近年來，內線交易成為困擾兩岸證券市場發展的一個重要問題，兩岸學界與實務界對於該問題都有高度重視。兩岸具有以中文為媒介的共同文化背景，而且兩岸證券市場都是以散戶投資人為主，因此相較於歐美等地，兩岸在證券法規方面，特別是內線交易的法律規制方面更具有相互借鑒的意義。本文從內線交易的主體、主觀、客觀、法律責任及豁免條款四方面切入，在分析兩岸現有規制的基礎上，得出對於彼此有借鑒意義的規定。 / In recent years, Insider Trading has been a major distraction for the development of stock markets in both Taiwan and mainland China. As a result, many scholars and businessmen are increasingly concerned with this topic. It is important to note that stock markets in Taiwan and Mainland China are reasonably similar that retail investors are the major players in both markets. Compared with the United States and European jurisdictions, however, the markets in Taiwan and mainland China have a significant weakness in laws on insider trading. This thesis will first explain subject parts , subjective and objective of insider trading, then go on discussing its legal liabilities and exemption clauses. Finally, based on the analysis of the legal systems of Taiwan and mainland China, the thesis will suggest possible references which maybe beneficial to each systems.

Ces derniers temps, et plus spécialement au cours de ces dix dernières années, notre société a connu une transformation accélérée de certains de ses paramètres, transformation dont l’influence a été plus marquée dans le milieu économique, lequel s’est montré sensible à ces modifications. Pour pouvoir s’adapter au nouveau scénario économique mondial, dans lequel l’évolution à lieu au sein d’une économie globalisée, le Brésil en tant qu’État doit se restructurer en passant principalement par la création de conditions favorables au développement et à l’adaptation de ses entreprises à ce nouveau scénario, lequel est chaque fois plus exigeant en terme de compétitivité. Afin de devenir compétitives ces entreprises doivent se moderniser et pour cela elles ont besoin de trouver, pour la réalisation de leurs projets, un financement qui leur offre des conditions de coût viables. Comme les options de captations de recours traditionnelles jointes au système bancaire sont chaque fois plus prohibitives et que l’État ne peut plus, comme autrefois, appuyer par des subsides tous ces projets, le marché des capitaux se présente comme une alternative viable au financement des entreprises qui, de cette manière, ont la possibilité de capter les recours financiers dont elles ont besoin par le biais de la participation des investisseurs, partageant ainsi avec eux les risques liés à l’entreprise. Cependant, un marché de capitaux fort suppose des conditions favorables afin qu’il puisse devenir potentiellement attractif pour les investisseurs. Au-delà des variables économiques, le marché sera attractif lorsqu’il offrira aux investisseurs une certaine sécurité. Cette dissertation a pour but d’analyser si l’actuel état d’ordonnancement juridique du pays, tout en tenant compte des altérations législatives introduites par la Loi Nº 10.303/2001 ainsi que des pratiques de gestion exercées actuellement au Brésil, correspond aux données exigées par les investisseurs, garantissant ainsi les conditions nécessaires liées au développement du marché des capitaux au Brésil. / Nos últimos tempos, principalmente no último decênio, estamos experimentando uma acelerada transformação em diversos parâmetros da vida em sociedade, situando-se no âmbito econômico um destes segmentos mais sensíveis a tais modificações. Para a adaptação ao novo cenário econômico mundial, em que passamos a conviver com uma economia globalizada, o Estado brasileiro necessita reestruturar-se, passando tal tarefa, principalmente pela criação de condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e inserção de suas empresas neste novo cenário que exige empresas cada vez mais competitivas. Para que se possa tornar competitivas, devem modernizar-se, e, para tal, necessitam financiar seus projetos dentro de parâmetros de custo e condições viáveis. Como as opções tradicionais de captação junto ao sistema bancário tornaram-se proibitivas e o Estado não pode mais subsidiar tais projetos como outrora, o mercado de capitais tem-se mostrado uma alternativa viável para o financiamento das empresas, que, desta forma, podem captar os recursos de que necessitam,através da participação dos investidores, dividindo com estes os riscos empresariais. Todavia, um mercado de capitais forte pressupõe condições favoráveis para que se possa tornar potencialmente atraente aos investidores. Além das variantes econômicas, o mercado será atraente quando transmitir segurança aos investidores. A presente dissertação prepõe-se a analisar se o atual estágio do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tendo em vista as alterações legislativas introduzidas pela Lei n. 10.303/2001, e se as práticas de gestão que vem sendo utilizadas no Brasil encontra-se em consonância com os parâmetros exigidos pelos investidores, garantindo as condições necessárias para o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais no Brasil.

Submitted by CAROLINA MIYUKI UJIKAWA (carol.ujikawa@gmail.com) on 2015-02-26T02:17:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Carolina Miyuki Ujikawa_versao final.pdf: 974841 bytes, checksum: fdd390902290734f710cdb223c10ecec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-27T00:24:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Carolina Miyuki Ujikawa_versao final.pdf: 974841 bytes, checksum: fdd390902290734f710cdb223c10ecec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-27T12:58:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Carolina Miyuki Ujikawa_versao final.pdf: 974841 bytes, checksum: fdd390902290734f710cdb223c10ecec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-27 / The aim of this study is to test whether, in the Brazilian market, family firms are more susceptible to insider trading. Tests done in US market demonstrated the effect of family control in informational content of short sales in publicly-traded companies. There, had found higher than normal levels of short sales in family controlled companies, mainly in times that anticipated negative earnings announcements. We did not find clear evidence that the fact that the company has family control could take it to submit or not insider trading, since for limitation of the model is not possible to compare the abnormal level of short sales for family-controlled companies and others, since this variable it is removed from the model. However, we observed in the fixed panel models with interactions that there are differences in the effect of some control variables for family-controlled companies or not on other variables of control, which could show that some influence the parental control could have on insider trading. We also tested whether state-controlled companies show more abnormal average daily short sales in moments that precede earnings surprises, and we did not find clear and direct evidence that this happened. / O objetivo desse trabalho é testar se no mercado brasileiro, empresas familiares são mais suscetíveis a insider trading.Testes feitos no mercado americano evidenciaram efeito do controle familiar no conteúdo informacional embutido em montagem de posições vendidas de companhias abertas. Lá, foram encontrados níveis acima do normal de posições short em companhias de controle familiar principalmente em momentos que antecipavam resultados negativos que iriam ser publicados. Não encontramos evidências claras de que o fato da companhia ter controle familiar poderia levá-la a apresentar ou não insider trading, já que por limitação do modelo não é possível comparar o nível de anormal short para empresas de controle familiar e outras pois essa variável é excluída do modelo. Entretanto, observamos nos modelos em painel fixo com interações que existe diferença do efeito de algumas variáveis de controle para empresas de controle familiar ou não sobre outras variáveis de controle o que poderia mostrar que alguma influência o controle familiar poderia ter sobre o insider trading. Testamos também se empresas de controle estatal apresentavam maior volume médio diário anormal de posições vendidas em momentos que antecediam surpresas de resultado, e também não encontramos evidências claras e diretas que isso acontecia.

Ces derniers temps, et plus spécialement au cours de ces dix dernières années, notre société a connu une transformation accélérée de certains de ses paramètres, transformation dont l’influence a été plus marquée dans le milieu économique, lequel s’est montré sensible à ces modifications. Pour pouvoir s’adapter au nouveau scénario économique mondial, dans lequel l’évolution à lieu au sein d’une économie globalisée, le Brésil en tant qu’État doit se restructurer en passant principalement par la création de conditions favorables au développement et à l’adaptation de ses entreprises à ce nouveau scénario, lequel est chaque fois plus exigeant en terme de compétitivité. Afin de devenir compétitives ces entreprises doivent se moderniser et pour cela elles ont besoin de trouver, pour la réalisation de leurs projets, un financement qui leur offre des conditions de coût viables. Comme les options de captations de recours traditionnelles jointes au système bancaire sont chaque fois plus prohibitives et que l’État ne peut plus, comme autrefois, appuyer par des subsides tous ces projets, le marché des capitaux se présente comme une alternative viable au financement des entreprises qui, de cette manière, ont la possibilité de capter les recours financiers dont elles ont besoin par le biais de la participation des investisseurs, partageant ainsi avec eux les risques liés à l’entreprise. Cependant, un marché de capitaux fort suppose des conditions favorables afin qu’il puisse devenir potentiellement attractif pour les investisseurs. Au-delà des variables économiques, le marché sera attractif lorsqu’il offrira aux investisseurs une certaine sécurité. Cette dissertation a pour but d’analyser si l’actuel état d’ordonnancement juridique du pays, tout en tenant compte des altérations législatives introduites par la Loi Nº 10.303/2001 ainsi que des pratiques de gestion exercées actuellement au Brésil, correspond aux données exigées par les investisseurs, garantissant ainsi les conditions nécessaires liées au développement du marché des capitaux au Brésil. / Nos últimos tempos, principalmente no último decênio, estamos experimentando uma acelerada transformação em diversos parâmetros da vida em sociedade, situando-se no âmbito econômico um destes segmentos mais sensíveis a tais modificações. Para a adaptação ao novo cenário econômico mundial, em que passamos a conviver com uma economia globalizada, o Estado brasileiro necessita reestruturar-se, passando tal tarefa, principalmente pela criação de condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e inserção de suas empresas neste novo cenário que exige empresas cada vez mais competitivas. Para que se possa tornar competitivas, devem modernizar-se, e, para tal, necessitam financiar seus projetos dentro de parâmetros de custo e condições viáveis. Como as opções tradicionais de captação junto ao sistema bancário tornaram-se proibitivas e o Estado não pode mais subsidiar tais projetos como outrora, o mercado de capitais tem-se mostrado uma alternativa viável para o financiamento das empresas, que, desta forma, podem captar os recursos de que necessitam,através da participação dos investidores, dividindo com estes os riscos empresariais. Todavia, um mercado de capitais forte pressupõe condições favoráveis para que se possa tornar potencialmente atraente aos investidores. Além das variantes econômicas, o mercado será atraente quando transmitir segurança aos investidores. A presente dissertação prepõe-se a analisar se o atual estágio do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tendo em vista as alterações legislativas introduzidas pela Lei n. 10.303/2001, e se as práticas de gestão que vem sendo utilizadas no Brasil encontra-se em consonância com os parâmetros exigidos pelos investidores, garantindo as condições necessárias para o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais no Brasil.

Ces derniers temps, et plus spécialement au cours de ces dix dernières années, notre société a connu une transformation accélérée de certains de ses paramètres, transformation dont l’influence a été plus marquée dans le milieu économique, lequel s’est montré sensible à ces modifications. Pour pouvoir s’adapter au nouveau scénario économique mondial, dans lequel l’évolution à lieu au sein d’une économie globalisée, le Brésil en tant qu’État doit se restructurer en passant principalement par la création de conditions favorables au développement et à l’adaptation de ses entreprises à ce nouveau scénario, lequel est chaque fois plus exigeant en terme de compétitivité. Afin de devenir compétitives ces entreprises doivent se moderniser et pour cela elles ont besoin de trouver, pour la réalisation de leurs projets, un financement qui leur offre des conditions de coût viables. Comme les options de captations de recours traditionnelles jointes au système bancaire sont chaque fois plus prohibitives et que l’État ne peut plus, comme autrefois, appuyer par des subsides tous ces projets, le marché des capitaux se présente comme une alternative viable au financement des entreprises qui, de cette manière, ont la possibilité de capter les recours financiers dont elles ont besoin par le biais de la participation des investisseurs, partageant ainsi avec eux les risques liés à l’entreprise. Cependant, un marché de capitaux fort suppose des conditions favorables afin qu’il puisse devenir potentiellement attractif pour les investisseurs. Au-delà des variables économiques, le marché sera attractif lorsqu’il offrira aux investisseurs une certaine sécurité. Cette dissertation a pour but d’analyser si l’actuel état d’ordonnancement juridique du pays, tout en tenant compte des altérations législatives introduites par la Loi Nº 10.303/2001 ainsi que des pratiques de gestion exercées actuellement au Brésil, correspond aux données exigées par les investisseurs, garantissant ainsi les conditions nécessaires liées au développement du marché des capitaux au Brésil. / Nos últimos tempos, principalmente no último decênio, estamos experimentando uma acelerada transformação em diversos parâmetros da vida em sociedade, situando-se no âmbito econômico um destes segmentos mais sensíveis a tais modificações. Para a adaptação ao novo cenário econômico mundial, em que passamos a conviver com uma economia globalizada, o Estado brasileiro necessita reestruturar-se, passando tal tarefa, principalmente pela criação de condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e inserção de suas empresas neste novo cenário que exige empresas cada vez mais competitivas. Para que se possa tornar competitivas, devem modernizar-se, e, para tal, necessitam financiar seus projetos dentro de parâmetros de custo e condições viáveis. Como as opções tradicionais de captação junto ao sistema bancário tornaram-se proibitivas e o Estado não pode mais subsidiar tais projetos como outrora, o mercado de capitais tem-se mostrado uma alternativa viável para o financiamento das empresas, que, desta forma, podem captar os recursos de que necessitam,através da participação dos investidores, dividindo com estes os riscos empresariais. Todavia, um mercado de capitais forte pressupõe condições favoráveis para que se possa tornar potencialmente atraente aos investidores. Além das variantes econômicas, o mercado será atraente quando transmitir segurança aos investidores. A presente dissertação prepõe-se a analisar se o atual estágio do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tendo em vista as alterações legislativas introduzidas pela Lei n. 10.303/2001, e se as práticas de gestão que vem sendo utilizadas no Brasil encontra-se em consonância com os parâmetros exigidos pelos investidores, garantindo as condições necessárias para o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais no Brasil.

Magister Legum - LLM / The regulation of market abuse is currently an ever evolving subject, to such an extent that it has been placed as a high priority for regulators worldwide.¹ The Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012 (FMA) of South Africa² prohibits improper practices and is aimed at ensuring that market participants operate in a market that is free, safe and fair. In light of the above and as per example, all members of the stock exchange ensure that they accordingly adhere to the aims of the FMA by exercising functions such as due diligence and having a shared goal in embedding the values entrenched in the FMA.³ The purpose of this dissertation is aimed at assessing the key elements of the transformation process that the South African financial markets have embarked on, since the introduction of the FMA. More specifically, the paper aims to focus on the elements in relation to market abuse practices.⁴ The paper seeks to: 1. provide an overview analysis of the current market abuse control enforcement framework in relation to some selected aspects of the financial markets in South Africa. 2. look at the regulation employed in one of the biggest trading products namely, equities and current lacuna, the legislation that governs high frequency trading under these trading products and in general. 3. review whether regulation in South Africa on market abuse practices are robust enough to deal with key market abuse practices such as insider trading and market manipulation that manifested during the recent global financial crisis. 4. provide a comparative review of the current market leaders regulatory mechanisms on market abuse.

Using the sample of three largest stocks from seven main market sectors in the US, the thesis examines the effect of information content of earnings announce­ ments on market reaction across sectors. Our findings prove the asymmetry of market reaction to different earnings surprise categories with negative-surprise reaction being the most profound. The financial markets tend to be less ef­ ficient in response to negative earnings surprises. Leakage of information is not present suggesting that insider trading is well-mitigated on the US capital markets. Furthermore, we investigate the market reaction to earnings surprises in different sectors separately and find that Consumer Staples and IT sector tend to be the most sensitive, on the contrary Telecommunication and Energy sector tend to be the least sensitive. G14; G15; G30JEL Classification Keywords Earnings announcement; Market reaction; Mar­ ket efficiency; Cross-sector analysis; Corpo­ rate disclosure; Insider trading; Post-earnings- announcement drift A u th o r's e-m ail p a v e l.prucekSgm ail. com S u p erv iso r's e-m ail kocenda@f s v . c u n i. cz

Market abuse practices may directly or indirectly give rise to diverse problems such as inaccurate stock market prices, low public investor confidence, reduced market integrity and poor efficiency in the affected financial markets. This thesis reveals that three major forms of market abuse, namely insider trading, prohibited trading practices (trade-based market manipulation) and the making or publication of false, misleading or deceptive statements, promises and forecasts relating to listed securities (disclosure-based market manipulation) are prohibited in South Africa. However, although South Africa has had market abuse legislation for about 30 years, and must be commended for its great effort to enhance market integrity by combating market abuse practices, the enforcement of such legislation is still problematic. Moreover, in spite of the fact that there is no empirical data or accurate figures quantifying the occurrence and extent of market abuse activities in the South African financial markets, this thesis submits that market abuse practices are still to be completely eradicated. Accordingly, this thesis suggests that the aforementioned problem might have been aggravated by inter alia, various gaps, flaws and/or inconsistent implementation and enforcement of the market abuse legislation in South Africa. To this end, the anti-market abuse enforcement framework under the Securities Services Act 36 of 2004 is analysed to investigate its adequacy. The co-operation and role of the Financial Services Board, the courts, the Directorate of Market Abuse and other relevant stakeholders is also examined and discussed. Moreover, the co-operation between the Financial Services Board and similar international agencies is discussed to gauge its effectiveness in relation to the combating of cross-border market abuse practices. The adequacy of the awareness and preventative measures in place to curb market abuse practices is also investigated to determine whether such measures are robust enough to combat other new challenges that were posed by the 2007 to 2009 global financial crisis. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is undertaken of the enforcement of the market abuse prohibition in other jurisdictions, namely the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Australia. This was done to investigate the relevant lessons that can be learnt or adopted from these jurisdictions. The thesis further discusses the adequacy of the recently introduced provisions of the Financial Markets Bill as well as the subsequent market abuse provisions of the Financial Markets Bill 2012. The thesis highlights that the aforementioned Bills are positive attempts by the policy makers to improve the enforcement of the market abuse provisions in South Africa. Nonetheless, the thesis reveals that most of the shortcomings contained in the Securities Services Act 36 of 2004 were duplicated in the Financial Markets Bill and the Financial Markets Bill 2012. In light of this, it remains to be seen whether the market abuse provisions contained in the Financial Markets Bill and/or the Financial Markets Bill 2012 will improve the combating of market abuse practices in South Africa. Consequently, it is hoped that the relevant market abuse provisions of the Securities Services Act 36 of 2004, the Financial Markets Bill and/or the Financial Markets Bill 2012 will be comprehensively reviewed in regard to the recommendations made in this thesis. To this end, the thesis proposes a viable anti-market abuse model and policy framework and sets out both policy objectives and provisions which policy makers could use to strengthen some of the market abuse provisions in South Africa.

The thesis is focused on problems of illegal trades and practices in financial markets. First chapter focuses on the role of financial markets in developed economies, regulation and supervision of these markets and international cooperation in this area. Second chapter is devoted to money laundering, especially to its characteristics and phases of the laundering process and relevant regulations in the Czech Republic. Special attention is devoted to the activities of the Czech Financial Analysis Department and banking institutions in the fight against money laundering. The last part of the thesis is focused on insider trading and market manipulation.

Insider trading occurs daily and previous studies show that trading might even increase during volatile times. The market becomes especially volatile and uncertain during an economic crisis, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to that, previous studies show that the information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders increases during economic crises, giving the insiders an information advantage. Due to that, we investigate whether insiders, specifically CEOs, can use their advantage to predict future profitability during the Covid-19 pandemic in comparison to a time prior. The data consists of insider transactions on the Swedish stock market during 2017 and 2020. To test our hypothesis we use multiple linear regressions to see if there are any connections between our variables. Our results indicate that there is a connection between the volume of insider transactions and whether the pandemic is ongoing or not. However, our results do not indicate that insiders' ability to predict future profitability increases during an economic crisis. Despite that, the results seemingly differ depending on the industry.