This article addresses the issue referred to the sanctioning power of the State, which is exercised in two areas (penal and administrative) derived from a single power that allows the State to repress behaviors considered harmful to the development of society. Likewise, the authors have analyzed the Administrative General Procedure Law, where it has been clearly established that all sanctioning administrative procedure should apply the basic principles that protect the rights of the citizens. In this way, the State must apply the principle of guilt, principles of causation, presumption of innocence, among others, to judge customs infringements. / El presente artículo aborda la temática referida al poder sancionador del Estado, el cual es ejercido en dos ámbitos (penal y administrativo) derivados de una única potestad (ius puniendi) que le permite reprimir conductas consideradas nocivas para el desarrollo de la sociedad. Asimismo, se analiza la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General donde se ha establecido con claridad que en todo procedimiento administrativo sancionador se deben aplicar los principios básicos que tutelan los derechos de los administrados. De esta forma, se deberá aplicar el principio de culpabilidad, principios de causalidad, presunción de inocencia, entre otros, para juzgar las infracciones aduaneras.

Law / LL.M.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_fa_me_rcla.pdf: 964548 bytes, checksum: ef274b7fffaca284b95daa6655d5e74b (MD5) / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral, investigar as marcas deixadas pelas três esferas: escola, assistência e Sistema de Justiça na vida dos adolescentes em liberdade assistida. Os objetivos específicos são investigar e analisar, a partir dos depoimentos a relação de adolescentes com a escola e com os estudos; caracterizar e analisar a relação dos adolescentes com a assistência e com o Sistema de Justiça, com foco apenas em três das instituições: o judiciário, a polícia e o COMEC – Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor de medida sócio educativa. Este último – o COMEC está considerado no Sistema de Justiça para fins de organização da pesquisa. Para tanto foram entrevistados nove adolescentes em Liberdade Assistida, executada pelo COMEC. Esse número representa aproximadamente 10% da população atendida matriculada na escola pública, cadastrada no banco de dados digital da instituição em agosto de 2006. Para examinar as narrativas empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram organizados em cinco categorias: 1. um olhar para o ato infracional: O que dizem os adolescentes?; 2. um olhar para a relação adolescente, família e assistência; 3. um olhar para a relação com a escola e com os estudos. Esta categoria de análise foi subdividida em: O adolescente em Liberdade Assistida e a Escola, o adolescente em Liberdade Assistida na escola; 4. um olhar para a relação com o Sistema de Justiça. Esta categoria de analise foi subdividida em: 4.1 - A relação dos adolescentes com o Poder judiciário, 4.2 - A relação dos adolescentes com o COMEC e 4.3 - A relação dos adolescentes com força repressiva do Estado: a polícia; e, 5 . A perspectiva de futuro dos adolescentes. As conclusões do trabalho revelaram um universo complexo. Sobre a escola, os entrevistados declaram não encontrar sentido em freqüentar a mesma, se sentem... / This research was aimed, in general, at investigating the marks left by the three levels: school, assistance and Juvenile Justice System in the lives of adolescents in assisted freedom. The specific objectives aimed at investigating and analyzing, from the testimonials, the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the school and with their studies, and characterize and analyze the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the Assistance and with the Justice System, focusing on only three of the institutions that make it up: Comec - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor of the socio-education program, the judiciary and the police. For that, we have had interviewed nine adolescents who were participating of the socioeducation program of Freedom Assisted, executed by Comec. This number represents approximately 10% of the population registred in the institution and also attended in public schools, pointed by Comec’s digital database in August, 2006. For the examination of the narratives collected the technique used was the content analysis. Data were organized into five categories: 1. A look at an infringement: What young people say? 2. A look at the relationship: adolescent, family and assistance; 3. A look at the relationship with the school and with their studies. This type of analysis was divided into: The adolescent in assisted freedom and School, the adolescent in assisted freedom in the School; 4. A look at the relationship with the Justice System. This type of analysis was divided into: 4.1 - The relationship of these adolescents with the Judiciary, 4.2 - The relationship of these adolescents with Comec; 4.3 - The relationship of adolescents with repressive force of the state: the police, and, 5. Adolescents’ prospects for the future. The findings of the study revealed a complex universe. The interviewees talked about the school... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_jro_me_assis.pdf: 871637 bytes, checksum: 28f1b2b183d9891eace9e79bf164c68b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Historicamente no Brasil, as crianças e adolescentes foram vítimas da falta, ou descontinuidade, de políticas públicas que garantissem seu pleno desenvolvimento. Um outro fator que também contribuiu para agravamento deste quadro foi o envolvimento de crianças e adolescentes com a violência, principalmente como autores de infrações. No século XX, houve tentativas de solucionar este problema, através dos Códigos de Menores de 1927 e 1979. Nos anos 80, houve a consolidação das Fundações Estaduais do Bem-Estar do Menor (FEBEM), que ficaram marcadas como modelos de encarceramento de adolescentes. Com a nova Constituição Federal de 1988 e, finalmente, em 1990, com a promulgação o Estatuto da Criança e Adolescência (ECA), criaram-se instrumentos fundamentais para a defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. O principal diferencial do ECA em relação as outras leis é concepção de que a família, a sociedade e o estado são responsáveis pela promoção dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. Mais especificamente na cidade de Assis-SP, a situação do adolescente em conflito com lei, tem sido atendida, em parte, por um convênio entre a Sociedade Filantrópica Nosso Lar e a Fundação CASA (ex-FEBEM), onde são desenvolvidas as Medidas Sócio-educativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi identificar o adolescente em conflito com a Lei na cidade de Assis-SP. Para tanto, combinamos a utilização de técnicas e estratégias da pesquisa quantitativa e algumas inferências descritivas sobre o fenômeno analisado. Como fontes utilizamos os processos dos adolescentes atendidos no período entre 2003 a Jun./2008; documentos, atas e outras formas de registros... / Historically in Brazil, children and adolescents have suffered from lack, or discontinuity, of public policies to ensure their full development. Another factor that has contributed to aggravating this scene has been the involvement of children and adolescents with violence, especially as perpetrators of infractions. In the twentieth century, there have been attempts to solve this problem through the Codes of Minors of 1927 and 1979. In the 1980s, there was the consolidation of the State Foundations for the Welfare of Minors (Fundações Estaduais do Bem-Estar do Menor, FEBEM), which were marked as models of incarceration for adolescents. With the new Federal Constitution of 1988 and finally in 1990 with the enactment of the Child and Adolescent Statute (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, ECA), fundamental tools for protecting the rights of children and adolescents were created. The main differentiator of ECA from other laws is that the family, society and state are responsible for promoting the rights of children and adolescents. More specifically in the town of Assis, in the state of São Paulo, the situation of adolescents in conflict with the law has been helped, in part, by an agreement between Our Home Philanthropic Society (Sociedade Filantrópica Nosso Lar) and CASA Foundation (former FEBEM), where the Socio-Educational Measures of Assisted Freedom and of Provision of Services to the Community are developed. The objective of this research was to identify of adolescents in conflict with the law in the town of Assis, SP. For this, techniques and strategies of quantitative research were combined with some descriptive inferences about the analyzed phenomenon. The following were used as source: lawsuits of adolescents seen in the period from 2003 to June 2008; documents, minutes and other records related to the agreement between Our Home Philanthropic Association... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: José Luiz Guimarães / Banca: Geovanio Edervaldo Rossato / Banca: Elizabeth Piemonte Constantino / Resumo: Historicamente no Brasil, as crianças e adolescentes foram vítimas da falta, ou descontinuidade, de políticas públicas que garantissem seu pleno desenvolvimento. Um outro fator que também contribuiu para agravamento deste quadro foi o envolvimento de crianças e adolescentes com a violência, principalmente como autores de infrações. No século XX, houve tentativas de solucionar este problema, através dos Códigos de Menores de 1927 e 1979. Nos anos 80, houve a consolidação das Fundações Estaduais do Bem-Estar do Menor (FEBEM), que ficaram marcadas como modelos de encarceramento de adolescentes. Com a nova Constituição Federal de 1988 e, finalmente, em 1990, com a promulgação o Estatuto da Criança e Adolescência (ECA), criaram-se instrumentos fundamentais para a defesa dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. O principal diferencial do ECA em relação as outras leis é concepção de que a família, a sociedade e o estado são responsáveis pela promoção dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. Mais especificamente na cidade de Assis-SP, a situação do adolescente em conflito com lei, tem sido atendida, em parte, por um convênio entre a Sociedade Filantrópica Nosso Lar e a Fundação CASA (ex-FEBEM), onde são desenvolvidas as Medidas Sócio-educativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi identificar o adolescente em conflito com a Lei na cidade de Assis-SP. Para tanto, combinamos a utilização de técnicas e estratégias da pesquisa quantitativa e algumas inferências descritivas sobre o fenômeno analisado. Como fontes utilizamos os processos dos adolescentes atendidos no período entre 2003 a Jun./2008; documentos, atas e outras formas de registros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Historically in Brazil, children and adolescents have suffered from lack, or discontinuity, of public policies to ensure their full development. Another factor that has contributed to aggravating this scene has been the involvement of children and adolescents with violence, especially as perpetrators of infractions. In the twentieth century, there have been attempts to solve this problem through the Codes of Minors of 1927 and 1979. In the 1980s, there was the consolidation of the State Foundations for the Welfare of Minors (Fundações Estaduais do Bem-Estar do Menor, FEBEM), which were marked as models of incarceration for adolescents. With the new Federal Constitution of 1988 and finally in 1990 with the enactment of the Child and Adolescent Statute (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, ECA), fundamental tools for protecting the rights of children and adolescents were created. The main differentiator of ECA from other laws is that the family, society and state are responsible for promoting the rights of children and adolescents. More specifically in the town of Assis, in the state of São Paulo, the situation of adolescents in conflict with the law has been helped, in part, by an agreement between Our Home Philanthropic Society (Sociedade Filantrópica Nosso Lar) and CASA Foundation (former FEBEM), where the Socio-Educational Measures of Assisted Freedom and of Provision of Services to the Community are developed. The objective of this research was to identify of adolescents in conflict with the law in the town of Assis, SP. For this, techniques and strategies of quantitative research were combined with some descriptive inferences about the analyzed phenomenon. The following were used as source: lawsuits of adolescents seen in the period from 2003 to June 2008; documents, minutes and other records related to the agreement between Our Home Philanthropic Association... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Leila Maria Ferreira Salles / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Trassi Teixeira / Banca: José Fernando de Siqueira da Silva / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral, investigar as marcas deixadas pelas três esferas: escola, assistência e Sistema de Justiça na vida dos adolescentes em liberdade assistida. Os objetivos específicos são investigar e analisar, a partir dos depoimentos a relação de adolescentes com a escola e com os estudos; caracterizar e analisar a relação dos adolescentes com a assistência e com o Sistema de Justiça, com foco apenas em três das instituições: o judiciário, a polícia e o COMEC - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor de medida sócio educativa. Este último - o COMEC está considerado no Sistema de Justiça para fins de organização da pesquisa. Para tanto foram entrevistados nove adolescentes em Liberdade Assistida, executada pelo COMEC. Esse número representa aproximadamente 10% da população atendida matriculada na escola pública, cadastrada no banco de dados digital da instituição em agosto de 2006. Para examinar as narrativas empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram organizados em cinco categorias: 1. um olhar para o ato infracional: O que dizem os adolescentes?; 2. um olhar para a relação adolescente, família e assistência; 3. um olhar para a relação com a escola e com os estudos. Esta categoria de análise foi subdividida em: O adolescente em Liberdade Assistida e a Escola, o adolescente em Liberdade Assistida na escola; 4. um olhar para a relação com o Sistema de Justiça. Esta categoria de analise foi subdividida em: 4.1 - A relação dos adolescentes com o Poder judiciário, 4.2 - A relação dos adolescentes com o COMEC e 4.3 - A relação dos adolescentes com força repressiva do Estado: a polícia; e, 5 . A perspectiva de futuro dos adolescentes. As conclusões do trabalho revelaram um universo complexo. Sobre a escola, os entrevistados declaram não encontrar sentido em freqüentar a mesma, se sentem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was aimed, in general, at investigating the marks left by the three levels: school, assistance and Juvenile Justice System in the lives of adolescents in assisted freedom. The specific objectives aimed at investigating and analyzing, from the testimonials, the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the school and with their studies, and characterize and analyze the relationship of adolescents in assisted freedom with the Assistance and with the Justice System, focusing on only three of the institutions that make it up: Comec - Centro de Orientação ao Adolescente de Campinas, executor of the socio-education program, the judiciary and the police. For that, we have had interviewed nine adolescents who were participating of the socioeducation program of Freedom Assisted, executed by Comec. This number represents approximately 10% of the population registred in the institution and also attended in public schools, pointed by Comec's digital database in August, 2006. For the examination of the narratives collected the technique used was the content analysis. Data were organized into five categories: 1. A look at an infringement: What young people say? 2. A look at the relationship: adolescent, family and assistance; 3. A look at the relationship with the school and with their studies. This type of analysis was divided into: The adolescent in assisted freedom and School, the adolescent in assisted freedom in the School; 4. A look at the relationship with the Justice System. This type of analysis was divided into: 4.1 - The relationship of these adolescents with the Judiciary, 4.2 - The relationship of these adolescents with Comec; 4.3 - The relationship of adolescents with repressive force of the state: the police, and, 5. Adolescents' prospects for the future. The findings of the study revealed a complex universe. The interviewees talked about the school... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Användning av mark har stor betydelse för samhällsutvecklingen och kommuner har olika roller och ansvarsområden som hör ihop med detta, både som myndighet och som stora markägare. Inom tätorter och inte minst i bostadsområden är det i många fall kommunen som äger den mark som angränsar till bostadsfastigheter. Det förekommer att denna mark nyttjas av personer för eget bruk, då det sker i stor utsträckning antas det innebära konsekvenser för såväl allmänhet, bostadsinnehavare och kommuner. Syftet med denna studie var därför att öka kunskapen om olovligt nyttjande av kommunal mark. Detta gjordes dels genom att belysa vilka olika typer av överträdelser som förekommer när det gäller olovligt nyttjande av kommunal mark utanför bostadsfastigheter, men också genom att undersöka hur utvalda kommuner hanterar samt anser att det olovliga nyttjandet bör hanteras. För att ta reda på vilka typer av överträdelser som görs i bostadsområden valdes tre kommuner ut samt två bostadsområden i varje kommun. En jämförelse gjordes därefter mellan flygfoton och fastighetsindelningen för alla bostadsfastigheter i området för att se vilka typer av överträdelser som var förekommande. Representanter från de olika kommunerna intervjuades därefter för att få deras syn på vilka typer av överträdelser som förekommer och för att få kunskap om hur de olika kommunerna hanterar samt anser att olovligt nyttjande av kommunal mark bör hanteras. Vid jämförelsen mellan flygfoton och fastighetsindelningen identifierades olika typer av överträdelser, något som till stor del överensstämde med vad som framkommit under intervjuerna. Intervjuerna visade även på grundläggande likheter när det gäller hanteringen av olovligt nyttjande av kommunal mark, skillnader antas främst bero på olika kommunala förutsättningar med bland annat varierande resurser. När det gäller hur hanteringen bör gå till råder delade meningar mellan kommunerna. / Use of land is of major importance for the development of society and the municipalities have different roles and responsibilities associated with this, both as authority and as major landowners. In urban areas, and in particular residential areas, it is in many cases the municipality that owns the land that adjoins residential real estate. It has been shown that this land often is used by individuals for personal interests, and it is believed to have consequences for the public, residential owners and municipalities. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to increase knowledge about the illegal use of municipal land. This was done partly by highlighting the different types of infringements that occur in the unauthorized use of municipal land outside residential real estate, but also by investigating how selected municipalities handle and believes that illegal use should be handled. To find out what types of violations are done in residential areas, three municipalities were selected as well as two residential areas in each municipality. A comparison was then made between aerial photos and the property division for all residential properties in the area to see what types of violations were occurring. Representatives from the different municipalities were subsequently interviewed to get their views on what types of violations occurring and to gain knowledge about how the different municipalities handle and believe that illegal use of municipal land should be handled. In the comparison between aerial photography and property division, different types of infringements were identified, which largely corresponded to the findings of the interviews. The interviews also showed fundamental similarities regarding the management of illegal use of municipal land, differences are assumed mainly due to different municipal conditions, including varying resources. When it comes to how the handling should go, there are different opinions between the municipalities.

Originality is the most basic requirement for the copyrighting of a work and may be viewed as the mirror image of copyright infringement. In terms of section 2(3) of the Copyright Act, a work remains eligible for copyright even if the making thereof involved an infringement of copyright in some other work. However, a certain aspect or a feature of a work (relating to the “substantial part” requirement for copyright infringement; “substantial part” being understood from a hypertext rather than a linear point of view) cannot be infringing and original. In this thesis, the South African legal understanding of the originality concept is determined from case law. Specific attention is given to the meaning of “skill” and “labour”; the protection afforded to mere labour in South Africa and certain selected other jurisdictions; how the subjective nature of the originality test is affected by the “meritorious distinctiveness” requirement; and the degree of own skill and/or labour required for a work to be original and consequently protected. The present literary concept of originality is derived from literary discussions that appeared in newspapers and other publications in the wake of six “plagiarism scandals” which each caused a furore in Afrikaans literary circles. Even though the terminology used by littérateurs differs from that used in legal circles, originality essentially means the same for littérateurs and lawyers. Skill and/or labour as required by law is reflected in the literary “crucial distance” concept. The fact that a sufficient degree of skill and/or labour is required is reflected in the fact that the literary standard of a work is determined on the basis of how “tightly woven” a work is. Although a general protection of original ideas would negatively influence the free flow of information, measures for the protection of ideas are developing, particularly in the United States of America, where ideas (especially in the film industry) are a very valuable commodity. As Swarth proposes, applying the “novelty” and “concreteness” criteria in inverse ratio to each other could help to create an environment where idea purveyors and prospective buyers felt more free to negotiate and enter into agreements over original ideas. Postmodernism, a contemporary interpretative strategy that reaches into nearly every aspect of modern society, is discussed with specific reference to its interaction with originality. The influences of two phenomena of postmodernism on the originality concept, namely hypertext and Chaos theory, are investigated. Recommendations are made regarding measures aimed at the retention of talented authors and the original content of works in the wake of plagiarism scandals, while still holding the wrongdoer responsible for his actions. Certain suggestions are also made regarding the accessibility of courts and the supplementation of the few available precedents regarding originality in creative literary works. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Private Law / unrestricted

The significant part of the diploma thesis is oriented on the aspects of audiovisual content copyright law and the illegal usage in two countries, such as Czech Republic and Russia. The main task is to concentrate on pros and cons of their copyright law protection against content rights infringing, i.e. piracy. For deeper analysis, Czech and Russian laws investigation in details is to be made in relation to the law enforcement to the audiovisual content. Then the comparison of the punishments for the copyright law infringement is to be provided and the results of antipiracy activities within appropriate organizations in mentioned countries is to be considered. Subsequently the theoretical part is to be applied in concrete cases of court practices and finally the conclusion of the whole work is to be made. The value of the diploma thesis lies in the attempt of answering the questions, why piracy still exists in the chosen countries. This question is connected to antipiracy actions and their possible obstructions.

The theses is dedicated to the methodology of patent infringement damages calculations in the American and Czech legal environment. The methodology is first defined in terms of the US legal framework. The main focus is devoted to the methods of determining the royalty rate, as the thesis describes the Goergia-Pacific factors analysis and also additional methods recommended by literature are taken into account. Based on the identification of the main differences between the American and Czech damages legislation, it analyzes an applicability of the American framework in the Czech Republic.