No description available.

Aim: The work is about construction companies in Sweden that use BIM in their operations. The goal is to study different engineers within these companies and focus on what they require in their everyday work. With the help of the respondents'experiences and needs, an analysis can be made, and suggestions given about how BIM can be implemented without major problems. Method: The report is based on information taken from interviews aimed at supervisors,project managers and contracting engineers spread between four different construction companies. A literature study has been done to create a basis for the interviews that were conducted with all respondents. Result: Information needs vary depending on the respondent. Most people want accurate information, as much information as possible, visualization of the informationand a way to coordinate this. BIM is seen as a solution to information needs, but there are several obstacles with implementation such as lack of training, that it is a large investment and time-consuming to implement. Some of the respondents believe that a full BIM model should be sought after, while others are content to use BIM as a complement to their current working methods. Analysis: Most information needs can be met with BIM. The respondents generally see several advantages of BIM. They do not seem to understand how it should be implemented, which may indicate a lack of knowledge about what BIM is. The level of knowledge around the use of BIM needs to be increased. Discussion: In order to fully implement BIM, new routines need to be created and this can be done through training or recruiting a new role that works specifically with BIM.This person can delegate digitization within a company and thus contribute to an easier implementation of BIM. This is something that previous studies support as an idea. / Syfte: Arbetet handlar om byggentreprenadsföretag i Sverige som använder BIM i sinverksamhet. Målet är att studera olika ingenjörer inom dessa företag och fokusera påvilka informationsbehov de har i deras vardagliga arbete. Med hjälp av respondenternaserfarenheter och behov kan en analys göras och förslag tas fram på hur BIM kanimplementeras utan stora problem. Metod: Rapporten bygger på information tagen från intervjuer som riktas tillarbetsledare, projektledare och entreprenadingenjörer utsprida mellan fyra olikabyggentreprenadföretag. Litteraturstudie har gjorts för att skapa grund för intervjuernasom utfördes med alla respondenter. Resultat: Beroende på respondent varierar informationsbehov. De flesta vill ha noggrann information, så mycket information som möjligt, visualisering avinformationen samt ett sätt att samordna detta. BIM ses som en lösning påinformationsbehoven men det uppstår flera hinder med implementeringen såsom bristpå utbildning, att det är en stor investering och tidskrävande att implementera. Några av respondenterna anser att en fullständig BIM modell borde vara eftertraktad medan andra är nöjda att använda BIM som komplement till deras nuvarande arbetsmetoder. Analys: De flesta informationsbehov går att bemöta med BIM. Respondenterna ser generellt flera fördelar med BIM. De verkar inte förstå hur det ska implementeras, något som kan tyda på brist på kunskap kring vad BIM är. Kunskapsnivån kring användning av BIM behöver ökas. Diskussion: För att implementera BIM helt behöver nya rutiner skapas och detta kanske genom utbildning eller rekrytering av en ny roll som jobbar just med BIM. Denna person kan delegera digitaliseringen inom ett företag och på så sätt bidra till en lättare implementering av BIM. Detta är något som tidigare studier stödjer som en idé.

The study aimed to examine high school student usage of licensed databases available through public libraries in Atlanta-USA. A descriptive quantitative survey was conducted via a web-based questionnaire among 135 East Cobb high school students. The findings revealed that most students are aware of these licensed databases, but their usage is low (1:10) compared to Google. However, as students advance in grade levels, their database usage increases and GALILEO is the most-used licensed resource. Factors that influence student database usage include: specific academic needs; teacher instruction to use specific databases and frequent Digital Information Literacy (DIL) instruction. Most students receive DIL instruction at school, but their DIL skills are still inadequate. To increase usage of licensed databases as reliable information resources, the study recommends collaboration between public libraries and high schools, including incorporation of Generation Y's digital information preferences such as Google-type simplified interfaces, cutting-edge technology and time-saving search features. / Information Science / M.A. (Information Science)

This study involved a qualitative investigation of consulting engineers' information needs and information-seeking behaviour within the context of their project-related work roles and tasks. The research design includes a study of various information behaviour models, a systematic review of the subject literature and the exploration of relevant qualitative research methods. Data was collected through time-line interviews. The findings show how consulting engineers' work roles and tasks determine their information needs during various engineering project stages. These factors also determine the use of various sources during information seeking. Consulting engineers use a variety of information sources but rely mainly on interpersonal communication to gather information. Digital cameras are used by consulting engineers to record progress in a project. They also use Internet technologies such as email and FTP sites to communicate project related information. Recommendations were put forward for the development of an Internet-based information service for consulting engineers. / Information science / M.Inf.

This study was conducted on the premise that if quality business information is provided to business enterprises, socio-economic transformation could be achieved. The study emanated from the documented problem where business enterprises in northern Uganda were found to depend on "word of mouth" rather than any meaningful formal mechanism for accessing information efficiently. The aim of the study was, therefore, to design an information system for northern Uganda business enterprises. The study makes use of document analysis, questionnaires and interviews. The Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs), information providers and business policy-makers in northern Uganda constituted the population of the study. The data which was collected was edited and analysed to produce graphs, charts and percentages. The main findings indicate that business activities in northern Uganda are diverse - covering almost the entire sector of the economy. The SMEs need information on finance/capital/loans, local markets, business management skills, appropriate technologies, business competitors and security. They are lagging behind in using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). There is a lack of familiarity with changing technology - especially the Internet. Although the SMEs are making a fundamental contribution to Uganda's economy, they face serious challenges, such as insecurity, inadequate electricity, lack of trained information professionals and appropriate technology to access electronic information. The findings further indicate that respondents want business information to be selective to address their needs. The study concludes that the SMEs need an efficient, effective mechanism to provide the required business information. Hence, it is recommended that a business information system (BIS) design be implemented to address their needs. The BIS should provide business information in terms of legal, technical and economic information as well as contact information and management skills. Information should be processed by means of radio broadcasts, the telephone, short text messages, posters, online and CD-ROM formats - as required by the SMEs managers. To facilitate access, BIS should have telephone services; Internet-based services; online small business workshops; business start up assistant; and Talk to BIS services. BIS should have a flexible interface. / INFORMATION SCIENCE / DLITT ET PHIL (INF SCIENCE)

Access and use of information facilitate the improvement of agriculture in rural areas. It is therefore important to ensure that adequate and appropriate information flows to the rural areas, and that farmers are able to utilise it. This study investigated the access and use of poultry management information in three rural districts of Tanzania, namely Iringa Rural, Morogoro Rural and Mvomero. The survey method, supplemented by methodological triangulation, was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 360 poultry farmers in the selected rural communities. Sixteen focus group discussions were conducted, in which 160 farmers participated. Twenty-two information providers were interviewed. The SPSS® software was used to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The findings indicated that poultry farmers needed information on poultry disease control, poultry protection, shelter for poultry and poultry production. There was very low identification and prioritisation of farmers’ information needs by the information providers. Farmers accessed information that had a direct impact and was deemed relevant to their farming activities. It was revealed that farmers accessed information mainly from interpersonal sources. Likewise, farmers preferred interpersonal and informal sources to formal sources of information. The extension officers were considered to be the most effective information source, followed by family, friends, and neighbours. Various factors, such as lack of awareness, unavailability of extension officers and poor infrastructure, influenced access and use of poultry management information. It was concluded that most of the information providers were not aware of the farmers’ information needs, and as a result they were not in a position to disseminate relevant information. In addition, farmers were used to an oral culture, which means that they would probably continue to depend on interpersonal sources of information, regardless of the availability of formal channels and modern sources. The study recommended several measures, including the use of multiple sources of information and delivery of information in a variety of formats, in order to accommodate various categories of farmers. The study also suggested some areas for further research. Furthermore, a model for effective dissemination of poultry management information in rural areas was proposed. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The study broadly assesses the usefulness of available digital spatial land resource data as a source for agritourism and ecotourism information by comparing the inventory of available spatial data sets for South Africa and the SADC region, with the needs for spatial data as derived from a literature study of travel motivations and demand determinants. Spatial land resource data have been collected, processed and stored for agricultural planning purposes, like land suitability assessment, agricultural production and infrastructural planning. Given a) the growth in agritourism and ecotourism, b) the more detailed information required by tourists to aid them during decision making processes like destination selection and c) the progress in information technology rendering access of information via the internet easier; the question arose whether the available land resource digital data can be processed to provide relevant tourism information on internet websites. Four tasks had to be done, namely: a) identifying tourists’ needs by means of a literature study on travel motivations and demand determinants; b) identifying the land resource data sets that could be processed into information to meet these identified needs; c) determining the accessibility of spatial information on internet tourism websites to potential agritourists and ecotourists, and d) exploring opportunities for adding value by looking at what information existing websites are offering in comparison with what can be obtained from repackaging the land resource data. Common ground was found between the spatial tourist information needs and the available spatial land resource data. This, coupled with the ability of combining meteorological and other humanmade environmental data in GIS modelling, suggests that repackaging land resource data seems to have the potential to offer useful tourism information in correspondence with confirmed tourist information needs.

本研究主要在瞭解國內歷史檔案館藏於Web 環境中建置的規劃過程與執行內涵，主要以國內現正進行國科會「數位典藏國家型科技計畫」且已規劃建置Web檔案檢索系統的中央研究院近代史研究所檔案館為研究對象，探討其Web檔案檢索系統之建置內涵。本研究雖係以近史所檔案館為例，但期望藉由對該館建置經驗之探討，提供國內各歷史檔案主管與典藏單位參考。研究目的包括：探討Web環境中歷史檔案館藏檢索系統建置工作的內涵、Web檔案檢索系統介面的功能與特性、使用者對檔案檢索系統的使用習慣、模式與需求情形，並針對檔案館工作人員、資訊技術人員之Web檔案檢索系統建置作業思維觀點予以並列比較，進而與使用者之檔案資訊檢索需求進行對照比較，作為國內歷史檔案館藏Web檢索系統設計與建置之參考。 　　本研究採用深度訪談法，首先以近史所檔案館「近代外交與經濟重要檔案數位典藏計畫」為主要研究範圍，對該館工作人員進行訪談，並以參與該館系統建置之中研院計算機中心的資訊技術人員為訪談對象，此外亦針對外交檔案的使用者進行訪談，以便對相關的研究問題進行探討；並採用比較法，針對檔案館工作人員、資訊技術人員於Web檔案檢索系統建構之思維進行對照比較，並依據使用者對Web檔案檢索系統之需求與建置觀點進行剖析。最後將檔案館工作人員、資訊技術人員對系統功能建置之觀點與使用者之觀點進行對照比較，以綜合觀點比較歸納出Web環境中檔案檢索系統的重要特性與功能。 　　研究結果，本研究分別從「系統建構」與「使用者需求」兩個面向提出研究結論。於系統建構面向得出結論為：（一）檔案描述著錄方面：訂定檔案著錄系統建置方針、協調統整既有作業情境與著錄系統間的作業流程、因應檔案描述著錄作業所面臨的問題；（二）檔案權威控制方面：檔案權威控制方案效能的比較、權威檔合作建置可行性與方案的抉擇評估；（三）檔案傳輸互通標準方面：重視國際相關標準的採用與整合檢索的重要性、研擬訂定核心欄位促成聯合目錄與整合檢索之實現；（四）Web檔案檢索系統使用者介面方面：訂定Web檔案檢索系統使用者介面設計原則、Web檔案檢索系統使用者介面的功能規劃、妥善進行Web檔案檢索系統的營運管理；（五）檔案資訊加值檢索之作法方面：配合國中、高中教科書內容增加主題檔案介紹，進行系統使用者Log檔統計分析並進行檔案使用者資訊檢索行為研究，結合學術領域研究人員人力投入以進行檔案深度描述，運用資訊技術以提昇加值檢索之效能與服務之強化；（六）Web環境中歷史檔案檢索系統發展趨勢方面：藉由觀摩國內外其他單位之規劃建置並掌握重點，由網頁得知他館的經驗分享進而交流合作，與資訊技術人員密切交流以有助於系統的規劃建置。於使用者需求面向則分別從「使用者對Web檔案檢索系統的觀點與使用經驗」及「使用者對Web檔案檢索系統資訊檢索需求內涵分析」兩方面做成結論。有關使用者對Web檔案檢索系統的觀點與使用經驗方面，分別就檔案使用者資訊素養、使用經驗、檔案查詢途徑與使用方式、檔案資訊檢索整體需求、檔案檢索查詢項目使用需求情形、檔案資訊檢索心得觀感、檢索時所遭遇的問題以及對Web檔案檢索系統之期許等提列結論。而有關使用者對Web檔案檢索系統資訊檢索需求內涵分析方面，則以整體架構需求面向、資訊內涵需求面向、資訊檢索功能面向、資訊輸出功能面向、資訊顯示功能面向、檢索點需求面向等提列結論。 　　根據研究結果，本研究分別從「系統建構」與「使用者需求」兩個面向提出建議。於系統建構面向之建議包括：（一）訂定數位典藏與資訊檢索系統建置的相關標準；（二）建立一專門彙整缺字處理方案的官方正式網站；（三）建立一個累積資訊技術發展成果的知識庫；（四）運用「全宗原則」、採行「控制層次」進行檔案描述著錄；（五）合作建置檔案權威資料庫；（六）遵循檔案傳輸互通標準以因應內部與對外整合檢索之需求；（七）進行Web檔案檢索系統使用者介面整體規劃；（八）進行檔案資訊加值檢索方案之規劃；（九）研擬訂定核心欄位，儘速促成聯合目錄與整合檢索之實現。於使用者需求面向之建議則包括：（一）建立整合性歷史檔案查詢網站；（二）運用資訊技術與人工智能分析以強化檔案資訊內涵分析；（三）提供個人化檔案資訊檢索服務；（四）研擬並發展加值檢索方案。 / This study aims at understanding the planning process and the implementation of web-based historical archive construction in Taiwan by investigating the National Digital Archives Program that is being run by the National Science Council (NSC) and the contents of construction of the achieves of Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, whose retrieval system was completed. Though the study was based on modern history archives, it is hoped that the study can be a reference of construction for competent units and owners of history archives. The objective of the study is to investigate the contents of construction of Chinese web-based retrieval systems for historical archives; their functions and characteristics; and the habits, behavioral patterns and needs of users. A contrastive study between thoughts and opinions of web-based retrieval system construction of archive crews and IT personnel and the needs of users has been conducted to provide a reference for planning and construction of web-based retrieval system for history archives in Taiwan. 　　In-depth interviews were conducted with librarians in charge of the Digital Archives of the Diplomatic and Economic Records in Modern History Project, and with IT personnel of the Computer Center of Academia Sinica engaging in the construction of the archival system. Moreover, users of diplomatic files were interviewed for related topics. A comparison of the thoughts and opinions on web-based retrieval system of archive crews and IT personnel has been conducted. Needs and views of users have been analyzed. Finally, a contrastive study between the views on system function construction of archive crews and IT personnel and the opinions of users has been conducted in order to find out the important characteristics and functions of we-based Chinese archive retrieval systems. 　　Based on the research findings, conclusions were made from the following two aspects: system construction and user needs. System constructions are: (1) file description and recording: establishing construction policies for file recording systems, coordinating and integrating the operation workflow of the existing operation environment and recording system, and responding to problems arising out of file description and recording; (2) file authority control: comparing the efficiency of file authority control solutions, and selecting and evaluating the feasibility and solution of collaborative construction of authoritative files; (3) file transfer protocol: focusing on the importance of international protocols and integrated retrieval, and drafting core columns to promote the realization of joint indexing and integrated retrieval; (4) web-based retrieval system user interface: drawing out principles of design for the user interface of web-based retrieval systems, planning functions for the user interface of web-based retrieval systems, and applying reliable operation management of web-based retrieval systems; (5) handling of value-added retrieval of file information: enriching topic file introduction in accordance with junior and senior high school textbooks, producing statistics on and analyzing system user log files and studying the information retrieval pattern of users, combining the manpower of researchers to produce depth description of files, and enhancing the efficiency and optimizing the service of value-added retrieval with information technology; and (6) the trend of Chinese web-based retrieval systems of historical archives: sharing the experience in planning and construction of other archives home and abroad and promoting exchange and cooperation with them over the web, and making close contacts with IT personnel to facilitate system planning and construction. Conclusions on user needs were made according to “the user’s views and experiences of uses of web-based file retrieval systems” and “analysis on the contents of user’s needs for web-based file retrieval system”. Regarding user’s views on and experiences of uses for web-based file retrieval systems, conclusions were reached according to the user’s information attainments, experience of system uses, paths and manners of file retrieval, overall requirements for file and information retrieval, use of options in file retrieval systems, comments on file and information retrieval, problems encountered in retrieving files and information, and expectations from web-based file retrieval systems. As to the analysis of the contents of user’s needs for web-based file retrieval system of users, conclusions have been drawn according to the needs for overall framework; information contents; information retrieval functions; information output functions; information display functions; and information retrieval. 　　Based on the research findings, suggestions have been made according to “system construction” and “user needs”. Suggestions about system construction include: (1) establishing standards for digital archives and information retrieval systems; (2) setting up an official website for processing characters that do not exist in regular font sets; (3) developing a knowledge base for accumulating IT development achievements; (4) describing and recording files with “level control” according to the “principle of respect des fonds”; (5) constructing a file authority database under collaboration; (6) following the file transfer protocols to meet the requirements of internal and external integrated retrievals; (7) making plans for the user interface of web-based file retrieval systems; (8) working out solutions for value-added file and information retrieval; and (9) drawing out central columns and promoting the realization of joint indexing and retrieval. Suggestions about user needs include: (1) establishing an integrated historical archive inquiry website; (2) applying IT and AI to strengthen file and information content analysis; (3) providing personalized file and information retrieval services; and (4) drawing out and developing value-added retrieval solutions.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Zulu and Sepedi / The objective of this qualitative case study was to determine the information needs of rural farmers in Bungoma County, Western Kenya. The study explored various literature on information needs of rural farmers and the information services available to them. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with twenty lead farmers who are hosts of Farmers’ Field Schools. The findings show that farmers in Bungoma County are mostly interested in information that helps them to generate quick incomes from their agribusinesses. They access agricultural information mostly from verbal messages passed on by extension officers and local administration leaders. The farmers confessed that the information accessed from electronic sources like local FM radios is very useful in enhancing their agricultural enterprises and therefore agricultural development partners, policy makers and stakeholders in Western Kenya should use local FM radio often to disseminate information on agricultural development. The challenges encountered by the farmers in their quest for information relates to affordability. This study contributes to social change by recommending agricultural development partners, policy makers and stakeholders in Western Kenya implement programmes for reducing the distances that farmers travel to access agricultural information and the costs they incur in applying the knowledge gained from the various information channels. / Lolu cwaningo lokuthola kabanzi ngesimo belugxile ekuqaguleni izidingo kwezolwazi nokusetshenziswa kwalo kubalimi basemakhaya endaweni yaseBungoma County, esentshonalanga Kenya. Kulolu cwaningo kuye kwabhekisiswa izincwadi nemibhalo ehlukahlukene maqondana nezidingo zolwazi zabalimi basemakhaya kanye nalezo zinsiza zolwazi abakwaziyo ukufinyelela kuzo. Ulwazi lwedatha luye lwaqoqwa ngokuthi kwenziwe izingxoxo-mibuzo nabalimi abangamashumi amabili okuyibona abavelele futhi abaye basingathe uhlelo lwabalimi olubizwa nge-Farmers’ Field Schools. Okutholakele kukhomba ukuthi intshisekelo yabalimi baseBungoma County ikakhulukazi imayelana nokuthola ulwazi oluzobasiza ekwakheni ngokushesha imali eyingeniso kumabhizinisi abo ezolimo. Kuvamise ukuthi ulwazi lwezolimo baluthole ngemibiko edluliswa ngomlomo ivela kubalimisi (extension officers) nakubaholi bezokuphatha basendaweni. Balibeke ngembaba abalimi elokuthi luwusizo kakhulu ekwesekeni amabhizinisi abo ezolimo ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni ye-elekthronikhi efana nesiteshi somsakazo we-FM sasendaweni, ngakho-ke kungaba ngcono uma labo okubanjiswene nabo (partners) kwezokuthuthukisa ezolimo, futhi nabakhi benqubomgomo kanye nalabo ababambe iqhaza entshonalanga Kenya bengasebenzisa isiteshi somsakazo we-FM sasendaweni ukusabalalisa ulwazi lokuthuthukisa ezolimo. Ukubhekana nezindleko yilona hlangothi abahlangabezana nezinselelo kulo abalimi, ekuphokopheleni kwabo ukuthola ulwazi. Lolu cwaningo luyigalelo ekuguquleni ezenhlalo yomphakathi ngokuphakamisa ukuthi labo okubanjiswene nabo ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo, abakhi benqubomgomo kanye nalabo ababambe iqhaza entshonalanga Kenya mabaqalise ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokunciphisa amabanga amade okudinga ahanjwe ngabalimi ukuze bafinyelele kulwazi lwezolimo kanye nezindleko abangena kuzo uma sebesebenzisa lolo lwazi abaluthole ngemizila eyehlukene yolwazi. / Nepo ya nyakišišo ye ya khwalithethifi e be e le go laetša dinyakwa tša tshedimošo le ditšhomišo tša balemi ba dinagamagae go la Bungoma County, bodikela bja Kenya. Nyakišišo e nyakišišitše dingwalwa tša go fapana mabapi le dinyakwa tša balemi ba dinagamagae le ditirelo tša tshedimošo tše ba di hwetšago. Datha e kgobokeditšwe ka dipoledišano tša go dirwa thwii le balemi ba go eta pele ba masomepedi bao e lego benggae ba Dikolo tša Tlhabollo ya Balemi. Dikutullo di laetša gore balemi go la Bungoma County ba na le kgahlego gagolo go tshedimošo yeo e ba thušago go tšweletša letseno la ka pela go tšwa go dikgwebotemo tša bona. Ba hwetša tshedimošo ya temo gagolo ka melaetša ya molomo ye e fetišwago ke balemiši le baetapele ba selegae ba tshepedišo. Balemi ba dumetše gore tshedimošo ye e hwetšwago methopong ya elektroniki bjalo ka setiši sa FM sa radio ya tikologo e na le mohola matlafatšong ya dikgwebo tša bona tša temo gomme ka go realo bašomišani ba tlhabollo ya temo, bangwaladipholisi le bakgathatema ka bodikela bja Kenya ba swanela gore ba upše ba šomiše setiši sa FM sa radio go phatlalatša tshedimošo ka ga tlhabollo ya temo. Ditlhohlo tše balemi ba kopanago natšo mošomong wa bona wa tshedimošo di amana le phihlelelego. Nyakišišo ye e kgatha tema go phetogo ya leago ka go eletša bašomišani ba tlhabollo ya temo, bangwaladipholisi le bakgathatema go la borwa bja Kenya gore ba phethagatše mananeo go fokotša bokgole bjoo balemi ba bo sepelago go hwetša tshedimošo ya temo le ditshenyegelo tše ba di dirago tšhomišong ya tsebo ye e hweditšwego go tšwa dikanaleng tša go fapana tša tshedimošo. / Information Science / M.A. (Information Science)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alberto Correa.pdf: 285166 bytes, checksum: 6c95b863e33ae80f833a7adf88600182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / Research the potential utilization of tools for problem structuring like a mean to help the information needs definition associated to an intentional action. The purpose is use them in seeking and retrieval actions. Firstly are seen the theoretical basis of information seeking and retrieval. In pursuing are examined the basis relationed to the study, perception, identification and structuring problems. Later is analised, under a theoretical-conceptual point of view, the use of one problem structuring tool like an assistant to information needs definition. / Pesquisa o potencial de utiliza??o de ferramentas para estrutura??o de problemas como um meio de auxiliar a defini??o das necessidades de informa??o associadas a uma a??o intencional. O objetivo ? us?-las nas a??es de busca e recupera??o de informa??o. Primeiramente s?o vistos os fundamentos te?ricos da busca e recupera??o de informa??o. Em seguida s?o discutidos os fundamentos relacionados ao estudo, percep??o, identifica??o e estrutura??o de problemas. Posteriormente ? analisado, sob um ponto de vista te?ricoconceitual, o uso de uma ferramenta para estrutura??o de problemas como um auxiliar para defini??o das necessidades de informa??o.