Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-04T16:54:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edwin Perez.pdf: 4614292 bytes, checksum: 2a8b9cc64310582ee85d6c6bc0601aa8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T16:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edwin Perez.pdf: 4614292 bytes, checksum: 2a8b9cc64310582ee85d6c6bc0601aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / The present study is focused on the relations between author and work in the documentary field. The main subject is to rediscover imprints of knowledge of the maker considering his technical and intelectual options. Along with it, the proposal is to evaluate how the documentary maker relates with the city and the figures within. The corpus of this work is composed by three audiovisual plays that reference to the city of São Paulo: “A Margem do Concreto” (2005) of Evaldo Mocarzel, “Elevado 3.5” (2006) of João Sodré and “Mataram Meu Irmão” (2013) of Cristiano Burlan, all enrolled and rewarded works in the Festival Internacional de Documentários de São Paulo “É Tudo Verdade”. The theoretical frameworks mobilize the books “...mas afinal o que é mesmo documentário?” of Fernão Ramos, “Introdução ao Documentário” of Bill Nichols, “Espelho Partido – Tradição e transformação do documentário” of Silvio Da-Rin and “Cineastas e Imagens do Povo” of Jean-Claude Bernardet. Methodologically the execution of this project demanded bibliographic review and interviews with the mentioned makers / A presente pesquisa está voltada para as relações entre autor e obra no campo do documentário. Trata-se especificamente de reencontrar marcas da formação do realizador em suas opções técnicas e intelectuais. Em paralelo objetiva-se ainda examinar como o documentarista se relaciona com a cidade e suas personagens. O corpus do trabalho é constituído de três peças audiovisuais que têm por universo de referência a cidade de São Paulo: “A Margem do Concreto” (2005) de Evaldo Mocarzel, “Elevado 3.5” (2006) de João Sodré e “Mataram Meu Irmão” (2013) de Cristiano Burlan, trabalhos inscritos e premiados no Festival Internacional de Documentários de São Paulo “É Tudo Verdade”. Os referenciais teóricos mobilizam os livros “...mas afinal o que é mesmo documentário?” de Fernão Ramos, “Introdução ao Documentário” de Bill Nichols, “Espelho Partido – Tradição e transformação do documentário” de Silvio Da-Rin e “Cineastas e Imagens do Povo” de Jean-Claude Bernardet. Metodologicamente a execução do projeto demandou revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com os referidos realizadores

xiii, 429 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / My dissertation argues that the film comedies of Kevin Smith, through their willingness to depict and verbalize gender-bending, queer desire, and deviant sexual practices, exemplify the role independent "slacker" cinema played in the 1990s explosion of American queer media visibility. Couched in witty verbal comedy, Smith's films depict the tensions and dangers Generation-X males face as they negotiate the culturally enforced gap separating male homosociality (intense friendship, male bonding) from explicit male-male homoerotic desire in contemporary U.S. culture. The project takes Smith's career as a metonym for independent slacker cinema (which includes films by Smith, Richard Linklater, Jim Jarmusch, and Judd Apatow) and argues that Smith's films have been successful because they tap into and exploit both the 1990s boom in independent queer media production and the particular interests and needs of actual young white slackers, including how these young men navigate tensions related not only to gender and sexuality but also to race and class (all of which are evident in their taste for mainstream superhero comics and the Star Wars films). Chapter II argues that Smith's debut feature, Clerks (1994), exemplifies, through its plot and formal elements, the homosocial buddy relation that suppresses male-male homoerotic desire by channeling it into men's rivalries over women. The chapter exposes the misogyny inherent to the slacker's homosocial group and discusses his fear/fascination with masculine women such as domineering mothers, bossy girlfriends, and (in later Smith films) lesbians. Chapter III argues that Mallrats (1995) shares key narrative properties and subject matter with superhero comic books, thereby addressing the comic book fans who largely constitute Smith's fan base. Chapter IV offers a bisexual reading of Smith's third feature film, Chasing Amy (1997). Chapter V examines Smith's later films Dogma (1999), and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), arguing that they function generically as queer road movies. Chapter VI analyzes Smith's public persona as an indie cinema icon who uses ironic, ambiguous modes of self-presentation to "have it both ways," maintaining an appeal for both homophobic and queer-friendly audiences, thereby demonstrating Smith's keen understanding of self-promotion and the economic structures of independent cinema. / Adviser: Kathleen Rowe Karlyn

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has created an uncertain scenario for independent films, forcing them to explore other exhibition opportunities and having streaming as the protagonist. In this context, identifying the access gaps that Peruvian cinema have for entering the international market in a digital environment is a topic of current interest. This article aims to identify the difficulties encountered by Peruvian independent films in order to enter the main platforms (Netflix, HBO, Amazon Prime, among others). The methodology used is based on semi-structured interviews conducted to Peruvian filmmakers who have had the experience of having their films via streaming. In order to understand better the object of study, an in-depth interview was conducted to the General Management of Guarango Cine y Video, which is a production studio specialized in post-production, delivery and preparation of films for digital platform. For analyzing the results, there is a classification proposal of difficulties: technical, economical, production and socio-cultural. These four categories and their effect on film circulation are the central axis of this research. The most important findings of the research suggest that economic issues and the lack of knowledge or planning in terms of distribution possibilities are the main and transversal difficulties encountered by independent Peruvian filmmakers to exhibit on streaming platforms.

Esta tese pretende somar esforços a outras pesquisas que se dedicam à compreensão da organização social da produção de bens/serviços culturais e artísticos. Tomando como objeto a produção cinematográfica que vem sendo caracterizada como o \"novíssimo\" cinema brasileiro (uma produção de cinema feita por jovens realizadores, com baixos orçamentos e em estruturas organizacionais menos especializadas e hierárquicas, que começa a se organizar no início dos anos 2000 e passa a ganhar reconhecimento público no país no fim da primeira década do século XXI), o trabalho se desenvolve a partir de dois objetivos. O primeiro, compreender o \"novíssimo\" cinema a partir do posicionamento de seus realizadores dentro do grande campo do cinema brasileiro, que configura um conjunto específico de práticas e representações. O segundo objetivo é trazer elementos para contribuir para uma discussão sobre produções culturais/artísticas do tipo independente a partir da observação do caso do cinema, buscamos construir uma categoria de independência que pode ser utilizada para a compreensão de outros contextos de produção simbólica / This thesis aims to contribute to the comprehension of the social organization of the production of cultural and artistic goods/services. Considering as a target the cinematographic production that has been characterized as the \"novíssimo cinema brasileiro\" (\"brand new\" Brazilian cinema, in reference to Brazilian 1960\'s \"new wave\", meaning a production made by young filmmakers with low budgets and less specialized and hierarchical organizational structures, which begins to get organized in early 2000 and gain public national recognition by the end of 21st century\'s first decade), this thesis is developed based on two goals. The first is to comprehend \"novíssimo\" cinema taking into account the positioning the filmmakers occupy in the larger Brazilian cinema field, which triggers a set of specific practices and representations. The second goal is to bring elements that contribute to the discussion of cultural/artistic productions known as \'independent\' from the observation of the cinema case, we seek to build a category of independence that can be used for understanding other contexts of symbolic production

Esta tese pretende somar esforços a outras pesquisas que se dedicam à compreensão da organização social da produção de bens/serviços culturais e artísticos. Tomando como objeto a produção cinematográfica que vem sendo caracterizada como o \"novíssimo\" cinema brasileiro (uma produção de cinema feita por jovens realizadores, com baixos orçamentos e em estruturas organizacionais menos especializadas e hierárquicas, que começa a se organizar no início dos anos 2000 e passa a ganhar reconhecimento público no país no fim da primeira década do século XXI), o trabalho se desenvolve a partir de dois objetivos. O primeiro, compreender o \"novíssimo\" cinema a partir do posicionamento de seus realizadores dentro do grande campo do cinema brasileiro, que configura um conjunto específico de práticas e representações. O segundo objetivo é trazer elementos para contribuir para uma discussão sobre produções culturais/artísticas do tipo independente a partir da observação do caso do cinema, buscamos construir uma categoria de independência que pode ser utilizada para a compreensão de outros contextos de produção simbólica / This thesis aims to contribute to the comprehension of the social organization of the production of cultural and artistic goods/services. Considering as a target the cinematographic production that has been characterized as the \"novíssimo cinema brasileiro\" (\"brand new\" Brazilian cinema, in reference to Brazilian 1960\'s \"new wave\", meaning a production made by young filmmakers with low budgets and less specialized and hierarchical organizational structures, which begins to get organized in early 2000 and gain public national recognition by the end of 21st century\'s first decade), this thesis is developed based on two goals. The first is to comprehend \"novíssimo\" cinema taking into account the positioning the filmmakers occupy in the larger Brazilian cinema field, which triggers a set of specific practices and representations. The second goal is to bring elements that contribute to the discussion of cultural/artistic productions known as \'independent\' from the observation of the cinema case, we seek to build a category of independence that can be used for understanding other contexts of symbolic production

La presente tesis doctoral aborda el primer periodo de la filmografía de Jim Jarmusch. La tesis principal es que su cine supone una respuesta cinematográfica al estado de las cosas durante el denominado "Periodo Reagan" y una relectura de la tradición fílmica anterior. / The present Ph.D. tackles the first period in Jim Jarmusch´s Filmography. The main Thesis is that his Cinema is a reaction to the Status Quo during the so-called "Reagan in-office Period" and a relecture of the previous Filmic Tradiction

Depuis la fin des années 1990, un certain courant du cinéma américain indépendant s'est développé à travers l'instauration d'une nouvelle communauté culturelle (jeune, intellectuelle, 'branchée'), d'où a découlé la constitution d'un nouveau public-niche à l'image de cette communauté ; mais également à travers l'invention d'une nouvelle imagerie, d'une nouvelle esthétique et de nouveaux modes de narration. notre hypothèse de travail est la suivante : le cinéma indépendant américain contemporain est devenu 'à la mode' et se prétend être la seule alternative sincère et indépendante du marché du cinéma plus grand public. il s'est constitué depuis les années 1990 jusqu'à aujourd'hui comme une véritable catégorie culturelle qui affiche son caractère d'opposition à un style commercial dominant. or les films indépendants américains sont devenus des produits culturels, tout autant que les films plus grand public. ce qui fut par exemple étiqueté un temps comme l'esthétique caractéristique des films indépendants américains est également réemployée et réinterprétée par hollywood qui la réintègre dans un style dominant (valorisation d'un effet 'petit budget', d'un style visuel amateur).le caractère indépendant des films n'est donc pas tant économique, industriel (ils sont d'ailleurs pour la plupart financés en partie par des grands studios) ou esthétique mais il est plutôt vécu comme une catégorie culturelle autonome, comme un mode de consommation culturelle (organisé par des stratégies marketing spécifiques). / As it became more popular, American independent cinema developed a perceptible label and a commercial industry. It is no longer a peripheral or marginalindustry and instead a dominant cultural sphere. This explains why this contemporary phase of independent cinema is commonly criticised or questioned.This popularisation of independent cinema developed media saturation. Everyone seems to have its own definition, which explains the discursive conflict and contradictory definitions of independent cinema. This independent position has exceeded its industrial and economic status. The new independent model questions agenuine American independent cinema even though the existence of it is assimilated in the auteuriste, promotional, critic and spectatorial discourses. Though,independent cinema represents now a cultural label, a culture of taste, and acommunity of elitist consumers in opposition of Hollywood. It organizes different interpretive strategies and expectations that are shared among authors, audiences,critics and distributors. Independent cinema coheres as a cultural category and nolonger just as a set of industrial or formal or stylistic conventions. It is the product of a judgment that we make about a certain cinema. Independent cinema is a perceptive film category.

De son premier film, Mala Noche (1985) jusqu’à Paranoid Park (2007), Gus Van Sant, cinéaste américain, propose une oeuvre protéiforme se divisant en trois périodes. Passant sans transition d’un cinéma foncièrement indépendant à des films de studios hollywoodiens, le cinéaste investit des systèmes de production opposés où il développe différentes approches de l’art cinématographique. Ses premiers films indépendants se caractérisent par une liberté et une prodigalité formelles, notamment portées par un brassage de références artistiques multiples (des auteurs de la contre-culture à Orson Welles en passant par Jean Genet). A cela s’oppose le classicisme de sa deuxième période, induit par le recours à des genres hollywoodiens canoniques, mais cependant troublé par l’étrange remake du Psychose d’Alfred Hitchcock. Après quoi le cinéaste renoue avec le circuit indépendant via des oeuvres proches de l’expérimentation en allant vers une épure de l’expression cinématographique. L’hétérogénéité esthétique de l’oeuvre de Gus Van Sant trouve néanmoins unecohérence grâce à une série de motifs iconographiques récurrents et à un axe thématique fort qui la traverse de bout en bout : l’individu, souvent marginal, dans son rapport aux autres et au monde, troublé par des crises identitaires, une quête des origines et un devenir incertain. Cette problématique s’exprime à travers un cinéma humaniste, entièrement voué auxpersonnages, au point de faire de leur seule présence sa matière même, sa condition d’existence – ou quand Gus Van Sant rejoint le « cinéma des corps » défini par Gilles Deleuze. Tous ses films apparaissent alors comme des variations esthétiques sur le même thème, et sont autant de questions posées au cinéma et par le cinéma, explorant sans cesse ses diverses potentialités. / From his first movie, Mala Noche (1985), until Paranoid Park (2007), Gus Van Sant, American film director, offers a protean body of work which can be divided into three phases. As a director, he gets himself into opposite production systems, smoothly alternating between fundamentally independent productions and Hollywood studios movies, and in doing sodevelops different approaches of the film art. His first independent movies are characterized by formal freedom and abundance which can notably be brought about by the mingling of so many artistic references (from counter-culture authors, to Orson Welles or Jean Genet). To this can be opposed his second phase classicism, consecutive of his resorting to canonic Hollywood genres, but somehow blurred by his strange Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho remake.After that, the director comes back to the independent circuit via close to experimentation works, going towards an uncluttered film expression. There is however coherence in Gus Van Sant’s aesthetics of heterogeneity through aseries of recurring iconographic patterns and a strong thematic axis : the individual in his relations with other people and the world, often a dropout troubled by identity crisis, a quest for his origins and an uncertain becoming. This issue is expressed through a humanistic cinema, entirely devoted to the characters, to the point of making their mere presence its very substance, its condition of existence – Gus Van Sant catches up the “cinéma des corps” that Gilles Deleuze helped define. All of his movies then appear as aesthetic variations on the same theme and they are just as many questions asked to the cinema by itself, unceasingly exploring its various potentialities.

In the current contemporary Chinese context, still caught up with a governmental censorship of the media productions as well as information circulation, creators must find diverse ways to express themselves freely. Several styles of cinemas cohabit in this country hustled by political ideologies. Two main categories are divided, opposed and intermingled, the “mainstream” cinema and the “independent” cinema. It is via the medium of cinema and more particularly that of the present generation of Chinese directors that will be highlighted the emergence of new creative subjectivities. These subjectivities are in a constant dance with the State in the reaching of professional achievement while maintaining the status of artistic independence. The author will look into the evolution of the notion of Chinese identity from the 1990s until today. Rising from an opposition between tradition and modernism, the formation of new subjectivities is founded on a constant negotiation with the imposing forces of globalization but also in relation with the Chinese State. One currently speaks about an easing of communist rigidity and even the emergence of neoliberal tendencies. This would lead to the creation of a Chinese identity, brought up to date in tune with the assertion of individual desires at the expense of the community. The collective experiment is set aside to make room for the subjectivity of creative individuals, who create while positioning themselves as a unit in interrelationship with society. / Dans le contexte actuel d’une Chine contemporaine encore aux prises avec une censure gouvernementale des productions médiatiques ainsi que de la diffusion de l’information, les créateurs doivent trouver des voies détournées afin de s’exprimer librement. Plusieurs styles de cinémas cohabitent dans ce continent bousculé par les idéologies politiques. Deux grandes catégories se distinguent, s’opposent, s’entremêlent et se côtoient, c’est-à-dire, le cinéma « mainstream » et le cinéma « indépendant ». C’est via le médium du septième art et plus particulièrement celui de la génération actuelle de réalisateurs chinois que sera mise en relief l’émergence de nouvelles subjectivités créatives. Ces subjectivités sont engagées dans une danse constante avec l’État dans l’atteinte de l’accomplissement professionnel tout en maintenant le statut d’indépendance artistique. L’auteure tentera d’approfondir l’évolution de la notion de l’identité chinoise des années 1990 à aujourd’hui. Découlant d’une opposition entre tradition et modernisme, la formation de nouvelles subjectivités est fondée sur une négociation constante avec les forces imposantes de la globalisation mais aussi avec l’État chinois. On parle actuellement d’un assouplissement de la rigidité communiste, voire même l’émergence de tendances néolibérales, qui auraient pour effet de mener à la création d’une identité chinoise actualisée en diapason avec l’assertion des désirs individuels, et ce, au profit de la collectivité. L’expérience collective est mise de côté pour faire place à la subjectivité d’individus créateurs qui créent en se positionnant en tant qu’unité en interrelation avec la société.

In the current contemporary Chinese context, still caught up with a governmental censorship of the media productions as well as information circulation, creators must find diverse ways to express themselves freely. Several styles of cinemas cohabit in this country hustled by political ideologies. Two main categories are divided, opposed and intermingled, the “mainstream” cinema and the “independent” cinema. It is via the medium of cinema and more particularly that of the present generation of Chinese directors that will be highlighted the emergence of new creative subjectivities. These subjectivities are in a constant dance with the State in the reaching of professional achievement while maintaining the status of artistic independence. The author will look into the evolution of the notion of Chinese identity from the 1990s until today. Rising from an opposition between tradition and modernism, the formation of new subjectivities is founded on a constant negotiation with the imposing forces of globalization but also in relation with the Chinese State. One currently speaks about an easing of communist rigidity and even the emergence of neoliberal tendencies. This would lead to the creation of a Chinese identity, brought up to date in tune with the assertion of individual desires at the expense of the community. The collective experiment is set aside to make room for the subjectivity of creative individuals, who create while positioning themselves as a unit in interrelationship with society. / Dans le contexte actuel d’une Chine contemporaine encore aux prises avec une censure gouvernementale des productions médiatiques ainsi que de la diffusion de l’information, les créateurs doivent trouver des voies détournées afin de s’exprimer librement. Plusieurs styles de cinémas cohabitent dans ce continent bousculé par les idéologies politiques. Deux grandes catégories se distinguent, s’opposent, s’entremêlent et se côtoient, c’est-à-dire, le cinéma « mainstream » et le cinéma « indépendant ». C’est via le médium du septième art et plus particulièrement celui de la génération actuelle de réalisateurs chinois que sera mise en relief l’émergence de nouvelles subjectivités créatives. Ces subjectivités sont engagées dans une danse constante avec l’État dans l’atteinte de l’accomplissement professionnel tout en maintenant le statut d’indépendance artistique. L’auteure tentera d’approfondir l’évolution de la notion de l’identité chinoise des années 1990 à aujourd’hui. Découlant d’une opposition entre tradition et modernisme, la formation de nouvelles subjectivités est fondée sur une négociation constante avec les forces imposantes de la globalisation mais aussi avec l’État chinois. On parle actuellement d’un assouplissement de la rigidité communiste, voire même l’émergence de tendances néolibérales, qui auraient pour effet de mener à la création d’une identité chinoise actualisée en diapason avec l’assertion des désirs individuels, et ce, au profit de la collectivité. L’expérience collective est mise de côté pour faire place à la subjectivité d’individus créateurs qui créent en se positionnant en tant qu’unité en interrelation avec la société.