Ashe Juniper encroachment onto privately owned rangelands in Central Texas has resulted in significant degradation of the ecological condition of these lands, and a subsequent public concern for the hydrologic function, wildlife habitat, and livestock production these historically predominant grasslands provide. The result has been an interest and public investment in land restoration programs such as the removal and management of brush via landowner cost-share. Implementation of a publicly funded land restoration program requires the allocation of millions of dollars of public funds on private lands over large geographic areas that represent hundreds of landowners with varying property management objectives, tract sizes, ecological conditions, and geologic characteristics. This study describes the development, accuracy, and application of a decision support geographic information system (DSGIS) for land restoration programs in the Leon, Lampasas, and Bosque River watersheds in the Brazos River basin of Central Texas. The spatially referenced data layers and associated database within the DSGIS provide the capability to assemble site specific information including vegetation cover, endangered species habitat, landowners, ecological sites, elevation and slope, hydrologic characteristics, and political boundaries to support policy and implementation decisions for Ashe Juniper (Juniperus ashei) brush control and management and goldencheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) habitat restoration programs. The goldencheeked warbler is a federally listed endangered species with a breeding range limited to the oak-juniper woodlands of Central Texas. The data layers were developed with the support of ongoing research from the Leon River Restoration Project (LRRP) in Coryell and Hamilton counties. One hundred and eighty-eight (188) sub-watersheds were delineated within the project area and prioritized for implementation of an Ashe Juniper brush control program and a golden-cheeked warbler habitat restoration program. Costs associated with the clearing and stacking of Ashe Juniper were estimated for selected subwatersheds based on projected landowner participation and an analysis of actual costs from the LRRP. Sub-watersheds were targeted for the implementation of an Ashe Juniper brush control and golden-cheeked warbler habitat management program in Bosque, Coryell, Lampasas, Bell, and Burnet counties. Detailed tables were also developed to document the density and quantity of pertinent layer attributes within each of the 188 sub-watersheds.

Summary In an era of knowledge economy, it is necessary to promote the efficiency of business. However, when a corporation decides to use an enterprise resource planning (abbreviated as ERP) system, it becomes a gigantic problem to choose either developing the system by themselves or buying a suit ERP software. At present, the maturity of ERP software on the market is able to fulfill the general demand of business. But enterprises in general need to face the situation that the procedure revises when having special demands. The suit ERP software on the market, will divide the system into several main module at present, usually can include financial management, stock control, sale management, procurement management, production management, human resource management. The suit ERP software on the current market, the major problem stems from three causes. They are process-oriented, structured method, and object-oriented. We call them non architecture oriented finance management ERP model (NAOFMERPM) This research develops an architecture oriented finance management ERP model (AOFMERPM) which solves the problems generated by NAOFMERPM. To validate this expression, we use the information system success model (abbreviated as IS Success Model) three factors, information quality, system quality, service quality to prove AOFMERPM is better than NAOFMERPM .

It is an internationally acknowledged that marine protected area (MPA) is an important measure for maintaining biodiversity and rescuing endangered species. MPA can also effectively inhibit human interferences such as development and pollution discharge. The establishment of MPA is possible to fulfill the goal of sustainable management, which is to conserve marine habitat for an integrative ecosystem and a higher biodiversity. However, how to design an effective MPA remains an important research issue to be explored. In order to grasp the spatial distribution of the ecological data in the study area, the current research uses spatial interpolation tool, Kriging, provided by the Geographic information system (GIS) software. Then three spatial analytical models have been developed based on integer programming techniques. It is guarantee that all three models can find the global optimal solutions for the best protective area partitions. This quantitative approach is more efficient and effective compared to the qualitative methods in many aspects. The models are able to preserve the maximum ecological resources under the limited spatial area. Besides, the model formulation can be adjusted from different environmental impact factors to fulfill the requirements of users. The case study of the research is to design a MPA for Kaomei wetland. However the spatial analytical models developed in this research can also be applied to protected area design in land area.

<p>Globalization creates for companies’ new opportunities for business development, as well as new challenges. One of the most prevailing challenges is the ability to create new products and services in accordance to diverse customer needs and requirements, as well as implementation of new technologies in future lines of products. Therefore, companies realize the importance of the Marketing and Sales (M&S) and Product Development (PD) departments. The interface between those two departments plays a decisive role in realization of customer needs and requirements, and application of the right technologies in new products. The speed and accuracy with which the information between the M&S and PD department is exchanged directly influences success of one’s products on the market. Consequently, companies strive to achieve greater level of cross-functional integration within the interface, by overcoming barriers to integration, and improving the quality of internal services by utilizing computer based Information Systems (IS). The role of IS in supporting cross-functional work environment is growing, thus companies of all size make investment in IS. Nonetheless, these investments very often fail or not bear expect results, due to lack of alignment of the investment with the business.</p><p>This thesis documents a diagnosis undertaken for the Case Company. In recent years the Case Company experienced rapid international expansions and fast growth, which in turn exposed a whole new range of problems. The existing work routines turned out to be inadequate to maintain international expansion and growth. A great deal of these problems was enrooted directly in the interface between the M&S and PD departments. Therefore, the company realized a need to isolate and eliminate them, and further foster the cross-functional integration and information flows within the interface by implementation of a computer based Information System.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of the integration and communication process within the M&S and PD departments at the Case Company. In order to fulfil the purpose the Enterprise Knowledge Development modelling technique was employed. This allowed tracing the problems to their roots, by mapping business processes, goals, rules, actors, as well as clarification of concepts. As a result an objective snapshot of the current cross-functional integration between the M&S and PD departments was created. Further, this snapshot was compared against a great body of literature in the field of Product Development and Management and Process Management. The comparison made it possible to indicate areas for potential future improvements. The proposed change needs aimed at enhancing the internal customer satisfaction. Last but not the least in deep analysis of the current cross-functional relations within the interface made it feasible to suggest (with literature assistance) initial vital functions of a computer based Information System to enhance the integration and information flows within the studied interface at the Case Company. The proposed functionality corresponds to the current, as well as anticipated needs of the interface that has been derived based on requirements of the actors to fulfil goals and satisfy organizational processes.</p>

<p>In this modern world, healthcare has becoming a popular word in human life. People pay their attention on their health protection and treatment, but at the same time, they need to bear the high expenditure for their healthcare processing.</p><p>It is a serious problem that the government income can not afford the large expense in healthcare industry. Especially in some developing countries, healthcare problem has become the problem for the nation development.</p><p>We would like to choose this basic way to solve this problem directly, to provide the channel to improve the efficiency of healthcare system, Cambio COSMIC.</p><p>The aim to analysis COSMIC for my case study is to find out the conclusion that how does the architect design the system from the stakeholders requirement to achieve the success of improving the efficiency of healthcare system. And how to measure the success for the system achieving to improve the efficiency of healthcare system is still required to indicate.</p>

<p>Background: Today also smaller companies (SME) are implementing enterprise resource planning systems. One difference is that the SME have smaller resources regarding people and finance which can cause some problems if they are not aware of this. The company we have studied have undergone an organizational change and simultaneously implemented an ERP. Two parts of the implementation of the ERP worked just as intended and the third and last part experienced some major difficulties.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the situation in which a small company undertake two major changes almost simultaneously, one of which is the implementation of an ERP. This matter when an SME is implementing an ERP is not well researched since it is only in the more recent years that this type of organization feel the need for it and therefore have ventured into this. The aim of this thesis is to add to the theoretical field of small organizations introducing enterprise information systems.</p><p>Method: This is a qualitative study conducted in the form of a case study. The main data sources have been semi structured interviews, combined with observations and a document study. The data have been analyzed inductively.</p><p>Conclusion: The implementation of this ERP has gone bad in one area due to several cooperating mistakes. SME’s have some circumstances that does not apply to the larger organizations. In a SME every person carries greater importance in the success or failure of the implementation. Preparation is equally important in an SME as in larger organizations.</p><p>Suggestions for further research: The field of ERP in SME's have not been very thoroughly studied since it is a comparatively new field. Further research in this matter would be of some value.</p>

小型化革命已經造成了企業資訊系統的典範轉移，不久之前以大型主機為基礎的集中架構仍然是企業之重要資訊系統的唯一選擇，時至今日為數眾多的重要企業資訊系統採用了以個人運算裝置為基礎的主從架構。另外一方面，視窗主從企業資訊系統是目前最常見的主從架構企業資訊系統類型，此類企業資訊系統必需將每一支客戶端程式都安裝到每一位使用者的電腦上，這種客戶端程式的人工部署作業一直是資訊管理從業人員的沈重負擔，亦是資訊管理產學界持續戮力解決的重要研究課題。其實ActiveX元件技術的妥善應用將可以有效解決這個部署問題，並且這種解決方案將遠比其它解決方案更具成本效益。研究以此發現為基礎，目的在於克服ActiveX元件技術在企業資訊系統應用上一直無法解決的三項缺點：能力強大所衍生的不安全、技術龐雜所衍生的學習與使用困難，以及元件體積龐大所衍生的網路應用瓶頸，並提出一個以ActiveX元件為基礎的解決方案來自動化暨有之視窗主從企業資訊系統的客戶端程式部署作業。報告的重點內容有四：(一)ActiveX元件技術的缺點克服之道；(二) 所提解決方案的第一個部份，也就是下載架構，採用下載架構開發的企業資訊系統將具備自動化部署客戶端程式的特性；(三)所提解決方案的第二個部份，也就是架構轉換程序，藉由這個程序的指引，暨有的視窗主從企業資訊系統將可以輕鬆轉換成為下載架構，有效解決其客戶端程式的部署問題；(四)兩個研究個案，用來示範下載架構與架構轉換程序的使用，並提供證據來支持下載架構與架構轉換程序的可行性。 / The downsizing revolution has created a deep paradigmatic shift in business information systems (BISs). Not very long ago, large-scale mission-critical BISs were the exclusive province of massive mainframe computers. That is changing rapidly. Today, increasingly large and complex BISs are being built as client/server (C/S) applications. Unfortunately, for the most common C/S BISs, that is, the Windows-based C/S BISs (WinBISs), client programs must be manually deployed to each end-user machine bringing about a heavy BIS maintenance load. ActiveX component technology, if used properly, is more cost-effective than other alternatives in improving the deployment of existing WinBISs. Nevertheless, ActiveX component technology is no magic solution, and thus still has three shortcomings, namely insecurity, complexity, and bulkiness. The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to overcome the shortcomings of ActiveX component technology, and then develop an ActiveX component-based solution to automate the deployment of existing WinBISs. This paper has four main parts: (a) the answers to the shortcomings of ActiveX component technology; (b) the downloadable architecture, which supports the development of automatically-deployed BISs; (c) the architecture transformation process, which transforms existing WinBISs into the downloadable architecture; and (d) two examples of how to use the downloadable architecture and the architecture transformation process. The examples also provide evidence to support the feasibility of such architecture and process.

Many studies and land use planning attempts have done to influence people’s travel choices these days. Rather than sprawl development with automobile-dependent, single-use zoning, and cul-de-sacs, scholars and city planners now prefer and recommend more walkable, mixed-use development, and compact development. Along with neo-traditional development and pedestrian pockets, one trend of recent urban planning, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), has attracted people’s attention. Given the new development of transportation methods, the present study explores how new transit stations will change people’s mobility and activity patterns. The main contribution of this project is to create an index of walkability attributions in a TOD setting based on previous research and to suggest assessment measures of walkability using a Geographic Information System (GIS). / text

現今企業廣泛地採用整合資訊系統，旨在能夠獲得多方面的效益，並且達到提升競爭力的最終目的。然而，由於不恰當的系統控制與彈性配置，無法實現期望成效的情況十分普遍。本研究延伸Adler和Borys於1996年對於強制性系統和實現性系統的討論至過度應用的情境，並在本作中以「過度控制」和「過度彈性」詮釋。 為了回答整合資訊系統過度控制和過度彈性之「何種」、「為何」、及「如何」等面向的研究問題，本作用下列四步驟建立研究方法。首先進行文獻探討，以獲得時常相互衝突的兩種系統設置之問題還有可行解決方案的基礎認知。第二，透過訪談五家企業進行多重個案研究，以增進對現實情況的洞見。第三，展開跨案例分析討論過往研究和實務案例之間的異同，最後，建立結論彙整與總結本研究的發現。 響應於我們的研究問題，本研究對大部分於過往研究中提及的問題皆有所發現，並且提出在不同情境中的幾種新式解決方案。這些解決方案可以分為系統設計、人員、以及政策等三方面探討。對於系統過度控制的案例，本研究提出在特定的情境中，系統有維持控制的必要，而在系統的觀點之外，員工責任的重新配置以及外部專家的支援亦可被視為可能的解決方式。至於系統過度彈性的案例，員工教育訓練必須與系統重新設計須並行，並且使用者需求以及彈性政策在早期的系統設計階段必須詳加檢視。 / Nowadays, enterprises widely adopt integrated information systems to obtain various types of advantages for the ultimate goal of increased competitiveness; however, there are common circumstances under which the expected outcomes fail to be realized because of inappropriate control and flexibility system configurations. This research extends Adler and Borys’ 1996 discussion on coercive and enabling systems to situations of misuse, which is construed as over-control and over-flexibility in this work. To shed light on our research questions of “what,” “why,” and “how” dimensions regarding integration system over-control and over-flexibility, this paper’s research method is established with the following four steps. First, a literature review is conducted to acquire a fundamental understanding to the issues and the possible resolving approaches regarding the two often contrary system configurations. Second, multiple case studies are carried out with five enterprise interviews to gain insight into real-world situations. Third, a cross-case analysis is continued to discuss the similarities and the differences between previous research and empirical cases, and finally, conclusion of this paper is built to aggregate and summarize our findings. In response to our research questions, most of the problems that are discussed in previous studies are identified in our empirical cases, and several novel approaches to resolve the problems in different contexts are proposed as our findings, which could be discussed from the perspectives of system design, people, and policy. For system over-control cases, this paper proposes that in certain circumstances, system should remain control, and beside system perspectives, employee empowerment, responsibility redesign, and external experts’ support should also be considered as possible approaches. With regard to system over-flexibility cases, employee education should be carried out in parallel with system redesign, and user requirements and flexibility policy should be carefully reviewed at early system design stage.

The Medina of Tripoli, Libya, is a very ancient walled city that has a history of change, development, deterioration, conservation, and preservation to its fabric. Influenced by various foreign groups (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims, Spanish, Ottomans, Karamanlis), its architectural styles include ancient and traditional structures, as well as modern Western style or acculturation architecture. The purpose of the Medina as a place of habitation has changed over the years because of many factors including residents moving out of the Medina, fluctuating preservation, the changes in government policy when each new ruling entity had its particular laws and regulations, and some distortion of the economy due to the oil revenues. The place has no long-term plan or vision applied to it--either from within or from without. This study, the first of its kind in North Africa to collect information by using surveys and mental maps, convert the information into geographic information system (GIS) data, and come to definite conclusions about the Medina's situation. The entire research focused on four areas (the Islamic buildings, common routes of transportation, areas of deterioration, and population densities within Tripoli's Medina), but this document focused on the deterioration in the city while analyzing its urban informality, the residents' rights to live in the city, and property categories. This study helped to clarify the current situation and provide input to planners in post-uprising Libya.