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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

A nasalidade em Mebengokre e Apinaye : o limite do vozeamento soante

Salanova, Andres Pablo 06 November 2001 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T07:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salanova_AndresPablo_M.pdf: 3940770 bytes, checksum: 82053ae7e623981dda7134b816553fb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Esta tese tem uma dupla finalidade. Em primeiro lugar, ela se propõe a descrição dos sistemas fonológicos de duas línguas Jê setentrionais bastante próximas entre si: Mebengokre (língua das nações Xikrin e Kayapó) e Apinayé (língua da nação homônima). Em segundo, propõe-se a discutir de maneira critica a própria noção de sistema fonológico, mostrando como certos fatos que nos estudos descritivos são normalmente tratados como "processos fonológicos" divorciados do sistema (pensado às vezes como mero inventário), dizem respeito às oposições constitutivas do sistema fonológico. Para exemplificar estas idéias, nos detemos em certos processos que envolvem nasalidade e vozeamento nestas línguas. Uma das diferenças mais nítidas entre a fonologia do Mebengokre e a do Apinayé diz respeito ao comportamento das consoantes "nasais": no primeiro sistema, as consoantes nasais contrastam claramente com oclusivas sonoras. Em Apinayé, ao contrário, consoantes plenamente nasais e consoantes oclusivas sonoras com contornos nasalizados estão em distribuição complementar. Em um primeiro momento, argumentamos que representar as consoantes de contorno como tendo especificação de [nasal] nos leva a certos constrangimentos (a nasalidade teria, nestes segmentos, comportamento absolutamente "passivo", recuando inclusive diante de [-nasal], e por isso optamos por uma representação na qual a nasalidade pode ser um epifenômeno da implementação do vozeamento soante. Alguns fatos do Apinayé, no entanto, sugerem que, pelo menos os segmentos de coda não podem ser caracterizados simplesmente como "soantes não especificados para nasalidade": um destes fatos é a permanência de uma transição nasal breve entre segmentos orais após o desligamento de uma destas consoantes. Esta tese dá continuidade a algumas das reflexões colocadas por primeira vez em D'Angelis (1998) em relação a outras línguas do tronco Macro-Jê. A discussão sobre a noção de sistema fonológico se inspira no estruturalismo do Círculo Lingüístico de Praga; desenvolvimentos posteriores são pensados sempre à luz das intuições de Trubetzkoy (1939). Entre as reflexões mais recentes em tomo da representação das nasais, levamos em conta aqui principalmente os trabalhos de SteIiade (1993) e Piggott (1992) / Abstract: This thesis has a double purpose. In the first place, it endeavors to describe the phonological systems of two closely related Norther Jê languages: Mebengokre (the language of the Kayapó and Xikrin nations), and Apinayé (the language of the homonymous nation). In the second place, it intends to discuss ritically the notion of phonological system, showing the way in which certain facts that are normally treated in descriptive studies as "phonological processes", divorced from the system (which is often thought of as a mere inventory) , are directly relevant to the oppositions that constitute the phonological system. To exemplify these ideas, we devote our attention to certain processes that involve nasality and voicing in these two languages. Une of the clearest differences between the phonology of Mebengokre and Apinayé regards the behavior of so-called "nasal" consonants: in the first system, nasal consonants clearly contrast with voiced stops. In Apinayé, on the other hand, fully nasal consonants and voiced stops with nasalized contours are in complementary distribution. We argue initially that to represent the contour segments as being specified for the feature [nasal] leads us to an untenable situation: nasality would exhibit, in these segments, a completely passive behavior, retreating even next to [-nasal]; for this reason we opt for a representation in which. nasality could be thought of as an epiphenomenon of the implementation of sonorant voicing. Some facts of the Apinayé language nevertheless suggest that at least coda segments cannot be characterized simply as "sonorants unspecified for nasality": one of these facts is the permanence of a brief nasal transition between oral segments after the delinking of one of these coda consonants. This thesis takes up some ofthe points initially raised by D'Angelis (1998) in relation to other languages in the Macro-Jê stock. The discussion about the notion of phonological system is mainly inspired in the structuralist paradigm of the Prague Linguistic Circle; later developments are always put thought in the light ofTrubetzkoy's (1939) intuitions. Among the more recent reflections regarding the representation of nasals, we here take into account mainly the works of Steriade (1993) and Piggott (1992) / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística
42

Concept Literacy in Mathematics and Science: experiences with the development and use of a multilingual resource book in Xhosa, Zulu, English and Afrikaans in South Africa

Schäfer, Marc 09 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.
43

“What Makes Children Different Is What Makes Them Better”: Teaching Mexican Children “English” to Foster Multilingual, Multiliteracies, and Intercultural Practices

Lopez-Gopar, Mario E. 24 February 2010 (has links)
This dissertation documents a critical-ethnographic-action-research (CEAR) project conducted in two elementary schools in Oaxaca, Mexico, with the collaboration of one language teacher educator and ten language student teachers. The two schools have a diverse student body composed of mestizo children and children from different Indigenous groups. The CEAR Project challenged historical and societal ideologies that position Indigenous children as deficient learners and their translanguaging and multiliteracies practices as inappropriate for schools. The CEAR Project was also a response to a world phenomenon that associates English with “development” and economic success and Indigenous and “minoritized” languages with backwardness marginalization. The CEAR Project’s purpose was to use the student teachers’ English language praxicum in order to: (a) develop elementary school teaching expertise, (b) co-construct affirming identities among all the participants, (c) foster multilingual, multiliteracies, and intercultural practices, and (d) dialogue with the children in order to change pejorative ideologies that regard certain languages, literacies, and cultures as better than others. The Transformative Multiliteracies Pedagogy developed by Cummins (in press) and critical pedagogies theory (Freire, 1970; Norton & Toohey, 2004) informed the CEAR Project and the data collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and children’s work samples. Using narrative, photos, and videos, this dissertation presents the migratory lives, the families, and the language and literacy practices of 50 children, and their views regarding the English language and Indigenous languages and peoples. It portrays the vivid critical moments and changes that occurred in the praxicum as the children became teachers and linguists. Through the construction of identity texts and the translanguaging and multiliteracies practices that the student teachers and the children engaged in, stories emerge that portray them as the intelligent, creative, and genuine individuals that they really are. This dissertation also documents how the children’s complex lives challenged constructs such as “family” and “Indigenous,” and the new Mexican educational policy that brings English into public elementary schools using a generic English software. It is concluded that every policy, theory, social construct, pedagogy, and curriculum should be challenged on a daily basis if we are truly to serve the ever-evolving diverse classrooms of today.
44

Aspectos da glotalização na língua Dâw: um estudo de fonética experimental / Aspects of glottalization in Dâw: an experimental phonetics study

Barboza, Lucas Cavalini 12 May 2017 (has links)
Esta dissertação analisa alguns aspectos fonéticos e fonológicos das consoantes glotalizadas da língua Dâw. Argumenta-se a favor da proposta de que, na língua Dâw, a glotalização é uma propriedade segmental e distintiva, conforme descrito por Martins (2004), restrita à classe das consoantes soantes. Observa-se mais de uma forma fonética nas consoantes glotalizadas, que incluem, sobretudo, fonação rangeada e voz áspera (ESLING; HARRIS, 2003). Quando comparadas às consoantes simples equivalentes, as consoantes glotalizadas são, em geral, mais curtas, têm forma de onda dos ciclos glotais mais irregular, H1H2 menor e frequência fundamental mais alta (nos casos sem rangeado). Exceto pelos níveis de frequência fundamental, as propriedades acústicas dos segmentos vizinhos não são afetadas. A glotalização confina-se ou manifesta-se com maior intensidade nas partes das consoantes que se encontram mais distantes das vogais adjacentes, padrão que também foi notado em outras línguas do mundo (PLAUCHÉ et al., 1998). Verificou-se que o aumento de frequência fundamental causado pela glotalização não provoca restrições no sistema tonal da língua Dâw e que os níveis de frequência fundamental dos tons lexicais são priorizados. A confirmação fonética do processo de redução silábica descrito por Martins (2004) permite defender que a glotalização e a oclusiva glotal compartilham o mesmo traço ou se definem por gestos semelhantes, sobretudo porque a comparação das características de ambas e a avaliação das consoantes soantes vizinhas de oclusivas glotais reforçam a semelhança. Entretanto, não há dados suficientes para sustentar a proposta de Martins (2005) de que as consoantes glotalizadas da língua Dâw originaram-se simplesmente da incorporação de traços das oclusivas glotais pelas consoantes simples. Por fim, observou-se que as ocorrências das formas da glotalização se relacionam com a nasalidade dos segmentos e com o sexo e a faixa etária dos falantes. A relação entre nasalidade e forma da glotalização, assim como o padrão temporal das consoantes glotalizadas, talvez possam ser explicados por fatores aerodinâmicos ou perceptuais (GORDON; LADEFOGED, 2001). Entretanto, este estudo não pôde avançar na compreensão da motivação desses fatos. A relação entre sexo, faixa etária e forma da glotalização não indica mudança em curso e demanda uma pesquisa sociolinguística mais aprofundada. / This thesis analyses some phonetic and phonological aspects of the glottalized sonorants of Dâw language. It argues in favor of the proposal that characterizes glottalization in Dâw language as a contrastive and a segmental property restricted to the class of the sonorant consonants (MARTINS, 2004). It describes more than one phonetic form for the glottalized consonants, mainly including creaky voice and harsh voice (ESLING; HARRIS, 2003). In general, the glottalized consonants are shorter, their glottal cycles have a more irregular waveform, they have smaller H1H2 and higher fundamental frequency (when creaky voice is absent) than the correspondent plain consonants. Except for the fundamental frequency levels, glottalization does not affect the acoustic properties of the neighbor segments. Glottalization is limited to or appears more noticeably in the parts of the consonants that are found at a greater distance from the neighbor vowels, a pattern that was also found in other languages (PLAUCHÉ et al., 1998). It was found that the increase in the fundamental frequency caused by glottalization does not restrict the tonal system in Dâw and the fundamental frequency levels of the lexical tones are prioritized. The phonetic confirmation of the process of syllable reduction described by Martins (2004) allows us to defend that glottalization and the glottal stop share the same feature or are defined by similar gestures, especially because the similarity is reinforced by the phonetic comparison between both phonemic entities and by the evaluation of the sonorant consonants in the neighborhood of the glottal stops. However, there is not sufficient information to sustain the proposal of Martins (2005) that the glottalized consonants in Dâw were originated merely from the incorporation of the glottal stop features by the plain consonants. Finally, this thesis notes that the occurrences of the glottalization types relate with the nasalization of the segments and the sex and the age group of the speakers. The relation between nasalization and glottalization type, as well as the glottalization timing, perhaps can be explained by aerodynamic and perceptual factors (GORDON; LADEFOGED, 2001). Nevertheless, this study was not able to deepen the understanding of the reasons for the aforementioned facts. The relation between sex, age group and glottalization type does not imply an ongoing change and demands further sociolinguistic research.
45

Aspectos da glotalização na língua Dâw: um estudo de fonética experimental / Aspects of glottalization in Dâw: an experimental phonetics study

Lucas Cavalini Barboza 12 May 2017 (has links)
Esta dissertação analisa alguns aspectos fonéticos e fonológicos das consoantes glotalizadas da língua Dâw. Argumenta-se a favor da proposta de que, na língua Dâw, a glotalização é uma propriedade segmental e distintiva, conforme descrito por Martins (2004), restrita à classe das consoantes soantes. Observa-se mais de uma forma fonética nas consoantes glotalizadas, que incluem, sobretudo, fonação rangeada e voz áspera (ESLING; HARRIS, 2003). Quando comparadas às consoantes simples equivalentes, as consoantes glotalizadas são, em geral, mais curtas, têm forma de onda dos ciclos glotais mais irregular, H1H2 menor e frequência fundamental mais alta (nos casos sem rangeado). Exceto pelos níveis de frequência fundamental, as propriedades acústicas dos segmentos vizinhos não são afetadas. A glotalização confina-se ou manifesta-se com maior intensidade nas partes das consoantes que se encontram mais distantes das vogais adjacentes, padrão que também foi notado em outras línguas do mundo (PLAUCHÉ et al., 1998). Verificou-se que o aumento de frequência fundamental causado pela glotalização não provoca restrições no sistema tonal da língua Dâw e que os níveis de frequência fundamental dos tons lexicais são priorizados. A confirmação fonética do processo de redução silábica descrito por Martins (2004) permite defender que a glotalização e a oclusiva glotal compartilham o mesmo traço ou se definem por gestos semelhantes, sobretudo porque a comparação das características de ambas e a avaliação das consoantes soantes vizinhas de oclusivas glotais reforçam a semelhança. Entretanto, não há dados suficientes para sustentar a proposta de Martins (2005) de que as consoantes glotalizadas da língua Dâw originaram-se simplesmente da incorporação de traços das oclusivas glotais pelas consoantes simples. Por fim, observou-se que as ocorrências das formas da glotalização se relacionam com a nasalidade dos segmentos e com o sexo e a faixa etária dos falantes. A relação entre nasalidade e forma da glotalização, assim como o padrão temporal das consoantes glotalizadas, talvez possam ser explicados por fatores aerodinâmicos ou perceptuais (GORDON; LADEFOGED, 2001). Entretanto, este estudo não pôde avançar na compreensão da motivação desses fatos. A relação entre sexo, faixa etária e forma da glotalização não indica mudança em curso e demanda uma pesquisa sociolinguística mais aprofundada. / This thesis analyses some phonetic and phonological aspects of the glottalized sonorants of Dâw language. It argues in favor of the proposal that characterizes glottalization in Dâw language as a contrastive and a segmental property restricted to the class of the sonorant consonants (MARTINS, 2004). It describes more than one phonetic form for the glottalized consonants, mainly including creaky voice and harsh voice (ESLING; HARRIS, 2003). In general, the glottalized consonants are shorter, their glottal cycles have a more irregular waveform, they have smaller H1H2 and higher fundamental frequency (when creaky voice is absent) than the correspondent plain consonants. Except for the fundamental frequency levels, glottalization does not affect the acoustic properties of the neighbor segments. Glottalization is limited to or appears more noticeably in the parts of the consonants that are found at a greater distance from the neighbor vowels, a pattern that was also found in other languages (PLAUCHÉ et al., 1998). It was found that the increase in the fundamental frequency caused by glottalization does not restrict the tonal system in Dâw and the fundamental frequency levels of the lexical tones are prioritized. The phonetic confirmation of the process of syllable reduction described by Martins (2004) allows us to defend that glottalization and the glottal stop share the same feature or are defined by similar gestures, especially because the similarity is reinforced by the phonetic comparison between both phonemic entities and by the evaluation of the sonorant consonants in the neighborhood of the glottal stops. However, there is not sufficient information to sustain the proposal of Martins (2005) that the glottalized consonants in Dâw were originated merely from the incorporation of the glottal stop features by the plain consonants. Finally, this thesis notes that the occurrences of the glottalization types relate with the nasalization of the segments and the sex and the age group of the speakers. The relation between nasalization and glottalization type, as well as the glottalization timing, perhaps can be explained by aerodynamic and perceptual factors (GORDON; LADEFOGED, 2001). Nevertheless, this study was not able to deepen the understanding of the reasons for the aforementioned facts. The relation between sex, age group and glottalization type does not imply an ongoing change and demands further sociolinguistic research.
46

Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra: um estudo tipológico-funcional

D'Alarme Gimenez, Amanda [UNESP] 28 July 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dalarmegimenez_a_me_sjrp.pdf: 444004 bytes, checksum: 2a31269403a653a8b2801e85d0d3954e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... / This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
47

“What Makes Children Different Is What Makes Them Better”: Teaching Mexican Children “English” to Foster Multilingual, Multiliteracies, and Intercultural Practices

Lopez-Gopar, Mario E. 24 February 2010 (has links)
This dissertation documents a critical-ethnographic-action-research (CEAR) project conducted in two elementary schools in Oaxaca, Mexico, with the collaboration of one language teacher educator and ten language student teachers. The two schools have a diverse student body composed of mestizo children and children from different Indigenous groups. The CEAR Project challenged historical and societal ideologies that position Indigenous children as deficient learners and their translanguaging and multiliteracies practices as inappropriate for schools. The CEAR Project was also a response to a world phenomenon that associates English with “development” and economic success and Indigenous and “minoritized” languages with backwardness marginalization. The CEAR Project’s purpose was to use the student teachers’ English language praxicum in order to: (a) develop elementary school teaching expertise, (b) co-construct affirming identities among all the participants, (c) foster multilingual, multiliteracies, and intercultural practices, and (d) dialogue with the children in order to change pejorative ideologies that regard certain languages, literacies, and cultures as better than others. The Transformative Multiliteracies Pedagogy developed by Cummins (in press) and critical pedagogies theory (Freire, 1970; Norton & Toohey, 2004) informed the CEAR Project and the data collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and children’s work samples. Using narrative, photos, and videos, this dissertation presents the migratory lives, the families, and the language and literacy practices of 50 children, and their views regarding the English language and Indigenous languages and peoples. It portrays the vivid critical moments and changes that occurred in the praxicum as the children became teachers and linguists. Through the construction of identity texts and the translanguaging and multiliteracies practices that the student teachers and the children engaged in, stories emerge that portray them as the intelligent, creative, and genuine individuals that they really are. This dissertation also documents how the children’s complex lives challenged constructs such as “family” and “Indigenous,” and the new Mexican educational policy that brings English into public elementary schools using a generic English software. It is concluded that every policy, theory, social construct, pedagogy, and curriculum should be challenged on a daily basis if we are truly to serve the ever-evolving diverse classrooms of today.
48

Empowering Zimbabweans through the use of Indigenous languages in the media : a case of selected newspapers

Chirimuuta, Chipo 01 1900 (has links)
This study explores the extent to which the use of indigenous languages in the publications of Kwayedza and uMthunywa has contributed to the empowerment of the indigenous people. It is informed by the idea that language is an important instrument of development which can either facilitate participation or engender exclusion, bringing about agency thereby inspiring a transformational and participative agenda. Given that the media plays a major role in informationdissemination, this study engages an important subject which has often been given cursory attention. The study is guided by the post-colonial theoretical framework. It employs the mixed methods approach which is premised on the assumption that life is characterised by complex realities which can be understood using multiple approaches. As such, elements of both quantitative and qualitative research are used. Findings revealed that the use of indigenous languages empower readers through making information accessible in a language that makes sense to them. The collected data also show that the newspapers are pivotal in resuscitating the indigenous languages that have been overshadowed by the hegemonic English. They promote the values, norms and general cultural features of indigenous people. Above all, the papers provide curriculum-specific columns for school going children. However, these newspapers are found wanting with regards to the scope of their coverage. Their coverage tends to concentrate on the socio-cultural lives of people at the expense of scientific, technological, political and economic issues. Furthermore, the papers‟ handling of the history of the nation is simplistic and lacks depth. In addition, issues of spirituality also tend to be concerned with the negative (witchcraft, bogus prophets and traditional healers) than the positive aspects. The study recommends a conversion of the papers from tabloid to a genre that accommodates politico-economic, scientific and technological news the social interest stories already being covered in these indigenous language papers; the development of orthographies of other local languages to avoid having Shona and Ndebele being the only indigenous languages that are used in these papers and that the papers present the best of all aspects of the Zimbabwean cultural heritage to restore the indigenous people‟s belief and respect in themselves. The study also suggests that the two papers and many more that are to come in indigenous languages, must showcase, develop, promote and institutionalise the positive aspect of the Zimbabwean cultural heritageand the infusion of all dimensions of indigenous knowledge systems into the current set-up. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
49

Acessibilidade semântica nas construções relativas em línguas indígenas brasileiras : um estudo tipológico-funcional /

Oliveira, Gabriela. January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Angel Humberto Cobera Mori / Banca: Giseli Cássia de Sousa / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a atuação de restrições de ordem semântica ao lado das de ordem sintática para a determinação do processo de formação de orações relativas, em busca de evidências que confirmem a revisão da Hierarquia de Acessibilidade (HA) de Keenan e Comrie (1977) proposta por Dik (1997). As críticas à HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977) dizem respeito tanto a razões empíricas - pelo fato de que em algumas línguas não há nenhuma forma de se construir orações relativas; quanto a razões teóricas - pelo fato de as funções sintáticas não serem relevantes para todas as línguas do mundo. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas brasileiras e conta com descrições previamente feitas, como gramáticas, teses e outros tipos de manuais descritivos. Os dados coletados por este trabalho confirmam a hipótese de que é necessária uma revisão da HA. As lacunas na HA dizem respeito, principalmente, à função de Objeto Indireto. Para várias das línguas investigadas, essa função sintática não está acessível à relativização, mas outras funções, mais baixas na hierarquia do que essa, podem ser relativizadas, contrariando a HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977). Ao se analisarem as funções semânticas relativizadas, concluiu-se que as funções de Recipiente, Locativo e Tempo têm o mesmo estatuto nas línguas, hipótese confirmada pela teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional. Em consequência disso, propomos neste trabalho uma outra hierarquia, baseada em critérios sintáticos e semânticos. Além disso, a nominalização desponta, neste trabalho, como a estratégia de relativização mais recorrente, apesar de não ser aceita como estratégia legítima para alguns autores de orientação formalista / Abstract: This study aims at investigating the role of semantic and syntactic constraints to determine the process of relative clauses formation, in search of evidence that confirms the revision of the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), by Keenan and Comrie (1977), proposed by Dik (1997). The criticism to the HA, by Keenan and Comrie (1977), concern both empirical reasons (the fact that there are languages that do not have any type of relative construction) and theoretical reasons (the fact that the authors take syntactic categories as universal without mentioning any theory that defines them and without taking into account that there are languages for which these functions are not relevant). The corpus of this work consists of 30 Brazilian indigenous languages and includes descriptions made previously, such as grammar books, theses and other types of descriptive manuals. Data collected by this study confirm the hypothesis that a review is needed for AH. Gaps in the AH relate mainly to the function of Indirect Object. For many languages, such function is not accessible to relativization, but other functions, lower in the hierarchy, can be relativized. When analyzing the relativized semantic functions, it was concluded that the semantic functions of Recipient, Locative and Time have the same status in the languages, a hypothesis that is also confirmed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar. In addition, in this study, nominalization happens to be the most recurrent strategy of relativization, although it is not accepted as a legitimate strategy for some more formalistic authors / Mestre
50

Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra : um estudo tipológico-funcional /

D'Alarme Gimenez, Amanda. January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho / Banca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori / Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos / Resumo: Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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