader kvarstår det faktum att säkringsredovisning inte fungerar optimalt för ickefinansiellaföretag. Studien visar också att de valmöjligheter som säkringsredovisninginnefattar mer eller mindre påverkar företags intressenter. Företagens beslut gällande omsäkringsredovisning bör tillämpas i företaget eller inte påverkar dess finansiella rapportervilket i förlängning kan inverka på intressenters investeringsbeslut. Valmöjligheterna influeraräven företags beskattning, då de kan ge upphov till arbitragesituationer samt minskade ellermer ojämna skatteinbetalningar.Vår slutsats är att redovisningen och beskattningen av finansiella instrument är så passkomplex att dagens regleringar bör ses över för att uppnå en bättre matchning mellan dessatvå komponenter. / International companies are today exposed to several risks regarding their operations. Theserisks are related to exchange rates, interests rates and commodity prices. In order to reducethese risks companies use financial instruments. Financial instruments are today treated in theInternational Accounting Standard IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition andMeasurement. When financial instruments are used for hedging purposes they are titledhedging instruments, whose changes in value are expected to develop in the opposite directionin relation to the hedged item. In order to achieve a match between these components in thefinancial statements hedge accounting is used. Hedge accounting is treated in IAS 39 andsince this standard was first introduced it has been criticized for being too complex anddifficult to apply in practise. The complexity can be traced to the options the standard offers.In addition to this, hedge accounting is optional and can also be interrupted.The purpose of this study is to examine in what way the application of current accountingrules and Swedish tax rules regarding hedge accounting affect companies, the Swedishgovernment and shareholders. Furthermore, we intend to examine the consequences that ariseas a result of applying hedge accounting in practice. The study is qualitative in nature andcontains three scenarios designed to show how selected stakeholders are affected by thecurrent regulations. The study will also show the accounting and tax implications that mayarise when hedge accounting is applied.The study shows that the criticism levelled against IAS 39 are eligible. When taxation ofhedging arrangements is taken into consideration a new dimension of complexity arises. Thiscan be explained by the fact that Swedish tax rules and IFRS standards do not advocate thesame valuation of financial instruments. Although RFR 2 is applied in order to reduce thesedifferences, the fact remains that hedge accounting is not functioning optimally for nonfinancialcompanies. This study also shows that the options hedge accounting offers havemore or less impact on the stakeholders of the entity. Corporate decisions on whether hedgeaccounting should be applied or not do affect the financial reports of the company, which inextension may influence stakeholders´ investment decisions. The options regarding hedgeaccounting also influence corporate taxation, as they may give rise to arbitrage situations aswell as reduced or more irregular tax payments.The conclusion of this study is that the accounting and tax treatment of financial instrumentsis too complex and current regulations should therefore be reviewed in order to achieve abetter match between these two components.This paper is hereinafter written in Swedish.
|
30 |
Warranted and warrantless search and seizure in South African income tax law : the development, operation, constitutionality and remedies of a taxpayerBovijn, Silke 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 74D of the Income Tax Act No 58 of 1962 (the Act) grants the power of
search and seizure to the South African Revenue Service, the basic underlying
principle being that the Commissioner has to obtain a warrant from a judge prior to
a search and seizure operation. The previous section 74(3) of the Act provided that
the Commissioner was allowed himself to authorise and conduct a search and
seizure operation without the requirement of a warrant. Section 74D of the Act was
recently reviewed and the Tax Administration Bill (the TAB) contains the new
provisions on search and seizure that will replace section 74D of the Act.
In this assignment, the concept of search and seizure was examined by considering
the cases, academic writing and other material on the topic. The objectives were to
analyse the development of search and seizure in South African income tax law, to
provide a basic understanding of the warranted and warrantless search and seizure
provisions of the Act and the TAB, to determine their constitutionality and to
determine the remedies available to a taxpayer who has been subject to a search
and seizure.
It was found that search and seizure has developed from warrantless under the
previous section 74(3) of the Act into the requirement of a warrant under section
74D of the Act into a combination of both under the TAB.
The concept of an ex parte application was analysed, which was shown to be
permissible in certain circumstances under section 74D of the Act, while it is now
compulsory in terms of the TAB. It was shown that the TAB closed the lacuna in the
Act relating to the validity period of a warrant before it has been executed. It was,
however, concluded, regarding whether a warrant expires when exercised or whether the same warrant can be used again to conduct a second search and
seizure, that the position is not quite certain in terms of the Act and the TAB. It was
found that there is no defined meaning of the reasonable grounds criterion, which is
often required to be met in terms of the Act and the TAB, but that anyone that has
to comply with the criterion must be satisfied that the grounds in fact exist
objectively.
The new warrantless search and seizure provisions of the TAB were analysed. It was
established that warrantless search and seizure provisions are not uncommon in
other statutes, but that the content thereof often differs. The new warrantless
provisions were compared to the warrantless search and seizure provisions of, inter
alia, the Competition Act No 89 of 1998 (the Competition Act), and it was found that
the warrantless TAB provisions are not in all respects as circumscribed as those of
the Competition Act and recommendations for counterbalances were made.
It was concluded that the warranted search and seizure provisions of the Act and the
TAB should be constitutionally valid but that the constitutionality of the new
warrantless provisions of the TAB is not beyond doubt.
It was furthermore found that the remedies at the disposal of a taxpayer who has
been subject to a search and seizure should indeed be sufficient, but that there are
no remedies available to a taxpayer to prevent injustice or harm. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 74D van die Inkomstebelastingwet No 58 van 1962, (die Wet) verleen aan die
Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens die mag van deursoeking en beslaglegging, die
grondliggende beginsel synde dat die Kommissaris ’n lasbrief van ’n regter moet
verkry voor die deursoeking en beslaglegging kan plaasvind. Die vorige artikel 74(3)
van die Wet het bepaal dat die Kommissaris self ’n deursoeking en beslaglegging kon
magtig en uitvoer sonder die vereiste van ’n lasbrief. Artikel 74D van die Wet is
onlangs hersien en die nuwe Belastingadministrasie-wetsontwerp (BAW) bevat die
nuwe bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging wat artikel 74D van die Wet sal
vervang.
In hierdie werkstuk is die konsep van deursoeking en beslaglegging ondersoek deur
oorweging van die hofsake, akademiese skrywe en ander materiaal oor die
onderwerp. Die doelstellings was om die ontwikkeling van deursoeking en
beslaglegging in die Suid-Afrikaanse inkomstebelastingreg te ontleed, om ’n basiese
begrip van die bepalings in die Wet en die BAW oor deursoeking en beslaglegging
met en sonder ’n lasbrief te verskaf, om die grondwetlikheid daarvan te bepaal en
om die remedies te bepaal wat beskikbaar is vir ’n belastingpligtige wat onderworpe
was aan deursoeking en beslaglegging.
Daar is bevind dat deursoeking en beslaglegging ontwikkel het vanaf sonder ’n
lasbrief ingevolge die vorige artikel 74(3) van die Wet tot die vereiste van ’n lasbrief
ingevolge artikel 74D van die Wet tot die kombinasie van albei ingevolge die BAW.
Die konsep van ’n ex parte-aansoek is ontleed, en dit blyk in sekere omstandighede
ingevolge artikel 74D van die Wet toelaatbaar te wees, terwyl dit nou ingevolge die
BAW verpligtend is. Daar is aangedui dat die BAW die lacuna in die Wet oor die geldigheidsperiode van ’n lasbrief voordat dit uitgevoer is, verwyder het. Daar is
egter bevind, rakende die vraag of ’n lasbrief verval wanneer dit uitgevoer word en
of dieselfde lasbrief weer gebruik kan word om ’n tweede deursoeking en
beslaglegging uit te voer, dat daar nie sekerheid ingevolge die Wet of die BAW
bestaan nie. Daar is bevind dat daar geen gedefinieerde betekenis vir die kriterium
van redelike gronde is nie, waaraan dikwels ingevolge die Wet en die BAW voldoen
moet word, maar dat enigiemand wat aan die kriterium moet voldoen tevrede moet
wees dat die gronde inderwaarheid objektief bestaan.
Die nuwe bepalings van die BAW oor deursoeking en beslaglegging sonder ’n lasbrief
is ondersoek. Daar is vasgestel dat bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging
sonder ’n lasbrief nie ongewoon is in ander wette nie, maar dat die inhoud daarvan
dikwels verskil. Die nuwe bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging sonder ’n
lasbrief is vergelyk met die bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging sonder ’n
lasbrief van, inter alia, die Mededingingswet No 89 van 1998 (die Mededingingswet),
en daar is bevind dat die BAW-bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging sonder ’n
lasbrief nie in alle opsigte so afgebaken is soos dié van die Mededingingswet nie en
voorstelle vir teenwigte is gemaak.
Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat die bepalings oor deursoeking en beslaglegging met
’n lasbrief van die Wet en die BAW grondwetlik geldig behoort te wees, maar dat die
grondwetlikheid van die nuwe bepalings van die BAW oor deursoeking en
beslaglegging sonder ’n lasbrief nie onweerlegbaar is nie.
Daar is verder bevind dat die remedies tot die beskikking van ’n belastingpligtige wat
onderworpe was aan deursoeking en beslaglegging inderdaad genoegsaam behoort
te wees, maar dat daar geen remedies aan ’n belastingpligtige beskikbaar is om
ongeregtigheid of skade te voorkom nie.
|
Page generated in 0.0968 seconds