No description available.

Personer som drabbats av depression återfaller/återinsjuknar ofta en eller flera gånger i livet. Forskning har visat att b la demografiska faktorer, residualsymtom och insomni är prediktorer för återfall. Syftet med studien var därför att undersöka betydelsen av demografiska faktorer, residualsymtom och insomni för nivån av depression 6-12 månader efter avslutad behandling på en psykiatrisk specialistmottagning. Urvalet var alla patienter som diagnosticerats med depression eller recidiverande depression och genomgått KBT-terapi under perioden 2008 – september 2013, och som hade uppföljningsdata vid sex eller tolv-månader, vilket sammanlagt var 111 patienter. Beroendevariabel var resultat på formuläret Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Resultaten visade att patienter med residualsymtom inte försämrades signifikant mellan eftermätningen och uppföjningsmätningen, ett fynd som inte överensstämmer med forskning på området. Regressionsanalyser visade ingen signifikant påverkan av kön, ålder och utbildningsnivå på senare nivå av depression vid uppföljningsmätning. Däremot visade regressionsanalyser att sömnbesvär, mätt med formuläret Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), vid framför allt eftermätning hade ett samband med senare nivå av depression vid uppföljningsmätningen. Resultaten indikerade att kvarstående sömnbesvär då behandlingen avslutades predicerade senare nivå av depression. Slutsatsen är att ett tillägg av en sömnintervention för de patienter som har insomni då behandlingen avslutas kan minska sannolikheten för återfall i depression. Då många patienter saknade uppföljningsdata kunde inga säkra slutsatser dras.

Syfte. Syftet med studien var att undersöka samband mellan nedstämdhet och kön, ålder, kommunikationssvårigheter, smärta, sömnsvårigheter samt beteende- och psykiska symtom bland vårdtagare på särskilt boende.   Bakgrund. Depression tillhör de stora folksjukdomarna. Den drabbar människor i alla åldrar och är en del i den ökande psykiska ohälsan hos befolkningen i Sverige. Uppskattningsvis 20-25 % av de äldre på särskilda boenden lider av depressiva symtom. Omvårdnadspersonal visar sig ha brister i att identifiera depressiva symtom hos äldre personer vilket medför sämre behandlingsprognoser än om de upptäcks tidigare. Design. Studien genomfördes som en tvärsnittsstudie. Metod. Enkätstudie där vårdtagare (n=575) på särskilt boende i Umeå skattades av personal angående förekomst av olika fysiska och psykiska symtom. Statistikprogrammet SPSS användes för att beräkna samband mellan olika faktorer och nedstämdhet. Resultat. Tre faktorer var oberoende associerat med nedstämdhet; smärta, insomningssvårigheter och psykiska symtom. Nedstämda äldre var dessutom mer benägna att ha problem att äta, vara vaken nattetid samt ha beteendesymtom. De var även skattade som mer psykiskt vårdtunga av vårdare. Konklusion. Studien visar att hos nedstämda på äldreboende finns ofta ytterligare problematik i form av smärta, insomningsproblem och psykiska symtom. Dessa faktorer är värda att ta i beaktande vid val av behandling mot nedstämdhet.

Sleep is essential for survival but a significant minority of the adult population are dissatisfied with their sleep, and 6-10% meet the criteria for insomnia disorder, characterised by difficulties falling asleep at bedtime, waking up in the middle of the night or too early in the morning, and daytime symptoms. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), an evidence-based sleep-focused intervention, has been suggested as the treatment of choice for chronic insomnia. However, access to specialised sleep therapists is sparse, and a service delivery model based on the principles of ‘stepped care’ has been proposed. Even though CBT-I is shown to be effective, there is a need to continue the development of cognitive behavioural treatments for insomnia. As a complement to traditional interventions, the potential value of acceptance, that is, to make an active choice of openness towards psychological experiences, has been recognized. However, it has not yet been systematically investigated, and specific instruments for studying acceptance in insomnia are lacking. The present thesis is based on three studies: Study I showed that manual-guided CBT for insomnia delivered by ordinary primary care personnel has a significant effect on perceived insomnia severity, sleep onset latency and wake time after sleep onset. Study II demonstrated that non-responders in Study I reported shorter sleep time at baseline than did responders, a notion that may help select patients for this type of low-end intervention in a stepped care treatment approach. Study III aimed to develop a new assessment instrument for studying acceptance of insomnia, the Sleep Problem Acceptance Questionnaire (SPAQ), resulting in an eight-item questionnaire with two factors; the first being Activity Engagement, persisting with normal activities even when sleep is unsatisfactory, and the second involving Willingness, avoiding fighting and trying to control sleep problems. In conclusion, the present thesis demonstrates that it is feasible to treat patients with insomnia using CBT-I administrated by ordinary primary care personnel in general practice, and that those with relatively longer initial sleep duration benefit most from treatment, enabling allocation to relevant treatment intensity. In addition, acceptance of sleep difficulties may be quantified using the SPAQ.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) is the most effective treatment for insomnia. Studies show that auricular acupuncture (AA) may alleviate insomnia symptoms. The overall aim of the thesis was to compare treatment effects of auricular acupuncture (AA) with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) on symptoms of insomnia, anxiety, depression, hypnotic drugs consumption and quality of life from short- and long-term perspectives. Paper I had a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. 16 participants received group-treatment with AA during their protracted withdrawal phase and were interviewed about their experiences. They participants experienced a reduction in protracted withdrawal symptoms, improved subjective sleep quality, a strong sensation of peacefulness and increased wellbeing. Paper II, III and IV present results from a randomised controlled trial in where the effects of group-treatment with AA and CBT-i were compared in short- and long-term using subjective (questionnaires and sleep diary) and objective (actigraphy) measurements. The results showed that CBT-i was superior to AA in reducing insomnia symptoms in both the short and long run. Both groups experienced significant long-term reduction of depressive symptoms. Further, both groups managed to maintain a decreased intake of hypnotic drugs at the end of the treatment when compared to baseline measurement. Short-term reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression improved only in the AA group. The results from the objective actigraph recordings showed that the AA group slept more and the CBT-i group less after the treatment and that sleep patterns in both groups reverted to pre-treatment levels after 6 months. Conclusively: AA, as administered in this study, was not as good as CBT-i in treating insomnia symptoms, and should not be used as a stand-alone treatment for insomnia. Our results also demonstrate that prolonged sleep time does not necessarily yield better sleep, and that the perception of insomnia symptoms is not inevitably affected by sleep duration. AA was as effective as CBT-i in ending hypnotic drugs consumption. Moreover, AA was more successful than CBT-i in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in the short run. Further studies investigating AA for anxiety and depression are motivated.

No description available.

Insomnia is a common health complaint that often becomes a persistent problem. The theoretical frameworks for understanding and treating insomnia have mostly been behavioural, yet the importance of cognitive processes has received greater attention over the years. The overall aim of this dissertation was to expand the knowledge on the processes from the Cognitive Model of Insomnia by investigating them in novel contexts. Study I examined the outcomes from cognitive therapy for insomnia on adolescents. Study II explored the relationship between cognitive processes and the association with remission and persistence of insomnia in the general population. Lastly, Study III investigated if cognitive processes mediated between cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and outcomes of insomnia and depressive severity in a sample of people with insomnia comorbid with depressive problems. The findings show that cognitive therapy for insomnia affected sleep for adolescents, thus this is a promising treatment option for this age group. Further, it was found that cognitive processes distinguished between adults with normal sleep and persistent insomnia. For people with insomnia, elevated sleep-related worry at baseline increased the risk of reporting persistent insomnia later on, whereas a lowering of selective attention and monitoring, and safety behaviours over time increased the likelihood of remission from insomnia. This has clinical implications for insomnia assessment and treatment, as well as theoretical implications, and warrants further research. CBT-I was associated with greater reductions in dysfunctional beliefs and sleep-related safety behaviours compared to control treatment. Dysfunctional beliefs mediated between CBT-I and insomnia severity and depressive severity respectively. This supports the importance of negative thought content in both insomnia and depression.

Sleep disturbances are a core and salient feature of PTSD and can maintain or exacerbate associated symptoms. Recent research demonstrates that cognitive-behavioral sleep-focused interventions improve sleep disturbances as well as PTSD symptoms. The present study is a randomized controlled trial comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) to a waitlist control group. Conducted at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the study: 1) compared subjective outcome measures of sleep amongst veterans assigned to either a treatment group (CBT-I) or a waitlist control group; (2) examined the influence of the intervention on measures of PTSD, general mood and daytime functioning, comparing veterans in a treatment group to those in a waitlist control group and (3) examined the effect of the CBT-I intervention using objective measures of sleep for veterans included in the treatment arm of the study. Study participants were (n = 40) combat veterans who served in Afghanistan and/or Iraq (OEF/OIF). Participants were randomized to either a CBT-I treatment group or a wait-list control group. Those in the treatment condition participated in four CBT-I sessions over six weeks. CBT-I included sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep education, sleep hygiene and imagery rehearsal therapy. All participants completed subjective and objective measures at baseline and post-treatment. At six weeks post treatment, veterans who participated in CBT-I reported improved sleep, a reduction in PTSD symptom severity and PTSD-related nightmares, as well as a reduction in depression and distressed mood compared to veterans in the waitlist control group. When controlling for current participation in evidence-based PTSD treatment, veterans in the CBT-I group reported a reduction in PTSD symptom severity while their waitlist counterparts demonstrated an increase in these PTSD symptoms. Veterans in the treatment group also reported improved objectively measured sleep quality between baseline and posttreatment. These data suggest that CBT-I is an effective treatment for insomnia, nightmares and PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans with combat related PTSD and should be used as an adjunctive therapy to standard PTSD treatment.

Combat and war zone veterans are particularly vulnerable to developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to the increased risk of experiencing trauma inherent in military service. Insomnia and nightmares are core symptoms of PTSD and can be factors in the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of PTSD. However, sleep disturbance has received relatively little attention from a treatment point of view until recently. Recent research has demonstrated that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) for nightmares are effective stand alone and combination treatments for sleep disturbance in civilian and veteran populations. Although group interventions are lower in cost and more efficient to deliver in a VA setting, studies have yet to test the feasibility and efficacy of group CBT-I/IRT combination treatment for veterans with PTSD. The current pilot study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of a combined CBT-I and IRT protocol intervention for insomnia and nightmares delivered in a group format to a sample of mixed theater veterans with PTSD. Participants (n = 34) were randomly assigned to either a treatment (n = 17) or waitlist control condition (n = 17). After baseline assessment, participants assigned to the treatment condition participated in six weekly group sessions of combined CBT-I and IRT and completed posttreatment and two month follow-up assessments. Those in the waitlist condition completed a six week waiting period. After completing post-waitlist assessment, they were given the opportunity to receive the treatment. Authors hypothesized that those in the treatment condition would experience significant improvement on self-report measures of sleep, nightmare frequency, PTSD-related sleep disturbance, beliefs about sleep, and overall PTSD and depression severity compared to the waitlist condition at posttreatment and two-month follow-up. These hypotheses were largely supported by the study results with some notable exceptions. Significant condition by time interactions were found on measures of sleep and nightmares, beliefs about sleep, and depression at posttreatment. Treatment gains were maintained at two month follow-up for sleep variables but not nightmare frequency or depression. There were no condition by time interactions for measures of PTSD or PTSD-related sleep disturbance at posttreatment. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that a combined CBT-I and IRT delivered in a group format was effective in reducing insomnia symptoms, nightmare frequency, and depression in a sample of mixed theater veterans with PTSD. The study also demonstrated the feasibility of this treatment approach with this population suggesting that a larger randomized controlled study is warranted.

Stress är ett växande problem i dagens samhälle, allt fler barn och ungdomar mår sämre på grund av den ökande stressnivån. Barn och ungdomar befinner sig stora delar av sin vakna tid i skolan. Inom denna arena är stress vanligt förekommande, vilket utgör vikten att arbeta mot den ökande stressnivån. Studier och rapporter visar på att den psykiska ohälsan och stress har ökat och då främst inom skolan. En lagom mängd stress gör att prestationen ökar vilket är en positiv följd av stress. Dock är nivåerna av stress höga och blir inte hanterbara för barn och ungdomar som vistas i stressiga miljöer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka förekomsten och könsfördelningen av stress bland ungdomar i Västmanlands län samt eventuella samband mellan stress och sömnbesvär respektive självskattad hälsa. För att besvara syftet användes data från Liv och hälsa ung Västmanland 2012 undersökning, vilket är en hälsoundersökning som omfattar 6675 studenter i årskurs 7 och 9 samt årskurs 2 på gymnasiet. Studiens resultat visar att stress är vanligt förekommande, där nästan en tredjedel (29.5 %) ofta eller mycket ofta känner sig stressade, vilket motsvarar drygt 2000 barn och ungdomar. Resultatet visar på samband mellan ökad stress och ökade sömnbesvär och mellan ökad stress och sämre självskattad hälsa. Som teoretisk anknytning för stress användes krav/kontroll/stöd-modellen. Coping som förklarande teori användes för att tolka sambandet mellan stress och sömnbesvär. Känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) användes för att tolka sambandet mellan stress och självskattad hälsa. / Stress is a growing problem in today's society, more and more children and adolescents are feeling bad because of the increased stress levels. Children and adolescents spend most of their time in school. Stress is one of the most common problems in this arena, which makes it crucial to work preventive against stress in schools. Studies have shown that the mental illness and stress has increased, primarily within schools. Low levels of stress enhance performance and are therefore a positive aspect of stress. However the levels of stress are high and not manageable for the children and adolescents who spend time in stressful environments. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence and gender distribution of stress among adolescents in Västmanlands län, and potential relation between stress and insomnia respective self-reported health. Data from Liv och Hälsa Ung Västmanland 2012, which investigates health among students, has been used. Data includes 6675 students in grade 7 and 9 in elementary school and grade 2 in upper secondary school. The results shows that stress is a common problem, where almost a third of the participants (29.5 %) often or very often feel stressed, which corresponds to about 2000 adolescents. Results show a significant relation between stress and increased insomnia as well as between stress and self-reported health. The demand/control/support model was used as a theoretical explanation for stress. Coping as an explaining theory was used to interpret the relation between stress and insomnia. Sense of Coherence was used to explain the relation between stress and self-reported health.