La imatge dels pobles indígenes a Mèxic ha estat emprada, en varis suports (arts gràfiques, cinema, publicitat, entre d’altres) per a dotar la nació d’una identitat pròpia i diferenciada, des de la Revolució de l’any 1910. Aquesta recerca se centra en l’anàlisi de l’ús de les tecnologies audiovisuals i dels estereotips ètnics per part d’un grup de persones d’origen rural i indígena al sudest mexicà. Aquests joves protagonitzen un projecte de “vídeo indígena” que està imbricat amb d’altres projectes que tenen lloc especialment als estats de Chiapas, Oaxaca i Guerrero. Alhora, el projecte es pot inserir en les genealogies de l’antropologia militant o activista, ja que està promogut per antropòlegs que cerquen trobar agendes comuns de treball amb els seus grups objecte d’estudi. Mitjançant una metodologia d’investigació etnogràfica col•laborativa s’han observat i acompanyat els processos de presa de decisions personals, polítiques i artístiques relacionats amb la realització audiovisual. L’anàlisi d’aquest fenomen passa per observar els processos i productes resultants en forma d’imatges en moviment, tot fixant-se en les relacions que es generen al voltant dels vídeos i de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació. També per la incrustació del moviment dels mitjans de comunicació indígenes dins l’emergència de moviments socials i culturals indígenes des de la dècada dels 1990s a Amèrica Central i del Sud, que ha ressituat els pobles indígenes i la seva etnicitat dins l’arena política mundial. / The image of indigenous people in Mexico has been used since the Revolution of 1910 in several formats (graphic arts, film, advertising, among others) to give the nation a distinct identity. This research focuses on analyzing the use of audiovisual technology and ethnic stereotypes by a group of people of rural and indigenous origin in South Eastern Mexican. These young people are the main actors of a project of “indigenous video” which is nested with other projects that take place especially in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca and Guerrero. Moreover, the project can be inserted in the lines of the militant or activist anthropology as it is promoted by anthropologists seeking to find common working agendas with their study groups. The processes of making personal, artistic and political decisions related to filmmaking were observed and accompanied, through a collaborative ethnographic research methodology. Also, the analysis of this phenomenon required paying attention to the processes and resulting products in the form of moving images, and also looking at the relationships that are built around films and information and communication technologies. Also, the movement of indigenous media was analysed as embedded in the emergency of indigenous social and cultural movements since the early 1990s in Central and South America, which situated Indigenous Peoples and their ethnicities within the global political arena.

This thesis re-examines the territorial dispute between Japan and Russia, the so-called “Northern Territories” issue, through a reinterpretation of the role of the indigenous Ainu of Japan. An exploration of Ainu history and historiography reveals that the long-standing emphasis on Wajin-based legitimacy of rule and annexation of northern areas was replaced by historical amnesia concerning the role and status of the Ainu. Discussion focuses on an interpretation of Ainu understandings of local, regional/national and international historical events. This approach underscores the importance of de-nationalising History by integrating the important perspectives of Indigeneity. It asserts, further, that the understanding of these events and processes require a broader disciplinary prism than that provided by the study of history. The preponderance of nation-based studies, and not only in the field of History, has seriously inhibited the analysis of historical phenomena involving Indigenous peoples, in this case the Ainu. The study of the Northern Territories issue offers, then, both a new perspective on the history of this important dispute and an illustration of the importance of broadening traditional academic studies in disciplines such as History, Anthropology, Ecology, Political Science, International Relations and Law to incorporate Indigenous perspectives and experience.

This thesis re-examines the territorial dispute between Japan and Russia, the so-called “Northern Territories” issue, through a reinterpretation of the role of the indigenous Ainu of Japan. An exploration of Ainu history and historiography reveals that the long-standing emphasis on Wajin-based legitimacy of rule and annexation of northern areas was replaced by historical amnesia concerning the role and status of the Ainu. Discussion focuses on an interpretation of Ainu understandings of local, regional/national and international historical events. This approach underscores the importance of de-nationalising History by integrating the important perspectives of Indigeneity. It asserts, further, that the understanding of these events and processes require a broader disciplinary prism than that provided by the study of history. The preponderance of nation-based studies, and not only in the field of History, has seriously inhibited the analysis of historical phenomena involving Indigenous peoples, in this case the Ainu. The study of the Northern Territories issue offers, then, both a new perspective on the history of this important dispute and an illustration of the importance of broadening traditional academic studies in disciplines such as History, Anthropology, Ecology, Political Science, International Relations and Law to incorporate Indigenous perspectives and experience.

Turismen är en av världens största och mest expansiva branscher. Intresset för kulturturism har ökat under de senaste årtiondena och turisternas efterfrågan på upplevelser som involverar ursprungsfolk växer. På många håll i världen är det västerländska turistföretag som ställer villkoren för hur denna kulturförmedling ska se ut. Detta medför att en stereotyp och missvisande bild av ursprungsfolk många gånger bibehålls, vilket får negativa följder för ursprungsgrupperna. Andra följder av turismens expansion är exempelvis tvångsförflyttningar av ursprungsbefolkningar. Åtminstone tidigare var förhållandena liknande för Sveriges ursprungsfolk - samerna. I denna uppsats intervjuas fem samer, som på olika sätt arbetar med samisk turism och kulturförmedling. Syftet är att undersöka deras syn på samisk kulturturism, både i relation till det samiska samhället och till samhället i övrigt. Jag vill ta reda på vilka möjligheter och risker informanterna anser att samisk turism kan medföra för det samiska samhället. Informanternas syn på och erfarenheter av makt och kulturförmedling belyses. Frågor kring turism och autenticitet ventileras. Med historiska skeenden och teoretiska diskussioner som bakgrund diskuteras uppsatsens empiriska del. / Tourism is one of the largest and most expansive industries in the world. The interest in cultural tourism has increased over the last few decades, and the demand for indigenous tourism is growing. In many parts of the world, indigenous tourism is conditioned by western tourist companies. This means that a stereotyped and misleading picture of indigenous peoples many times is maintained, with negative consequences for indigenous communities. Other consequences of tourism expansion is, for example, forced relocations of indigenous groups. At least in the past, the conditions were similar to the indigenous people of Sweden - the Sámi. In this study, five Sámi - who in various ways are working with Sámi tourism and cultural conveyance - are interviewed. The purpose is to examine their view of Sámi cultural tourism, both in relation to the Sámi society and to society as a whole. I want to find out what opportunities and risks the informants believe that Sámi tourism may entail for the Sámi society. The informants perspective on power, indigeneity and cultural conveyance is highlighted. Issues concerning tourism and authenticity are discussed. With historical events and theoretical discussions as a background, the empirical part of the paper is discussed.

The development processes Taiwan¡¦s indigenous languages have gone through three hundred years of Foreign and Ethnic Chinese influence and assimilation. Languages belonging to Bu group of the western lowlands of Taiwan have mostly become extinct, there are only two or three languages belonging to this group that are worth listing. However even these few remaining languages are quickly dying out. From 1949 onwards beginning with the Republican (ROC) governments¡¦ promulgation and strict enforcement of National Language (Mandarin Chinese) education policies the number of speakers of Indigenous language groups sharply diminished, and with them a great amount of their language, cultural practices and cultural identity have also been lost. This is especially so in urban areas where members of indigenous group must compete in a multi-ethnic society where they are only exposed to the dominant language media outlets, the result being a worsening trend of these culture groups placed at a greater disadvantage and language development has become increasingly difficult. As a basis for Indigenous language groups continuing development in urban areas as well as saving and reinvigorating Indigenous languages and cultures on the brink of disappearing, it has now become an urgent topic if discussion to promote Indigenous cultural and linguistic development. This dissertation aims at promoting the languages and cultures of Indigenous people residing in urban areas from a strategic viewpoint in order to expand on the work of Indigenous language development. The content of this work will be roughly split between theory and practicum. In dealing with issues of theory we shall use sources from a wide body literature including historical data, government policies, and benefit factors taken from surveys and questionnaires that will be used to analyze variables. As for practicum, we shall proceed to use research methods of strategic promotion. We will also incorporate SWOT analysis to clarify the purposes of Indigenous groups in target municipalities and the most important problems therein. In the target municipalities of urban areas where Indigenous people reside we will seek to analyze our most important subject ---that being the problems faced by disadvantaged youth among Indigenous people in urban areas. As to the needs of entire groups and dealing with competitors we must implement mixed marketing strategies. There must also be a plan arranged from the standpoint of the public agencies that would imperatively promote the language development from urban areas to each tribal settlement.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90-Xx).

Post-development theorist, Arturo Escobar's influential work, Encountering Development as well as other post-development academic works discussed the concept and delivery of "development" based on known antecedents--Western countries as practitioners and non-Western countries as beneficiaries. Even though cultural sensibility has become a significant issue in development today, there is little research that analyzes the construction of non-Western donors' discourse such as those of the Japanese governmental aid agency, Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers. Moreover, non-Western aid donors and practitioners' engagement with indigenous development in Latin America has not been discussed. This dissertation aims to answer the following questions: How do Western and non-Western governmental donor agencies construct and deliver 'development' to 'non-developed' countries in Latin America, particularly to countries with large indigenous populations? How do these donor agencies' volunteer practitioners implement development projects in the field? What are the differences in the aims and delivery of development projects between Western and non-Western donors and their volunteer practitioners, especially in those projects aimed at indigenous populations? A corollary to those questions was to attempt to discover how the agencies and their volunteers negotiated notions of development with indigenous peoples as well as how agencies and volunteers perceived and addressed ethnic differences in the aid recipients' countries. To answer these questions I compared and contrasted two governmental agencies that are the most prominent and with the longest record of volunteer aid in Latin America: the United States Peace Corps and the Japanese agency, Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV). Although the U.S. Peace Corps and its notion of development were models of "development" for the JOCV program, JOCV's discourse of development and its development practices are not the same as the Peace Corps. Both agencies' cross-cultural policies for their volunteers as well as the development practices the agencies adopted likely reflect how the Japanese and United States understand their own societies in general cultural terms, as well as in terms of moral and religious preferences, ethnicity and sexual orientation. The Peace Corps and JOCV volunteers' experiences with indigenous populations showed several limitations to their programs and provided suggestions for the future particularly in the area of indigenous development. / text

It is commonly held that contradiction and ambivalence are typical of Aboriginal policies, particularly those of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These contradictions, often witnessed between policy and its application, have been recognized as a competition between pragmatic factors and humanitarian concerns. However, as is evidenced by the ‘mix-race discourse’ of the laws and policies that make up Aboriginal policy in Canada, the US, and Australia, these contradictions can in part be explained by a post-Enlightenment science that debated the role and place of mixed-ancestry Natives. While mixed-ancestry Natives were the specific targets of law and policy that aimed to fix their identities in a ‘Native-Newcomer’ racial binary, officials were ambivalent and ambiguous when it came to how they fit into that binary. The question of whether they should be considered ‘Aboriginal’ and if they should therefore be assimilated or segregated remained one of the most enduring questions of Aboriginal policy in the century between 1850 and 1950. This dissertation considers these contradictions and how the role of mixed-ancestry Natives in Aboriginal policies can explain them. Instead of seeing those contradictions as anomalies or as illogical, I posit that they are a logical product of scientific debates over racial hybridity. Fundamentally, I argue that mixed-ancestry Natives were the targets of ambivalent policies that were shaped by debates among nineteenth-century scientists about the implications of racial mixing. These debates were reflected in the inconsistencies and apparent contradictions of the laws and practices that make up Aboriginal policy in Canada, the US, and Australia. In particular, these debates were reflected in the ambiguity and ambivalence of policies that tried to direct how Indigenous peoples of mixed-ancestry should be dealt with, defined, and categorized. The contradictions and ambiguities in law and policy reflect on a larger scale the tension between attempting to apply a hypothetical dichotomized racial hierarchy on the reality of a hybridized society. These tensions were a major influencing factor on the direction and development of Aboriginal policy in these three countries, and produced a consistent albeit ambivalent body of ‘mixed-race’ discourse.

This doctoral dissertation focuses on the negotiation of power in schools and the social and academic experiences of First Nations and Metis children who speak a non-standard variety of English called Indigenous English. Indigenous English is a dialect of English spoken by many Indigenous peoples in Canada; it is especially discernable in the Prairie Provinces, yet it is not widely recognized by the majority of the population. This thesis explores the experience of dialect speakers of Indigenous English in the standard English School and educator perceptions of their literacy and language abilities. / This classroom study was conducted in an urban community in Saskatchewan. The focus of the research was a Grade 3/4 classroom with 25 students, six of whom were interviewed for this study. Additionally, interviews were conducted with eleven educators. The results of this study indicate that the First Nations children of this study speak a dialect of English that differs phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, and lexically from the Standard English spoken in Saskatchewan. The results of this PhD research indicate that Indigenous English-speaking students use discourse behaviour that differs from that of their White settler classmates. In examining the children's speech and classroom behaviour, it becomes apparent that silence, teasing, and story telling are important discourse characteristics of Indigenous English. / The findings indicate that White settler educators demonstrate little awareness of the systematic linguistic and discourse characteristics of Indigenous English and that this lack of awareness is apparent in White settler educators' descriptions of their approaches to teaching, literacy development, classroom management, evaluation, and referral of First Nations and Metis students for speech and language assessment. Other findings include denial of difference, and a race/class divide in the school and community. / Possible resolutions to the problems faced by these students may include teacher training and dialect awareness classes. This field has not been adequately explored and further research is needed to discover viable solutions to the issues experienced by dialect speakers of Indigenous English in the Standard English classroom.

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