Thesis (M.A.)--Marshall University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains 59 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-42).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 354 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 243-262).

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are prevalent occurrences deemed comparable with the symptoms of psychosis, but not sufficiently severe to warrant a diagnosis upon clinical presentation. Their presence is associated with several adverse clinical outcomes: the onset of various common mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, mood, substance abuse), poorer functioning, non-remission and relapse. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is observed in 30-80% of patients with psychosis. The omnipotence of SCRD across all phases of the disorder (including the prodromal, acute, chronic and residual phases) raises the question as to whether SCRD may directly contribute to the development of psychosis. Assuming that PLEs are along the same continuum to developing psychosis, a logical next step to further disentangle the sleep-psychosis relationship is to examine whether SCRD relates to the experience of PLEs and whether this relationship is bi-directional. This thesis begins by examining the core predictions made by a continuum model of understanding psychosis and how specific parameters of sleep may influence PLEs. A smaller high-definition cross-sectional study follows, examining biological underpinnings (electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), endogenous melatonin rhythms and actigraphy) of a complaint of poor sleep and their relation to the occurrence of PLEs. We then refocus on which parameters of sleep are most integral to the sleep-PLE relationship and close with an investigation of how Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis activity may further our knowledge of this relationship. The findings of this thesis demonstrate specificity in the parameters of sleep shown to impact certain PLEs. The importance of objective sleep and biologically driven measures in this line of research are underscored, with group differences in EEG, ECG and melatonin. This thesis also highlights dissociative symptomatology as a candidate mediator for the sleep-psychosis relationship, and emphasises the ties between paranoia and negative affect. Finally, this thesis also illuminates the challenges of examining the relationship between sleep and PLEs in isolation, and suggests that they must be considered within the broader framework of co-existing mental health problems.

Hur preferens påverkar behandlingsutfall är ett ämne som diskuteras och undersöks allt mer. Tidigare forskning indikerar en liten till moderat effekt av preferens på behandlingsutfall. Syftet i den här studien var att undersöka preferens, preferensstyrka och de närliggande begreppen förväntan och trovärdighet i relation till behandlingsutfall för två internetbaserade behandlingar för insomni, kognitiv terapi och beteendeterapi. 112 deltagare randomiserades till en av de två behandlingarna eller till att få välja behandling. Signifikant fler deltagare valde kognitiv terapi. Preferens för typ av behandling påverkade inte behandlingsutfallet. Det fanns heller inget samband mellan preferensstyrka och utfall, men deltagarna skattade det som viktigt att få välja. Det fanns en svag signifikant korrelation mellan förväntans- och trovärdighetsskattningarna och utfall. På grund av små och ojämna grupper är det svårt att dra några vidare slutsatser om hur preferens påverkar behandlingsutfall. / Behandling via Internet av Sömnproblem (BIS)

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-02T19:05:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFK.pdf: 2440883 bytes, checksum: 190080cc3b0b456d415674f0ed8c8a2c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:33:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFK.pdf: 2440883 bytes, checksum: 190080cc3b0b456d415674f0ed8c8a2c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T18:33:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFK.pdf: 2440883 bytes, checksum: 190080cc3b0b456d415674f0ed8c8a2c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T18:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLFK.pdf: 2440883 bytes, checksum: 190080cc3b0b456d415674f0ed8c8a2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The present thesis is described in research papers format, whose development is justified by literature review, phase of intervention tests to improve the plans of data collection and data collection itself. PROPOSAL 1 (Literature review) composes paper 1 and along with paper 2 present the synthesis of the analyzed variables, evaluation and intervention forms and the main results of cognitive-behavioral intervention studies on people with chronic pain, whose results helped in the conduction of the following studies. PROPOSAL 2 (Pilot study) presents a study aimed at women with fibromyalgia (FM) and poor sleep quality, whose research design allowed to evaluate: the effects of a brief behavioral intervention for pain and sleep combined with a relaxation training, and the isolated effect of relaxation training, both compared to the control group without intervention (paper 3) and the effect and order of application of the two components (pain and sleep management) of this intervention (paper 4). And, PROPOSAL 3 (Data collection) corresponds to the study conducted to women with FM and insomnia, from Multiple Baseline Design with withdrawal of the intervention and pre and post test evaluations, which was split in two articles: one of them evaluated the effect of two components of a behavioral intervention for pain management (1 - management of the physical environment conditions and 2 - interpersonal relationship management), on pain and sleep indicators (paper 5), and the other evaluated the effect of this intervention on other health indicators, besides clinical significance and reliable change (paper 6). Direct self-report and self-registration measures for pain and/or sleep assessment were considered in all intervention studies. Data showed that the brief analytical-behavioral intervention (pilot study) for pain and sleep had an impact on reducing the intensity and incapacity of pain and anxiety, and the intervention for pain (data collection itself) had an impact both on pain and sleep, anxiety, depression, stress and social skills self-reported indicators. Considering the direct measures, both studies (pilot and data collection) showed a change in the sleep pattern (mainly sleep latency) evaluated by actigraphy, but there was no change in the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). The present study results are in line with the literature, and methodological aspects were discussed. / A presente tese é descrita no formato de artigos, cujo desenvolvimento se justifica por levantamento da literatura, fase teste de intervenção para aprimoramento dos planos da coleta e coleta propriamente dita. A PROPOSTA 1 (Revisão de literatura) compõe o artigo 1 que, juntamente com o artigo 2, apresentam a síntese das variáveis analisadas, formas de avaliação e intervenção e principais resultados de estudos de intervenção cognitivo-comportamental para pessoas com dor crônica, cujos resultados auxiliaram na condução dos estudos seguintes. A PROPOSTA 2 (Estudo piloto) apresenta um estudo dirigido a mulheres com Fibromialgia (FM) e má qualidade do sono, cujo delineamento permitiu avaliar: o efeito de uma breve intervenção comportamental para dor e sono em conjunto com o treino de relaxamento, e o efeito isolado do treino de relaxamento, ambos comparados ao grupo controle sem intervenção (artigo 3) e o efeito e a ordem de aplicação dos dois componentes (manejo da dor e manejo do sono) desta intervenção (artigo 4). E a PROPOSTA 3 (Coleta propriamente dita) corresponde ao estudo conduzido à mulheres com FM e insônia, a partit do delineamento de Linha de Base Múltipla com retirada da intervenção e avaliações pré e pós teste, que foi desmembrado em dois artigos: um deles avaliou o efeito de dois componentes de uma intervenção comportamental para manejo da dor (1 – manejo de condições do ambiente físico e 2 - manejo do relacionamento interpessoal), sobre indicadores de dor e sono (artigo 5), e o outro avaliou o efeito desta intervenção sobre outros indicadores de saúde, além da significância clinica e mudança confiável (artigo 6). Medidas diretas, de autorrelato e de autorregistro, para avaliação da dor e/ou sono, foram consideradas em todos os estudos de intervenção. Os dados apontaram que a intervenção analítico-comportamental breve (estudo piloto) para dor e sono teve impacto na redução da intensidade e incapacidade decorrente da dor e ansiedade, e a intervenção para dor (Coleta propriamente dita) impactou tanto nos indicadores de dor, quanto nos indicadores do sono, ansiedade, depressão, estresse e habilidades sociais, avaliados por autorrelato. Considerando as medidas diretas, ambos os estudos (piloto e coleta propriamente dita) apresentaram alteração no padrão do sono (principalmente latência para iniciar o sono) avaliado pela actigrafia, mas não houve alteração na resposta do cortisol ao acordar (Cortisol Awakening Response - CAR). Os resultados apresentaram consonância com a literatura, e aspectos metodológicos foram discutidos.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A proposta primeira da dissertação Contra a Luz: insônia, prosa de ficção e Graciliano Ramos é a de investigar desdobramentos narrativos do tema da insônia na prosa de ficção da primeira metade do século XX. O primeiro capítulo, de um lado, traça um panorama histórico-literário da insônia da Idade Média ao século passado e, de outro lado, propõe algumas considerações de cunho psicanalítico sobre o tema. Pretende-se, assim, estabelecer alguns argumentos-chave que se desenvolverão ao longo dos capítulos subseqüentes, a saber: o de que a escuridão e o vazio noturno são altamente propícios à concentração na reflexão em detrimento da ação e que, portanto, possibilitam uma excepcional exploração da subjetividade dos personagens em questão. O segundo capítulo pensará tal situação no contexto da prosa de ficção moderna, a partir de breves estudos das obras Em busca do tempo perdido, de Marcel Proust; Livro do desassossego, de Fernando Pessoa (sob o heterônimo Bernardo Soares); Funes, o memorioso, de Jorge Luis Borges; e Buriti, de João Guimarães Rosa. Assim, serão expostas as maneiras pelas quais, nessas obras, as cenas de insônia mostram-se essenciais tanto à proposição de uma reflexão sobre a própria construção da narrativa, quanto permitem o aprofundamento psicológico dos personagens e o experimentalismo formal. Estes dois eixos permearão a Parte II da dissertação, que terá por foco a obra de Graciliano Ramos. O terceiro capítulo analisará a insônia do personagem Paulo Honório, no romance S.Bernardo, em relação à composição da narrativa feita por ele em suas noites em claro. O quarto capítulo, dedicado ao romance Angústia, investigará a instalação de um clima angustiado e de experimentações narrativas a partir das noites insones de Luís da Silva. Por fim, o quinto capítulo, abordando os contos Insônia e O relógio do hospital, traçará algumas conclusões sobre a função da insônia no estilo de Graciliano Ramos, e proporá também algumas considerações finais acerca de toda a dissertação / The main proposal of Against the Light: insomnia, prose fiction and Graciliano Ramos is to investigate narrative developments of insomnia in early 20th Century fiction. The first chapter, on the one hand, traces a historical and literary panorama of insomnia from the Middle Ages to the past century and, on the other hand, proposes some reflections on the theme through a psychoanalytic bias. Thus, it establishes some key arguments that will be developed in the next chapters, namely: that darkness and nocturnal emptiness may be highly propitious to the concentration on thought rather than action and that, therefore, both enhance an exceptional exploration of the characters subjectivity. The second chapter thinks such situation within the context of modern fiction, through Marcel Prousts In Search of Lost Time, Fernando Pessoa (under the heteronym of Bernardo Soares)s Book of Disquiet, Jorge Luis Borges Funes the Memorious and João Guimarães Rosas Buriti. It is possible to envision, in these works, how insomnia episodes turn out to be essential to think the narrative composition itself, as well as to the characters psychological development and formal experiments. These two axes will pervade the second part of the thesis, which is focused on Graciliano Ramos works. The third chapter analyzes Paulo Honórios insomnia, in the novel S. Bernardo, in relation to the narrative composition itself made by him during his sleepless nights. The fourth chapter, concentrated on the novel Angústia, investigates the establishment of an anguished atmosphere and of some narrative experiments, based on Luís da Silvas insomnia. Finally, the fifth chapter, aproaching the short stories Insônia and O relógio do hospital, traces some conclusions on the function of insomnia in Graciliano Ramos style, and gives place to some final words concerning the whole thesis

Problemas no momento de dormir e frequentes despertares noturnos são comuns em crianças, afetando 20% a 30% da população infantil. Tais dificuldades com o sono podem afetar aspectos comportamentais da criança, além de prejudicar o sono, o humor e a funcionalidade diurna de seus cuidadores. Apesar da importância do sono para a saúde infantil, há uma carência de estudos sobre o tema no cenário nacional. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção comportamental para insônia infantil por meio de um programa dirigido aos pais. Participaram 62 pais de crianças de um a cinco anos de idade que apresentavam problemas de ordem comportamental relacionados ao sono. Os participantes foram randomizados em bloco de oito para os grupos de intervenção e controle. O programa de intervenção foi composto por cinco sessões nas quais os pais receberam educação sobre o sono da criança, orientações sobre o estabelecimento de horários e rotina para dormir e quanto ao uso de técnicas (extinção e reforço positivo) para a melhoria do momento de dormir e redução de despertares noturnos. Os participantes foram avaliados em quatro etapas pré-­intervenção, pós-­intervenção, seguimento de um e seis meses por meio dos instrumentos Escala UNESP de Hábitos e Higiene do Sono -­ Versão Crianças, Escala de Distúrbios do Sono para Crianças e Adolescentes, Inventário de Comportamentos para Crianças entre 1½ a 5 anos (CBCL), Inventário de Autoavaliação para adultos de 18 a 59 anos (ASR), Diário de Sono, Diário de Comportamento e Actigrafia. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que depois da intervenção houve melhora (p<0,05) nas variáveis do sono, tais como horário para dormir, latência para início do sono, despertares, duração total, bem como nos comportamentos das crianças no momento de dormir, avaliados por medidas subjetivas, como dormir com os pais e resistência a ir para a cama. Também houve melhora na latência para início do sono das crianças e na latência, eficiência e despertares de suas mães por actigrafia. Além da melhora na qualidade do sono, foi observada melhora detectável nos problemas de comportamento externalizante, internalizante e total de problemas de comportamento das crianças avaliados pelo CBCL, e um menor número de mães com pontuações clínicas no ASR. Conclui-­se que a intervenção comportamental para insônia infantil, por meio de orientação para pais, é eficaz na melhora da qualidade de sono e nos comportamentos diurnos das crianças, além de trazer benefícios no sono e nos comportamentos de suas mães. Tais resultados apontam para a necessidade de disseminação desse conhecimento no Brasil, a partir da possibilidade de aplicação desse protocolo em clínicas-­escolas de psicologia / Problems when they sleep and frequent awakenings are common in children. They affect approximately 20 % to 30 % of the child population. These problems, classified as behavioral childhood insomnia, can affect behavioral, emotional and educational aspects of the child, in addition to affecting sleep, mood and daytime functionality of their caregivers. Despite the importance of sleep for and on children\'s health, there is a lack of studies on this topic on the national scene. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for childhood insomnia through a program aimed at parents. Sixty-­two parents of children 1-­5 years of age who have behavioral problems related to sleep participated order. Participants were randomized into eight block for the intervention and control group. The intervention program consisted of five sessions in which parents received training on child sleep, guidelines on establishing schedules and bedtime routines and how the use of techniques (extinction and positive reinforcement) to improve the time to sleep and reduced nighttime awakenings. Participants were evaluated in four stages pre-­intervention, post-­intervention, follow-­ up at one and six month intervals through the instruments Escala UNESP de Hábitos e Higiene do Sono Versão Crianças, Escala de Distúrbios do Sono para Crianças e Adolescentes, Child Behavior Checklist 1½ to 5 years (CBCL), Adult Self Report (ASR), sleep and behavior diaries and actigraphy. The results of this study demonstrated that post intervention, there are improvement (p<0.05) of sleep variables, such as bedtime schedule, sleep latency, awakenings, time sleep total, and in behaviors at bedtime, like co-­sleeping and resistance to go to bed, in children, evaluated by subjective measures and improvement in latency to sleep in children and latency, efficiency and awakenings of their mothers for actigraphy. Besides the improvement in sleep quality, we also noted a detectable improvement at behavior problems externalizing, internalizing and total behavior problems of children evaluated by CBCL and smaller number of mothers with clinical scores by ASR. Behavioral interventions for insomnia to childhood, through parental guidance, is effective in improving the quality of sleep and daytime behavior in children and brings benefits to sleep and behavior in our female caregivers. These results indicate the need to dissemination this knowledge in Brazil from the opportunity to apply this protocol in schools of clinical psychology

This study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia among inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The cognitive behavioral treatment consisted of progressive relaxation, stimulus control, and thought stopping with cognitive restructuring.

Stress and sleep problems are common in the working population and cause considerable costs for society. Sleep is the most important part of recovery, and poor sleep has a negative impact on overall functioning, which might have important consequences for both the employee, the employer and society. In order to find strategies to alleviate this contemporary public health concern of stress and poor sleep in the working population, this thesis evaluated interventions performed at the workplace to target these issues. The first intervention is a randomized controlled trial of a 25% work time reduction for full-time workers within the public sector in Sweden. Study I evaluated the impact of work time reduction on subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, sleepiness, perceived stress, and bedtime worries. Assessments included diary data from one week at three occasions over 18 months. Study II investigated time-use patterns through activity reporting sheets used during the work time reduction by evaluating the amount of total workload, paid work, non-paid work and recovery activities. Both studies investigated workdays and days off separately as well as the importance of gender, family status and work situation (only Study II). The second randomized controlled intervention of the thesis is a group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention at the workplace targeting sleep disturbances among employees within the retail sector in Sweden (Study III). Data were collected through questionnaires, diaries and objective sleep measurement (actigraphy) over a period of ten days before and after the intervention, as well as at a three-month follow up. The study evaluated the effects of the intervention on sleep and explored the moderating effect of burnout-levels at baseline. In our studies, an economically fully compensated reduction of work hours for full-time workers lead to long-term positive effects on sleep duration and sleep quality, sleepiness and levels of perceived stress. During this work time reduction, the total workload of both paid and non-paid work was reduced and time spent in recovery activities increased. The results indicate that a more balanced relation between effort and recovery was established. The second intervention, which targets the individual through a group CBT-intervention for insomnia at the workplace, was shown to improve insomnia symptoms in daytime workers who did not suffer from concurrent burnout. Such an intervention could support the individual in handling sleep problems and preventing the development of more severe and chronic sleep disorders, as opposed to interventions aimed at making environmental changes at the workplace. However, the CBT-intervention evaluated within this thesis will need to be further developed in order to be beneficial for more groups of employees. The positive effects of these interventions might be beneficial for public health and help improve employee’s life satisfaction, daily functioning and health development.​ / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Insomnia is a common health complaint that often becomes a persistent problem. The theoretical frameworks for understanding and treating insomnia have mostly been behavioural, yet the importance of cognitive processes has received greater attention over the years. The overall aim of this dissertation was to expand the knowledge on the processes from the Cognitive Model of Insomnia by investigating them in novel contexts. Study I examined the outcomes from cognitive therapy for insomnia on adolescents. Study II explored the relationship between cognitive processes and the association with remission and persistence of insomnia in the general population. Lastly, Study III investigated if cognitive processes mediated between cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and outcomes of insomnia and depressive severity in a sample of people with insomnia comorbid with depressive problems. The findings show that cognitive therapy for insomnia affected sleep for adolescents, thus this is a promising treatment option for this age group. Further, it was found that cognitive processes distinguished between adults with normal sleep and persistent insomnia. For people with insomnia, elevated sleep-related worry at baseline increased the risk of reporting persistent insomnia later on, whereas a lowering of selective attention and monitoring, and safety behaviours over time increased the likelihood of remission from insomnia. This has clinical implications for insomnia assessment and treatment, as well as theoretical implications, and warrants further research. CBT-I was associated with greater reductions in dysfunctional beliefs and sleep-related safety behaviours compared to control treatment. Dysfunctional beliefs mediated between CBT-I and insomnia severity and depressive severity respectively. This supports the importance of negative thought content in both insomnia and depression.