abstract: High-efficiency DC-DC converters make up one of the important blocks of state-of-the-art power supplies. The trend toward high level of transistor integration has caused load current demands to grow significantly. Supplying high output current and minimizing output current ripple has been a driving force behind the evolution of Multi-phase topologies. Ability to supply large output current with improved efficiency, reduction in the size of filter components, improved transient response make multi-phase topologies a preferred choice for low voltage-high current applications. Current sensing capability inside a system is much sought after for applications which include Peak-current mode control, Current limiting, Overload protection. Current sensing is extremely important for current sharing in Multi-phase topologies. Existing approaches such as Series resistor, SenseFET, inductor DCR based current sensing are simple but their drawbacks such low efficiency, low accuracy, limited bandwidth demand a novel current sensing scheme. This research presents a systematic design procedure of a 5V - 1.8V, 8A 4-Phase Buck regulator with a novel current sensing scheme based on replication of the inductor current. The proposed solution consists of detailed system modeling in PLECS which includes modification of the peak current mode model to accommodate the new current sensing element, derivation of power-stage and Plant transfer functions, Controller design. The proposed model has been verified through PLECS simulations and compared with a transistor-level implementation of the system. The time-domain parameters such as overshoot and settling-time simulated through transistor-level implementation is in close agreement with the results obtained from the PLECS model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeandroSC_DISSERT_1-68.pdf: 3005513 bytes, checksum: 4d385177273793fb97add8fa79a198b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The coast of Rio Grande do Norte has more than 100 species of seaweed, mostly unexplored regarding their pharmacological potential. The sulfated polysaccharides (PS) are by far the more seaweed compounds studied, these present a range of biological properties, such as anticoagulant activity, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. In this study, we extract sulfated polysaccharide rich-extracts of eleven algae from the coast of Rio Grande do Norte (Dictyota cervicornis; Dictiopterys delicatula; Dictyota menstruallis; Dictyota mertensis; Sargassum filipendula; Spatoglossum schr?ederi; Gracilaria caudata; Caulerpa cupresoides; Caulerpa prolifera; Caulerpa sertularioides e Codim isthmocladum), and these were evaluated for the potential anticoagulant, antioxidant and antiproliferative. All polysaccharide extracts showed activity for anticoagulant, antioxidant and/or antiproliferative activity, especially D. delicatula and S. filipendula, which showed the most prominent pharmacological potential, thereby being chosen to have their sulfated polysaccharides extracted. By fractionating method were obtained six fractions rich in sulfated polysaccharides to the algae D. delicatula (DD-0,5V, DD-0, 7V, DD-1,0v, DD-1,3v, DD-1,5v and DD-2,0) and five fractions to the alga S. filipendula (SF-0,5V, SF-0,7V, SF-1,0v, SF-1,5v and SF-2,0v). For the anticoagulant assay only the fractions of D. delicatula showed activity, with emphasis on DD-1, 5v that presented the most prominent activity, with APTT ratio similar to clexane? at 0.1 mg/mL. When evaluated the antioxidant potential, all fractions showed potential in all tests (total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging, ferrous chelation and reducing power), however, the ability to chelate iron ions appears as the main mechanism antioxidant of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed. In antiproliferative assay, all heterofucanas showed dose-dependent activity for the inhibition of cell proliferation of HeLa, however, with the exception of SF-0,7V, SF- 1,0v and SF-1,5v, all fractions showed antiproliferative activity against MC3T3, a normal cell line. The heterofucana SF-1,5V had its antiproliferative mechanism of action evaluated. This heterofucan induces apoptosis in HeLa cells by a pathway caspase independent, promoting the release of apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) in the cytosol, which in turn induces chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation into 50Kb fragments. These results are significant in that they provide a mechanistic framework for further exploring the use of SF-1.5v as a novel chemotherapeutics against human cervical cancer. / O litoral do Rio Grande do Norte apresenta mais de 100 esp?cies de macroalgas marinhas, a maioria delas ainda n?o explorada quanto ao seu potencial farmacol?gico. Os polissacar?deos sulfatados (PS) s?o de longe os compostos de macroalgas marinhas mais estudados, sendo atribu?da a estes uma gama de propriedades biol?gicas, como: atividade anticoagulante, antiinflamat?ria, antitumoral e antioxidante. Neste trabalho, obteve-se extratos ricos em polissacar?deos de onze algas do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte (Dictyota cervicornis; Dictiopterys delicatula; Dictyota menstruallis; Dictyota mertensis; Sargassum filipendula; Spatoglossum schr?ederi; Gracilaria caudata; Caulerpa cupresoides; Caulerpa prolifera; Caulerpa sertularioides e Codium isthmocladum), e estas foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial anticoagulante, antioxidante e antiproliferativo frente ? linhagem celular tumoral HeLa. Todos os extratos polissacar?dicos apresentaram atividades anticoagulante, antioxidante e/ou antiproliferativa, com destaque para os das algas D. delicatula e S. filipendula, que apresentaram os maiores ?ndices de potencial farmacol?gico, sendo, portanto, escolhidas para serem submetidos a passos posteriores de purifica??o de seus polissacar?deos sulfatados. Atrav?s do fracionamento com volumes crescentes de acetona foram obtidas seis fra??es ricas em polissacar?deos sulfatados da alga D. delicatula (DD-0,5v, DD-0,7v, DD-1,0v, DD-1,3v, DD-1,5v e DD-2,0v) e cinco fra??es da alga S. filipendula (SF-0,5v, SF- 0,7v, SF-1,0v, SF-1,5v e SF-2,0v). An?lises f?sico-qu?micas mostraram que estas s?o ricas em heterofucanas sulfatadas. Apenas as fra??es da alga D. delicatula apresentaram atividade anticoagulante, com destaque para DD-1,5v que apresentou a atividade mais proeminente com raz?o de APTT semelhante ? clexane?, f?rmaco anticoagulante comercial. Quando avaliadas com rela??o ao potencial antioxidante todas as fra??es apresentaram atividade em todos os testes realizados (Capacidade antioxidante total, sequestro de radicais super?xido e hidroxila, quela??o f?rrica e atividade redutora), entretanto, a capacidade de quela??o de ?ons ferro aparece como o principal mecanismo antioxidante dos polissacar?deos sulfatados dessas macroalgas marinhas. No ensaio antiproliferativo, todas as heterofucanas apresentaram atividades dose-dependente para a inibi??o da prolifera??o celular de HeLa, entretanto, as fra??es SF-0,7v, SF-1,0v e SF-1,5v apresentaram atividade espec?fica para esta linhagem celular, n?o inibindo a prolifera??o da linhagem celular normal MC3T3, sendo a heterofucana SF-1,5v escolhida para ter seu mecanismo de a??o antiproliferativo determinado. SF-1,5v induz a apoptose em c?lulas HeLa principalmente atrav?s de uma via independente da ativa??o das caspases, promovendo a libera??o do Fator Indutor da Apoptose (AIF) no citosol, que por sua vez induz a condensa??o da cromatina e fragmenta??o do DNA em fragmentos de 50Kb. Este trabalho ? o primeiro relato mostrando uma heterofucana cujo principal mecanismo antiproliferativo ? a libera??o de AIF mitocondrial para o citosol, o que torna SF-1,5v um promissor f?rmaco na terapia antitumoral, possibilitando uma alternativa aos quimioter?picos tradicionais.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Kretly / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Eduardo_M.pdf: 14948633 bytes, checksum: 63579d1a8844e33a2c577a9aed963b41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como escopo o projeto e implementação de indutores ativos em tecnologia CMOS para operação em sistemas de rádio freqüência. A grande área demandada por indutores passivos integrados, bem como a sua baixa indutância e baixo fator de qualidade associados, apresentam-se como um dos maiores limitantes no projeto de circuitos integrados aplicados às comunicações. Como alternativa, indutores ativos integrados têm sido propostos. O uso de topologias de circuitos que emulam o efeito do indutor passivo convencional torna-se atraente ao passo que o grau de compactação e seletividade podem ser obtidos. Quatro topologias distintas de indutores ativos integrados são abordadas, bem como uma aplicação prática. Resultados de simulação e de experimentos são apresentados / Abstract: This work aims the design and implementation of integrated active inductors in CMOS technology for applications in radio frequency systems. The large area occupied by passive inductors, as well its low quality factor and low inductance, have been detached as one of the major drawbacks in the design of integrated circuits applied to communication systems. Alternately, active inductors have been proposed. Circuits usage which emulates conventional spiral inductors becomes interesting since die area reduction and selectivity can be obtained. Four different topologies of integrated active inductors are discussed, as well a practical application. Simulation results and experimental results are presented. / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents the development of a methodology for design of inductor in singlephase PFC boost converters operating in CCM mode in agreement with international standards IEC 61000-3-2 and CISPR 22. Such converters are used in front-end modules of information technology equipment. This methodology is based on the investigation of the relationship among magnetic volume; switching frequency and input current ripple of the converter, presented in previous work and extended to allow the optimization of inductors with three magnetic materials: Kool Mμ, Molypermalloy and High-Flux. An analysis of some constructive characteristics of the inductors is performed, such as, magnetic materials and most appropriate type of winding, taking into account factors that can determine the lowest volume of the inductor, such as winding and magnetic losses, the flux density, and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). In construction of the inductors, it is discussed the use of single-layer winding, presenting their main haracteristics, advantages when seeking the reduction of conducted EMI, and considering the disadvantage of increasing of volume that this type winding may cause. An algorithm for this methodology is developed, that uses models able to estimate the differential mode conducted EMI for frequencies up to 30 MHz, as well the temperature rise of boost inductor by simulating the input current of the converter, considering soft saturation characteristics of magnetic materials and the use of commercial cores. Additionally, it is performed an experimental validation of the developed algorithm by construction of prototypes that uses three selected materials and operate at three different points of operation. / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de projeto do indutor em conversores boost PFC CCM monofásicos de acordo com as normas internacionais IEC 61000-3-2 e CISPR 22. Tais conversores são utilizados como estágio de entrada em fontes de equipamentos da tecnologia da informação. A metodologia é baseada na investigação da dependência existente entre o volume dos elementos magnéticos com a freqüência de comutação e a ondulação da corrente de entrada nestes conversores. O trabalho dá continuidade a trabalhos anteriores, ampliando a análise para a otimização de indutores de três materiais magnéticos: Kool Mμ, Molypermalloy e High-Flux. É realizada uma análise de algumas características construtivas destes indutores, entre elas, os materiais magnéticos mais apropriados e o tipo de enrolamento utilizado levando-se em consideração fatores que permitem a redução do volume do indutor, como as perdas magnéticas e nos enrolamentos, a densidade de fluxo magnético e a interferência eletromagnética (EMI) conduzida. Na implementação dos indutores, é discutida a utilização de enrolamentos de única camada, apresentando suas principais características, as vantagens de sua utilização quando se busca a redução da EMI conduzida, e considerando-se a desvantagem do aumento de volume do indutor que este tipo de enrolamento pode causar. Um algoritmo é desenvolvido para esta metodologia, no qual são utilizados modelos capazes de estimar a EMI conduzida DM para freqüências de até 30 MHz, assim como a elevação da temperatura do indutor, por meio de uma simulação da corrente de entrada do conversor que considera os efeitos da saturação suave dos materiais magnéticos e a utilização de núcleos com dimensões comerciais. É também realizada a validação experimental deste algoritmo, por meio da construção de protótipos que utilizam indutores dos três materiais escolhidos e operam em três pontos de operação distintos.

No description available.

This thesis relates to the design and implementation of a Gysel power combiner consisting of two input ports. The design is implemented using discrete (lumped) components over the conventional transmission line architecture and operates at 100 MHz. Because of the high power requirements for the power combiner, special attention is given to the power handling capabilities of the lumped elements and the other components involved. Simulations of an S-parameter of Gysel power combiner are performed using the Advanced Design System (ADS) from Keysight Technologies. The final design of two-way Gysel power combiner using PCB toroidal inductor was implemented, simulated and optimized at centre frequency of 100 MHz. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of Insertion loss, Return loss and Port Isolation.

Important considerations of a photovoltaic (PV) source are achieving a high voltage and drawing currents with very little ripple component from it. Furthermore, the output from such a source is variable depending on irradiation and temperature. In this research, literature review of prior methods employed to boost the output voltage of a PV source is examined and their limitations identified. This research then proposes a multi-phase tapped-coupled inductor boost DC-DC converter that can achieve high voltage boost ratios, without adversely compromising performance, to be used as an interface to a PV source. The proposed converter achieves minimal current and voltage ripple both at the input and output. The suitability of the proposed converter topology for variable input voltage and variable power operation is demonstrated in this dissertation. The proposed converter is also shown to have good performance at high power levels, making it very suitable for high power applications. Detailed analysis of the proposed converter is done. Advantages of the proposed converter are explained analytically and confirmed through simulations and experimentally. Regulation of the converter output voltage is also explained and implemented using a digital controller. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed converter is suitable for high power as well as variable power, variable voltage applications where high voltage boost ratios are required. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

With the increase in demand for compact and high data rate communication systems, there is a need for high efficiency with modulated signals (PAPR 5-10 dB) for base-station power amplifiers. One of the famous architectures used to achieve this is Doherty architecture. The architecture has recently been extended to the Load Modulated Balanced Amplifier (LMBA) concept, where a separate integrated amplifier generates the control signal for load modulation. Almost all published studies are concerned with discrete "PCB-based" solutions for LMBA. In a recent study [1], the potential of designing an integrated LMBA in 0.18 μm CMOS has been evaluated. The main limitation concerning losses and area comes from the quadrature couplers, consisting of either two or four inductors. Using active inductors in the coupler design may be possible to obtain a more cost-effective solution. However, several aspects must be taken into consideration. One is that the power consumption of the active inductor should not exceed the power loss of the passive inductor. Another one is the ability to handle high power signals (high voltage swing), corresponding to 10-15 dBm at the input of the amplifier. The main objective of this thesis is to implement a hybrid coupler using an active inductor based on the theory of gyrators. The circuits were implemented using TSMC 0.18 μm process. The coupler and the active inductor are designed to operate at 2 GHz centre frequency. The active inductor implemented is considerably linear up to 12 dBm. The coupler has an input reflection coefficient (S11) of -26 dB, the transmission coefficient (S21) of -4.4 dB, and a coupling coefficient (S31) of -2.4 dB. The coupler shows good coupling and isolation characteristics. The phase difference between the through-port and the coupled-port of the coupler is 92°. As a result, when used as a power divider at the input of the power amplifiers, a PAE (Power Added Efficiency) of 63% and output power of 23 dBm is obtained at an input power of 12 dBm.

No description available.

<p>In recent years, switch-mode power electronic converters have gained considerable popularity</p> <p>because of their compact size and high switching frequencies. This makes them</p> <p>suitable for power processing in various applications, including photovoltaic systems and</p> <p>electric vehicles. However, their high switching frequency capabilities have a drawback. A</p> <p>high-frequency common-mode voltage coupled with the switching of the power converters</p> <p>excites the parasitic capacitances of the system. It leads to the flow of common-mode current.</p> <p>Since the common-mode current flows through an unintended path, it can potentially</p> <p>interfere with the performance of system components. Passive filters can be used to mitigate</p> <p>common-mode currents. Using a common-mode inductor in conjunction with strategically</p> <p>placed capacitors makes it possible to limit the flow of common-mode current.</p> <p><br></p> <p>As part of this work, passive mitigation of common-mode current will be investigated in</p> <p>a variable frequency drive system. In this regard, the process of designing a three-phase ac</p> <p>common-mode inductor is explained. As a first step, a mitigation strategy is proposed and</p> <p>described. Next, the issue of self-capacitance of the inductor is discussed. Afterwards, the</p> <p>ac common-mode inductor is designed using a multi-objective optimization-based approach.</p> <p>Following this are the design results, concluding the dissertation.</p>