Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 winckler_ff_dr_rcla.pdf: 3138851 bytes, checksum: 75109d4141d10eb2f5e439ee9f66638a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Apini e Meliponini são tribos compostas por espécies de abelhas classificadas como eussociais avançadas e, portanto, apresentam divisão de trabalho reprodutivo entre as castas femininas e complexas adaptações comportamentais, adquiridas durante a evolução pelas operárias, para desempenhar as tarefas relativas à manutenção da colônia. A capacidade de voar dos adultos destes insetos está intrinsecamente ligada à maioria de suas atividades como o vôo nupcial para o acasalamento no caso das rainhas e machos e a exploração de novo habitat, fontes de alimentos e estabelecimento de novos ninhos no caso das operárias. Tanto em Apis mellifera, quanto em Scaptotrigona postica, o vôo é realizado por músculos denominados músculos indiretos do vôo por não apresentarem ligação direta com as asas. A contração desses músculos produz mudanças de volume no tórax e indiretamente, o movimento das asas. O objetivo deste projeto foi realizar medidas das fibras desse músculo em cada indivíduo e em cada fase da vida, aplicando aos resultados teste estatístico apropriado para verificar possíveis diferenças de desenvolvimento que possam ser relacionadas à função muscular e comparar a ultraestrutura e citoquímica da musculatura do vôo das castas femininas (rainhas e operárias) e machos em diferentes fases da vida, tendo em vista as diferenças comportamentais e fisiológicas entre as classes de indivíduos das duas espécies. O exame da musculatura do vôo, tanto com microscopia de luz como com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, mostrou que o arranjo e a morfologia dos feixes musculares e das fibras que os compõe são similares nas duas espécies, no entanto os feixes musculares de Apis mellifera são formados por número maior de fibras. Medições das larguras das fibras mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre as fases da vida... / Apini and Meliponini are tribes composed of species of advanced eusocial bees and therefore present division of reproductive labor between females and complex behavioral adaptations, acquired during the evolution by workers, to attend the responsibilities for the maintenance of the colony. The ability of adults to fly is intrinsically linked to most of their activities as the nuptial flight for mating in the case of queens and males and exploitation of new habitat, sources of food and establishment of new nests in the case of workers. Both in Apis mellifera, as in Scaptotrigona postica, the flight is accomplished by muscles called indirect flight muscles by not make a direct connection with the wings. The contraction of muscles produces changes in volume in the torax and indirectly, movement of the wings. The objective of this project was to perform measurements of muscle fibers from every individual in every stage of life, applying the appropriate statistical test to results in order determine possible differences in development that may be related to muscle function. Alsoo compare the ultra-structure of and cytochemistry of workers, queens and males flight muscle at different stages of life, with the behavioral and physiological differences between the classes of individuals of the two species. The examination of the muscles of the flight, both with light microscopy, and with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the arrangement and morphology of the muscle fibers bundles arrangement is similar in the two species, however the muscle bundles of Apis mellifera are formed by larger number of musclefibres. Measurements of the width of the fibers showed statistically significant differences between the life phases of the colonies components and between species. Similarly the ultra-structural examination showed that workers of both species emerge with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Estudos que tratam da sintaxe dos objetos indiretos (OI) no português brasileiro (PB), com base em dados coletados de fonte documental histórica, revelam o uso variado das preposições a e para com OIs interpretados como recipiente/meta, no contexto dos verbos de transferência e movimento, entre eles, dar, levar, e outros. Tais estudos revelam ainda a ausência da preposição a com os chamados verbos de criação, entre eles, construir, desenhar, pintar, etc. nos quais OI é interpretado como beneficiário. Outro fato relacionado aos anteriores pode ser descrito da seguinte forma: no PB, o OI não mais é expresso pelos clíticos dativos de 3a pessoa. Tal estratégia está restrita à escrita formal. Isso sugere que sua expressão morfológica foi afetada. Nosso principal objetivo nesta dissertação é contribuir com novas evidências dos aspectos dinâmicos que caracterizam a variação e mudança na história do PB, com base em um corpus constituído de dados extraídos de peças teatrais dos séculos XIX e XX. Como será mostrado, nossos resultados corroboram os estudos anteriores: há uma forte queda na frequência dos clíticos dativos em seu uso de 3a pessoa. Estes deixam de ser a estratégia principal na expressão do OI pronominal. Com base em Torres Morais & Salles (2010) e trabalhos subsequentes, assumimos que a mudança paramétrica na gramática do PB pode ser descrita como a perda do núcleo aplicativo baixo que introduz o OI dativo em estruturas bitransitivas. A configuração em que uma preposição lexical introduz o OI como seu complemento oblíquo é a única opção encontrada no PB. Por ser um modelo internalista, a Teoria dos Princípios e Parâmetros propõe que a mudança sintática é ativada durante o processo de aquisição da língua materna. A mudança no valor de um parâmetro é catastrófica: uma vez fixado na fase de aquisição da linguagem não poderá ser refixado (cf. Lightfoot, 1979, 1997, 1999). Este tipo de abordagem, porém, não traz respostas para as questões que se referem à dinâmica da mudança sintática. Portanto, seguindo Roberts (2007), assumimos que é perfeitamente possível e desejável que se busque conciliar a abordagem proposta no quadro da teoria dos P&P e a abordagem proposta na Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística, tal como formulada por Weinreich, Labov & Hersog (1968) eLabov (1972, 1994).Assumimos ainda a ideia da competição de gramáticas, como proposta por Kroch (1989, 2000, 2001). / Studies on the syntax of indirect objects (IO) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), with data collected from a varied source of historical documents, reveal the variable use of the prepositions a and para introducing the recipient/goal argument, with predicates of transference, such as dar (to give), etc. Another relevant fact is that the preposition a is lost in contexts in which the IO is interpreted as the benefactive, with verbs of creation, such as construir (to build), etc., being replaced by para. Also, a related property is that the IO is no longer expressed by the 3rd person dative pronoun lhe, suggesting that its morphological expression is affected. Our main goal is to contribute to this aspect of variation and change in the history of BP from the perspective of a new data extracted from 19th and 20th centuries plays. Our results corroborate previous studies: there is a strong decrease in the frequency of 3a person dative clitics as a main strategy on the expression of the pronominal IO. Based on Torres Morais & Salles (2010) and subsequent studies we assume a parametric change in the BP grammar, described as the loss of the low applicative head that introduces the dative IO in ditransitive contexts. Thus configuration with the lexical/true preposition is the only option found in (Standard) BP. As an internalist model, the Principles and Parameters Theory assumes that syntactic change is driven by the first-language acquisition process. Consequently the parametric change is catastrophic in each individual in process of learning the mother tongue (cf. Lightfoot, 1979, 1997, 1999). This kind of approach is not insightful for a number of questions concerning the dynamics of syntactic change. Then, following Roberts (2007) we assume that it is perfectly possible and desirable to reconcile the P&P approach with the Theory of Variation and Change, as proposed by Weinreich, Labov &Hersog (1968) e Labov (1972, 1994). We assume also the ideia of competing grammar as proposed by Kroch (1989, 2000, 2001).

Estudos já apontaram para o crescente desaparecimento do pronome clítico dativo de terceira pessoa e para a substituição da preposição a pela preposição para na introdução de objeto indireto (OI) lexical no português brasileiro (PB). Tal fenômeno é identificado a partir de dados do século XIX e esses estudos, em sua maioria, partem de dados da linguagem adulta, sendo que poucos tratam deste fenômeno no âmbito escolar. Esta dissertação discute as estratégias de preenchimento do dativo no português brasileiro (PB), caracterizado pela gramática tradicional de objeto indireto, com o uso das preposições a e para, sob a forma nula e de pronome (lhe/lhes) em redações de alunos de 6º. ao 9º. ano de um colégio público e um colégio particular, da cidade de Santos. Nosso objetivo é verificar o papel da escola na recuperação das formas de prestígio e confrontar os dados encontrados com os trabalhos de Torres Morais e Berlinck (2006), Freire (2011) e Dutra (2003), os quais apontam três estratégias inovadoras: a substituição da preposição a por para, a perda progressiva dos clíticos de 3ª pessoa (lhe/lhes), que são substituídos pela forma preposicionada (a ele/eles, a ela/elas), e o aumento das formas nulas. Acima disso, espera-se, no confronto entre as produções textuais produzidas pelos alunos da escola pública e particular, indagar se há diferença na gramática internalizada de alunos que receberam diferentes estímulos linguísticos. / Several studies have pointed at the increasing disappearance of the pronoun dative clitic third person and for the replacement of the preposition a for para for the introduction of indirect object (OI) lexical in Brazilian Portuguese (PB). This phenomenon is identified from data of the nineteenth century and these studies, mostly originated from data of adult language, and few deal with this phenomenon in the school environment. This essay discusses strategies for fulfilling the dative complement in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), characterized by traditional grammar as indirect object, with the usage of the prepositions a and para and its usage as a null form and a pronoun (lhe/lhes) in 6th to 9th grade students\' compositions within a public and a private school, in Santos. Our aim is to verify the school\'s role in the rescuing of the forms of prestige and comparing the data found in the works of Torres Morais and Berlinck (2006), Freire (2011), and Dutra (2003), which point at three innovative strategies: the replacement of the preposition a for para, the progressive loss of 3rd person clitics (lhe/lhes), which are replaced for the prepositional form (a ele/eles, a ela/elas), and the increasing of null forms. Moreover, it is attempted to question if there is a difference, in the grammar internalized by students from public and private school who received different linguistic stimuli.

Alcohol expectancies have traditionally been measured with explicit self-report questionnaires, but in recent years implicit measures have also been used to explore the tenets of expectancy theory. The basic psychometric properties of reliability and validity have not been established for most implicit tasks, and the convergent validity of different implicit measures has not been explored. Despite these shortcomings, many researchers continue to treat implicit tasks as reliable and valid assessment tools. To address reliability and validity of implicit measures, 218 undergraduate women and men were recruited from the University of South Florida to examine the psychometric properties of and concordance between two previously established implicit measures, Free Associates(FA) and a Primed Recall (PR) task. The FA task was replicated, demonstrating high concordance between FA responses and explicit measures and drinking. The PR task did not show a drinker-type effect as was previously reported. Though the relationship between the tasks could not be examined, an exploration of practice and contamination effects offers insight into how performance in similar comparison studies may be affected.

The energy efficiency of space heaters is rated by Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) governed by the Department of Energy in the United States which is a simple ratio of usable heat and fuel usage of a single heating device. It doesn't consider the overall performance of the heating system including not only the heating devices but also the characteristics of the building in different applications. The current AFUE method calculates only the energy efficiency which is thermodynamics first law efficiency. In this research, the systematic efficiency of a heating system rather than simple device efficiency has been defined and investigated. The systematic efficiency considers the overall efficiency of the whole heating system and it varies in the different applications even though with the same heating device. So it represents the performance of the system more precisely. Analytical models have been built to calculate both the systematic energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, and to evaluate the systematic energy and exergy efficiency of heating systems for direct fired and indirect fired heaters. Efficiency performances of the systems with these two types of heaters are compared. Sensitivities of input parameters for systematic energy efficiency are studied to show the impact towards systematic energy efficiency. Indoor carbon dioxide concentration level of direct fired heating system is also studied.<br> In a case study, results show that systematic energy efficiency of indirect fired heating system is always constant at heater device efficiency which is 80\% while systematic energy efficiency of direct fired heating system varies from 40%-92% under different condition (heat loss coefficient, ambient temperature and air change requirement), indicating that simple device efficiency is not capable to evaluate the overall performance of heating system. New efficiency method such as systematic energy efficiency used in this research is needed to better describe the performance of the heating system. Results of indoor carbon dioxide level of direct fired heating system, from 1000 to 4500 PPM under different conditions, show that indoor air quality needs to be considered while using direct fired heating.<br>

Social workers are being sought out more often to treat traumatized individuals. In turn, social workers are at risk of vicarious traumatization. Vicarious trauma is a form of indirect trauma that may occur by working with traumatized clients. Master of Social Work (MSW) students should be educated on vicarious trauma as they will have many responsibilities when they begin their work in the field; including treating traumatized individuals. Education on vicarious trauma could lessen the risks of experiencing the pathology. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of vicarious trauma among MSW students. Sixty-seven students from the MSW program at California State University, San Bernardino participated in this study and completed the Vicarious Trauma Questionnaire (VTQ). The study showed that on average the students scored moderate to low on each category of the questionnaire. Suggestions for future research and the social work curriculum are discussed in this project.

This Study examines some cross-cultural differences in conveying good and bad news in Australian English and Vietnamese. Three major aspects are taken into consideration: address forms, modality, and directness-indirectness. Theoretical issues are raised and discussed, and questionnaire data collected and analysed. Chapter I shows why it is important and necessary to study crosscultural differences and sets up the aims of the study. Chapter II deals with address forms in general and the use of address forms in conveying good and bad news in the Australian and Vietnamese cultural contexts in particular..The similarities and differences between the two systems are also discussed. Chapter III dwells on modality and its devices: modals, modality markers, subjunctive mood (in English) and lexico-modal operators for subjunctive mood (in Vietnamese). The use of these devices in communicating good and bad news in the two cultures is discussed in detail. Chapter IV is concerned theoretically with directness-indirectness, and the relationship between indirectness and politeness. How directness and in-directness are actually used to convey good and bad news in Australian and Vietnamese cultures is also analysed. Chapter V concludes the Study and suggests implications for ELT.

Cette thèse propose une auto-organisation d'un réseau sans fil multi-sauts en clusters. Cette structure de clusters est ensuite utilisée pour effectuer une diffusion efficace dans le réseau et un protocole de routage indirect. Cette thèse utilise des outils de géométrie stochastique et des simulations.

<p>The world-wide globalisation that has taken place during the past decades has led to more Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) choosing to relocate some parts of their organisation to other countries. China, which is in command of the world’s lowest-cost manufacturing plants, is the first destination for MNEs. Although China presents a great opportunity for MNEs, this investment does not come without its difficulties, MNEs wishing to invest in China are confronted with certain challenges. MNEs are faced with dealing with the notable differences in Western and Chinese business culture. One particular difference is related to intercultural communication between western managers and Chinese managers. The theory of low context and high context cultures states that the Chinese communicate indirectly and Western countries directly.</p><p>The main purpose of this research is to find out if the Chinese manager, after obtaining experience negotiating with foreign managers from low context cultures, adopts a more direct communication style. The purpose of this research is to answer the following question:</p><p>Does the Chinese manager have a preference for direct or indirect communication when negotiating with foreign managers?</p><p>The following hypotheses were stated:</p><p>Ho: Chinese managers prefer direct communication during business negotiations with foreign managers.</p><p>Ha: Chinese managers prefer indirect communication during business negotiations with foreign managers</p><p>A quantitative method with a positivistic epistemology was used for the research. Quantitative research is an exploratory study with a deductive approach and therefore the most appropriate method for this research was a survey. A survey was chosen for data collection and a questionnaire based on the research model was developed and used as the survey instrument to collect data from the target group.</p><p>The target group was stated as Chinese managers with at least three years work experience, fluent in English and with experience in negotiations with managers from cultures considered as low-context cultures such as Germany, Sweden and the United States of America.</p><p>The target group was selected from the MBA programs at Fudan University.</p><p>The SPSS program was utilised to analyse the responses and to test the hypothesis. Numeric values were assigned to each of the responses, with 5 being the most direct and 1 being the most indirect. The scale was appropriately reversed for negative questions.</p><p>Descriptive statistics were obtained about distribution, variability and central tendency of the variables. t tests were applied to compare group means. Furthermore, a regression analysis was conducted to estimate a linear relationship between direct communication and the lack of miscommunication showed by the descriptive test. All tests were conducted at a 95% confidence level.</p><p>The result of the hypothesis test indicated that Chinese managers have preference towards direct communication when conducting business negotiations with foreign managers.</p>

Purpose. To investigate the validity of the Sense Wear Pro Armband (SWA) to measure energy expenditure (EE) in healthy participants using wheelchair ergometry as an exercise modality. Method. Minute by minute EE was measured simultaneously using the SWA and indirect calorimetry(IC) during three different wheeling speeds including self-selected speed (0.81 m/s), moderate speed (1.11 m/s), and fast speed (1.73 m/s). Results. Twenty healthy volunteers (age = 34.0 (5.8) years)participated. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.50 (p=0.010), 0.59 (p=0.003), and 0.68 (p=0.000) for the self-selected speed, moderate speed, and fast speed wheeling, respectively. The SWA overestimated EE 57.8%, 57.4 %, and 63.7% for self-selected speed, moderate speed, and fast speed, respectively. Conclusions. The SWA failed to provide an accurate estimate of EE as measured by indirect calorimetry for wheelchair ergometry exercise in healthy subjects. The SWA overestimated EE for all exercise intensities. / REHABILITATION SCIENCE-PHYSICAL THERAPY