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The aim of the dissertation thesis is to develop a methodology of the compilation of symmetric Time Input-Output tables under the conditions of the Czech Republic. The following aim is to create an input-output model which is based on the compiled symmetric Time Input-Output tables. For the practical applications of this model it is crucial to link the created Input-Output model with the Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model. Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model in the conception of the submitted dissertation thesis takes into account several multiplier effects and presents more comprehensive tool for the use of the Input-Output analyses in this way. The first chapter focuses on the development of the issues linked to the Input-Output tables and analyses on the territory of the Czech Republic and in the world as well. The second chapter which is also theoretical is focused on mapping of different kinds of Input-Output analyses which are done in the world using Physical, Time or Hybrid Input-Output tables. The third chapter is a purely methodological because here it is described the methodology of the compilation of symmetric Time Input-Output tables as well as methodological approach to the various sensitivity analyses. The fourth chapter focuses on the creation Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model and on the formal linking with the Input-Output model based on the Time Input-Output tables. The last fifth chapter is focused analytically. Methods described in the third chapter are applied on the official published data on the Czech economy. The analytical chapter is perceived in the submitted dissertation thesis as a tool for the sensitivity analysis in the sense of validation of the quality of the compiled Time Input-Output tables.

A preocupação com as questões ambientais e a busca pela mitigação das mudanças climáticas levaram a uma corrida pelo desenvolvimento e inserção de tecnologias de energias renováveis na matriz elétrica em diversos países. Dentre as tecnologias, a energia eólica foi a que recentemente obteve maior sucesso, tendo um crescimento de quase 15 vezes entre 2000 e 2011. A adoção de políticas de incentivo, muitas vezes baseadas em subsídios, levou à discussão dos benefícios sociais e econômicos trazidos por esta tecnologia, principalmente sobre o impacto no nível de empregos. Neste contexto, diversos estudos têm sido realizados para quantificar os empregos gerados pelas tecnologias de energias renováveis, chegando à conclusão de que estas são mais intensivas em empregos que as tecnologias tradicionais a combustíveis fósseis. No entanto, os estudos que buscam a avaliação da geração de empregos por estas tecnologias diferem em metodologias e premissas adotadas e apresentam os resultados de maneira agregada, não permitindo a comparação entre estes, além de não haver estudos disponíveis para mercados eólicos na América Latina. No Brasil, o crescimento da energia eólica passou por um longo período de lento crescimento, porém, nos últimos três anos, a contratação de projetos eólicos deverá elevar a capacidade instalada em operação em quase cinco vezes em apenas cinco anos, fazendo-se necessária a avaliação do impacto deste crescimento no nível de empregos no país. A presente dissertação buscou quantificar o potencial de geração de empregos pela energia eólica no Brasil, não só pela avaliação dos empregos diretos, mas também os empregos indiretos gerados na economia devido à demanda de insumos. Para isso, foram integradas as ferramentas de avaliação de ciclo de vida, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, matriz insumo-produto e elaboração de cenários. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que a energia eólica pode oferecer uma contribuição significativa para a geração de empregos, gerando até 330 mil empregos-ano até 2020. Os empregos diretos correspondem a cerca de 70% dos empregos totais, e a maior contribuição é dada pela atividade de construção, que possui ainda grande potencial para a criação de empregos locais em diversas localidades rurais. Assim, a energia eólica tem potencial para contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil. / The concern on environmental impacts and the search for climate change mitigation have led many countries on the run to accelerate the development and the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Among those, wind power was recently the most successful technology, having achieved a growth of almost 15 times between 2000 and 2011. The adoption of incentive policies, especially those based on subsides, has led to the discussion of social and environmental benefits brought by this technology, focusing efforts on the assessment of the impacts on employment levels. Several studies have been made to quantify job creation by renewable energy technologies, and the main conclusion has been that they are more labor intensive than traditional fossil fuels technologies. However, the studies differ in methods and assumptions, and results are often published in an aggregated manner, making it difficult to compare the results. There are no studies available applied to the Latin American region. Wind power in Brazil has grown in a slow pace for over a decade. However, in the last three years, the projects contracted should increased wind power installed capacity in almost five times in only five years. This rapid estimated growth demands the assessment of impacts in the employment level. The present dissertation aimed to quantify the job creation potential of wind energy in Brazil. We have quantified not only direct jobs but also indirect jobs created in the Brazilian economy by the demand of inputs. To achieve this goal, we created a model that integrates life cycle assessment, semi-structured interviews, input-output models and scenario building. The obtained results let us affirm that wind energy can offer a significant contribution to job creation in Brazil, creating over 300 thousand job-years until 2020. Direct jobs account for around 70% of total jobs, and major contribution is found to be in the construction stage, which also has high potential to create local jobs in several rural areas. Thus, wind energy has the potential to contribute to sustainable development in Brazil.

Cette thèse se propose de tenter d’évaluer les opportunités de l’économie circulaire à l’échelle territoriale et d’y engager le rôle que jouent les cycles biogéochimiques, les systèmes économiques et les frontières entre l’économie et l’environnement au cours du projet de transformation du centre de traitement de déchets ménagers à Ivry-Paris XVIII. Pour y parvenir, on peut adopter trois dimensions différentes. L’une, inspirée par la définition de biosphère proposée par Vernadsky, analyse le parcours des molécules dans la biosphère. Les deuxième, plus proche de la perspective privilégiée par Sraffa et Leontief, conduit à reconstituer une historie de la pensée économique sur la base de l’interface entre l’économie et l’environnement. La troisième, inspirée de la méthode de Jason Moore, consiste à confronter les positionnements des acteurs autour de la régulation des frontières entre les processus d’appropriation de l’économie et la préservation de l’environnement.Répondrons alors à la question suivante : Quelle circularité dans les grands cycles de la biosphère?. On peut constater que certain parcours de molécules peuvent être circulaires et/ou linéales en fonction de la temporalité de cycle. Cette notion du temps de cycle nous a aidé à cadrer les discussions sur la mesure des cycles, mais sur tout fourni un cadre pour la compréhension de la structure de la relation autour du sujet des opportunités d'économie circulaire à Paris.Nous nous proposons d’étudier une définition contextuelle de l’économie circulaire : un cadre d’analyse durable ?. La question de la nécessité d’une approche holistique pour étudier les cycles de la nature, est aussi ancienne que l’économie. Ce qui est en jeu derrière le capitalisme, c’est sa capacité de porter la vie, on se reporte à l’ouvrage L’économie et le vivant de René Passet. Il convient donc de se placer dans une perspective holistique des concepts utilisés pour l’économie écologique et l’écologie industrielle.Revenons au prix et à la structure de valeur, quel système de valeur dans les bouclages de flux entre la nature et l’économie?. La thèse propose un cadre conceptuelle d’analyse pour explorer les étapes permettant d’élaborer sa stratégie d’économie circulaire en utilisant les trois dimensions d’analyse. L’application du modèle d’économie circulaire a pour intérêt de faciliter l’identification et le choix d’un ensemble cohérent d’indicateurs interdépendants (système d’indicateurs) permettant la caractérisation des différentes dimensions de bouclage de flux de matière et d’énergie. Il est souvent possible de mesurer le bouclage des certains processus en utilisant les indicateurs proposés par Liu Yifang et pour la fondation Ellen MacArthur.Répondrons alors à la question suivante : Quel projet de transformation du centre Ivry-Paris XIII pour demain, alors que la gouvernance sur les frontières entre l’économie et l’environnement évolue ?. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons exploré trois cas d'étude : 1. Le cas d’une mise en décharge du déchet sans mécanismes de bouclage. 2. Le cas d’un compostage urbain qui considère un bouclage de flux de la matière. 3. Le cas d’une incinération de déchets qui examine un bouclage de flux d'énergie. Le passage de l’incinération vers une variation plus vertueuse de compostage urbain a été fait en utilisant un compostage urbain de proximité (bénévole). Nous devons constater que le prix de vente du compost pose un problème d’équilibre financier dans le système de la valeur du compostage et donc, éventuellement des subventions seront nécessaires à sa bonne marche. Ensuite la tonne de compost écoulée peut être subventionnée, à hauteur du prix de la mise en décharge. Finalement, le projet de reconstruction de l’usine de traitement d’Ivry-Paris XIII montre aussi une certaine complexité d'interaction entre acteurs publics, privés, et la société civile, qui pose la question des capacités de concertation de l’État. / 1. Introduction : This thesis attempts to evaluate the opportunities of the circular economy at the territorial scale and to engage the role of biogeochemical cycles, economic systems and the institutional boundaries between the environment and the economy, during the transformation project of the waste treatment center at Ivry-Paris XVIII. To achieve this thesis, three different dimensions can be taken into consideration. The first one, inspired by the definition of biosphere proposed by Vernadsky, analyzes the pathways of molecules such as nitrogen in the biosphere. The second one, closer to the perspective supported by Sraffa and Leontief, leads to reconstruct a history of economics based on the interface between economy and environment. The third one, inspired by Moore's dialectical method, is to confront the positioning of the actors around the regulation of the boundaries between the processes of appropriation of the economy and the preservation of the environment.2. Methodology : The fourth part of the thesis aims at proposing a conceptual framework of successive or simultaneous steps to develop its strategy of circular economy using the three analysis dimensions, In this context, The thesis proposes a Sraffa’s typology of ten structures of the system to formalize economic-physical relations.The application of the circular economy model has the advantage of facilitating the identification and selection of a coherent set of interdependent indicators (system of indicators) enabling the characterization of the different dimensions of the close of material and energy flows. It is often possible to measure the closure of the loops of certain processes using indicators proposed by Liu Yifang and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.3. Case of study - What Ivry-Paris XIII plant project would suit for tomorrow? : To answer this question, we explored three cases of study. 1. The case of landfilling of waste without looping mechanisms, 2. The case of urban composting which considers close the loops of the matter flow. 3. The case of incineration of waste which examines looping of energy flows.On the basis of the results of the indicators, our three case studies correspond to different flows configurations in the same territory.The move from incineration to urban composting has been explained on the basis of non-profit urban composting. This volunteer characteristic of the house composting can be illustrated by a Sraffian profit rate equal to zero. We must note that the selling price of compost poses a financial problem in the value system and hence subsidies will be necessary for its smooth running. Then, the ton of compost can be subsidized, at the price of a landfill.We will also be able to propose an alternative subsidy to household composting therefore; an industrial composting that can be carried out by a recycling company such as Bio Yvelines Services. In addition, the transition to the incineration can be managed by the Metropolitan Household Waste Agency (Syctom). The project of rebuilding the Ivry-Paris XIII treatment plant also shows a certain complexity of interaction between public and private actors and civil society, which raises the question of the state's capacity for a public discussion.

A preocupação com as questões ambientais e a busca pela mitigação das mudanças climáticas levaram a uma corrida pelo desenvolvimento e inserção de tecnologias de energias renováveis na matriz elétrica em diversos países. Dentre as tecnologias, a energia eólica foi a que recentemente obteve maior sucesso, tendo um crescimento de quase 15 vezes entre 2000 e 2011. A adoção de políticas de incentivo, muitas vezes baseadas em subsídios, levou à discussão dos benefícios sociais e econômicos trazidos por esta tecnologia, principalmente sobre o impacto no nível de empregos. Neste contexto, diversos estudos têm sido realizados para quantificar os empregos gerados pelas tecnologias de energias renováveis, chegando à conclusão de que estas são mais intensivas em empregos que as tecnologias tradicionais a combustíveis fósseis. No entanto, os estudos que buscam a avaliação da geração de empregos por estas tecnologias diferem em metodologias e premissas adotadas e apresentam os resultados de maneira agregada, não permitindo a comparação entre estes, além de não haver estudos disponíveis para mercados eólicos na América Latina. No Brasil, o crescimento da energia eólica passou por um longo período de lento crescimento, porém, nos últimos três anos, a contratação de projetos eólicos deverá elevar a capacidade instalada em operação em quase cinco vezes em apenas cinco anos, fazendo-se necessária a avaliação do impacto deste crescimento no nível de empregos no país. A presente dissertação buscou quantificar o potencial de geração de empregos pela energia eólica no Brasil, não só pela avaliação dos empregos diretos, mas também os empregos indiretos gerados na economia devido à demanda de insumos. Para isso, foram integradas as ferramentas de avaliação de ciclo de vida, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, matriz insumo-produto e elaboração de cenários. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que a energia eólica pode oferecer uma contribuição significativa para a geração de empregos, gerando até 330 mil empregos-ano até 2020. Os empregos diretos correspondem a cerca de 70% dos empregos totais, e a maior contribuição é dada pela atividade de construção, que possui ainda grande potencial para a criação de empregos locais em diversas localidades rurais. Assim, a energia eólica tem potencial para contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil. / The concern on environmental impacts and the search for climate change mitigation have led many countries on the run to accelerate the development and the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Among those, wind power was recently the most successful technology, having achieved a growth of almost 15 times between 2000 and 2011. The adoption of incentive policies, especially those based on subsides, has led to the discussion of social and environmental benefits brought by this technology, focusing efforts on the assessment of the impacts on employment levels. Several studies have been made to quantify job creation by renewable energy technologies, and the main conclusion has been that they are more labor intensive than traditional fossil fuels technologies. However, the studies differ in methods and assumptions, and results are often published in an aggregated manner, making it difficult to compare the results. There are no studies available applied to the Latin American region. Wind power in Brazil has grown in a slow pace for over a decade. However, in the last three years, the projects contracted should increased wind power installed capacity in almost five times in only five years. This rapid estimated growth demands the assessment of impacts in the employment level. The present dissertation aimed to quantify the job creation potential of wind energy in Brazil. We have quantified not only direct jobs but also indirect jobs created in the Brazilian economy by the demand of inputs. To achieve this goal, we created a model that integrates life cycle assessment, semi-structured interviews, input-output models and scenario building. The obtained results let us affirm that wind energy can offer a significant contribution to job creation in Brazil, creating over 300 thousand job-years until 2020. Direct jobs account for around 70% of total jobs, and major contribution is found to be in the construction stage, which also has high potential to create local jobs in several rural areas. Thus, wind energy has the potential to contribute to sustainable development in Brazil.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’examen de la gestion durable des ressources non renouvelables en général et du phosphate naturel en particulier. Le premier chapitre expose l’état, les perspectives et les enjeux économiques et géopolitiques du marché mondial des phosphates. Il s’attache à mettre en exergue de cette analyse un important déficit, à long terme, de l'offre mondiale par rapport à la demande incitant les producteurs des phosphates, qui ont suffisamment de réserves, à investir dans des nouvelles capacités. Le deuxième chapitre développe un modèle Stackelberg à plusieurs joueurs, calibré sur des données effectives du marché des phosphates et permet de calculer les capacités optimales à mettre en place par les producteurs selon leurs niveaux de réserves et leurs coûts de développement. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que le marché deviendrait plus concentré, en 2100, qu’il est aujourd’hui avec une dominance du Maroc, le pays qui détient les trois quarts des réserves mondiales. Le troisième chapitre vise à évaluer les effets d’entraînement que le Maroc dégage de son exploitation des phosphates. En utilisant le modèle Input-Output, l’analyse empirique proposée compare les impacts socio-économiques de l’extraction à ceux liés à la valorisation ou à la transformation. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que la transformation des phosphates est plus reliée en amont avec les autres branches de l’économie et génère plus de valeur ajoutée, de revenus et d’emplois. Le dernier chapitre s’évertue à traiter à de nouveaux frais la question de la malédiction des ressources naturelles en reliant la performance agricole et l’urbanisation à l'abondance de ces ressources. L’étude empirique, basée sur un panel de pays africains, exhibe un lien significatif entre l’abondance de ressources minières, le sous-développement du secteur agricole et l’explosion urbaine. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine the sustainable management of non-renewable resources in general and phosphate rock in particular. The first chapter presents the current situation, future trends and geopolitical issues pertaining to the global phosphate market. The analysis shows a large deficit in world phosphate supply in the future, inciting producers with sufficient phosphate reserves to invest in new capacities. The second chapter develops a multi-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg model, calibrated using real data from the phosphate market. This model derives the optimal future capacities for different producers according to their reserve levels and their development costs. The results show that the market would become more concentrated in 2100, with Morocco being the dominante country wich already holding three quarters of the world's reserves. The third chapter presents and calculates the linkage effects generated by Morocco’s phosphates exploitation. Using the Input-Output model, the proposed empirical analysis compares the socio-economic impacts of extraction to those related to transformation or valorization. The results of this analysis show that phosphates transformation is more linked to the other sectors and generates higher socio-economic impacts in terms of added value, income and employement. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the natural resources curse by linking agricultural performance and urbanization to the abundance of resources. The empirical study, based on a panel of African countries, shows a significant link between the abundance of mineral resources, the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and urban explosion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erika Roberta Monteiro.pdf: 718758 bytes, checksum: 275662b1d620ca3bf7456687d8ecb1c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aimed to analyze the information services sector between the years 2002 to 2007 under three different perspectives, namely: the internal dynamics centered on the role of innovation, the relationship between companies competing in the same sector, as well as the interaction of the companies in this sector with other sectors of the economy. For this, use has been made, respectively, of the following assessment tools: the evolutionary theory, a microeconomic perspective and input-output model. The first approach emphasized the way in which innovations generate growth not only to innovative companies, but to economy as a whole, the second synthesized some specific characteristics to information goods: the high fixed costs, low marginal costs, customization mass, significant economies of scale, both on the supply side, the demand side, competition for patterns, among others, the third and final approach, analyzed the production structure in general and to focus on the Information Services found that their integration with other economic activities is still not consolidated, since the analysis of its supply chain and its linkage indices proved to be very significant. Furthermore, regarding the structure of the labor market, there was an almost generalized reduction of the labor market, whose causes are estimated to be due to the intensification of capital at the expense of job in the production function and the significant increase imports during the period / Esta dissertação teve por objetivo analisar o setor de Serviços de Informação entre os anos de 2002 a 2007, sob três diferentes perspectivas, quais sejam: sua dinâmica interna centrada no papel da inovação, a relação entre as empresas que competem no mesmo setor, bem como a interação das empresas desse segmento com os demais setores da economia. Para tanto, fez-se uso, respectivamente dos seguintes ferramentais de análise: a teoria evolucionária, a ótica microeconômica e o modelo insumo-produto. A primeira abordagem enfatizou o modo através do qual as inovações geram crescimento não apenas às empresas inovadoras, mas à economia como um todo; a segunda sintetizou algumas características específicas aos bens de informação: os altos custos fixos, os baixos custos marginais, a customização em massa, as significativas economias de escala tanto pelo lado da oferta, quanto pelo lado da demanda, a competição por padrões, entre outras; a terceira e última abordagem analisou a estrutura produtiva de modo geral e ao focar nos Serviços de Informação constatou que sua integração com as demais atividades econômicas ainda não está consolidada, uma vez que as análises de sua cadeia produtiva e seus índices de ligação mostraram-se pouco expressivos. Ademais, no que tange à estrutura de mercado de trabalho, verificou-se uma redução praticamente generalizada do quadro funcional, cujas causas estimam-se serem devidas à intensificação do capital em detrimento da mão-de-obra na função de produção e ao aumento expressivo das importações ocorridas no período

A key dimension to improving urban economic and environmental sustainability is the efficient use of resources through recycling. A thriving recycling system requires not only effective institutional policies and community-wide diversion efforts, but also a competent local and regional recycling industry. Although the recycling industry has traditionally been recognized as a local service and fringe industry, it has noticeably transformed into an integral segment of industrial production systems as manufacturers have increasingly begun to adopt the principle of extended producer responsibility. Despite such changes, urban and regional theory and planning research has largely disregarded the industrial aspect of recycling, contributing to the dearth of information about the organizational and spatial patterns of the recycling industry and the impact of the establishment of recycling systems on local and regional scales. Given the knowledge gap, this dissertation addresses two questions: 1) What is the logic of the industry organization and spatial pattern of recycling industry in different institutional contexts? and 2) How is the economic and environmental impact of recycling systems determined in cases of construction and demolition waste recycling and waste carpet recycling? To answer the first question, this research develops a theoretical model that explains how recycling industrial activities are spatially distributed in light of institutional and organizational theories. The theoretical model characterizes organizational decisions pertaining to recycling functions and suggests spatial patterns of recycling systems. With respect to the second question, this research constructs a regional environmental input-output model on the metropolitan scale. It estimates regionalized energy use coefficients and greenhouse gas emission coefficients using various sources of data mainly compiled from the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 2006, the State Energy Consumption Estimates, and the Commodity Flow Survey 2007. Based on regional input-output tables coupled with the regionalized environmental coefficients, this research quantifies, through simulations, the net economic and environmental impact of a localized construction and demolition waste recycling system in the San Francisco metropolitan area and regional carpet recycling systems in the Atlanta and Seattle metropolitan areas. Results of the simulations reveal that 1) the localized construction and demolition waste recycling system provides moderate economic benefits because of the limited job creation potential of mechanized recycling processes and yields relatively small environmental benefits with respect to the total weight processed; 2) wider adoption of the deconstruction technique expands job opportunities, increases energy savings, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions during the course of construction and demolition waste recycling; 3) regional-scale waste carpet recycling systems, in particular recycled nylon 6 production, create sizable new job opportunities and provides environmental benefits of energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reduction despite the long-distance transportation of waste carpet. These results suggest that policies that promote recycling industrial activities can significantly contribute to the economic and environmental sustainability of metropolitan areas.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The income and employment multiplier effects of tourism- The case of Rwanda. A. NTIBANYURWA PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, University of the Western Cape. The growing popularity of developing countries as tourist destinations in recent years has stimulated a considerable body of research on the developmental benefits inherent in tourism. Developing countries have been attracting tourists mainly due to their natural resource endowments, considered a vital determinant in this newly-found source of their comparative advantage. After accounting for all the explicit and hidden costs linked to this natural resource-based tourism, the sustainable expansion of the tourism sector is claimed to be contributing substantially to economic growth. Studies to date have investigated the rising share of tourism in macroeconomic output, but have paid limited attention to the economic mechanisms through which tourism supposedly leads to broader development. This study seeks to contribute to filling this gap in our knowledge of the economic dynamics associated with tourism. More specifically, the goal is to shed light on the channels through which tourism contributes to economic growth and to derive tourism income and employment multipliers to estimate its developmental benefits for Rwanda. Our refined multipliers to capture the total effects of tourism to the economy confirm that through its powerful inter-sectoral linkages, tourism improves the economic wealth of many developing countries including Rwanda. Deeper analysis of the macroeconomic consequences of the expansion of the service sector however suggests that, under some conditions, this could exhibit “Dutch Disease” effects. Tourism generates substantial foreign earnings and its development is strongly correlated with the shrinkage of the traditional primary

Purpose of this study is to holistically analyze existing linkages between Aruba’s tourism industry, restaurants and local farmers, by examining strategies that constrain the development of linkages between these stakeholders. Previous research indicated that tourism development is often accompanied with increased demand for imported food, which results in foreign exchange leakages, inflation and competition with local production. This phenomenon is very common in the Caribbean, where Aruba, with its heavy reliance on imported goods and services, is no exception to this occurrence. To comprehend potential problems associated with linking both sectors, these in-depth case study addresses three fundamental questions: a) what is the structure of supply and demand of food for the tourism industry of Aruba?, and b) what factors constrain the development of linkages between international tourism and Aruba’s local agriculture? Using an exploratory and stochastic methodological approach, data will be obtained from structured surveys from three different stakeholders in the food supply chain of Aruba. Anticipated findings illustrate that the existing linkage between the tourism industry and agriculture in Aruba is still weak, yet the food consumption and preferences by tourists can contribute in enhancing an ecogastronomic tourism supply chain.