Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2010. / Submitted by Luize Santos (lui_rg@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-12T02:48:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Cunha Cruz.pdf: 505100 bytes, checksum: ff45ba6245facf7d5a2eb6768e37a94a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-18T19:54:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Cunha Cruz.pdf: 505100 bytes, checksum: ff45ba6245facf7d5a2eb6768e37a94a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-18T19:54:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Cunha Cruz.pdf: 505100 bytes, checksum: ff45ba6245facf7d5a2eb6768e37a94a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A institucionalização é uma medida de proteção em caso de ameaças ou violação dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes. Com caráter excepcional, provisório o acolhimento cumpri seu papel de amparo à criança em situação de risco até que as causas de sua institucionalização sejam resolvidas. A proposta deste trabalho é investigar e compreender o fenômeno da reinserção familiar ressaltando as percepções do adolescente, já que ele transita por dois importantes espaços de desenvolvimento: instituição e família, e, portanto devem ser consideradas as suas opiniões, crenças e sentimentos. Participaram deste estudo 1 adolescente de 13 anos acolhido em instituição não-governamental do município de Rio Grande por ser considerado vítima de negligência familiar e estar em processo de reinserção, o que inclui na pesquisa, a sua família E ainda, os três profissionais da equipe técnica. A metodologia de base é a inserção ecológica. Com a família, adolescente e equipe técnica foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com questões que possibilitaram a exposição de concepções, idéias, pensamentos e sentimentos. Após o intervalo de seis meses do primeiro encontro com os participantes, a entrevista foi reaplicada com a família e adolescente. O Mapa de Cinco Campos foi utilizado para mapear a aproximação e expansão da rede de apoio social da criança. Os discursos dos técnicos entrevistados abordaram a amplitude da reinserção desde os primeiros contatos com a família, até o momento do desligamento final percebendo este movimento como positivo, desde que ocorra de forma protegida. Sublinham o desejo da família como fundamental e impulsionador do movimento de transição com maleabilidade e disponibilidade a se reorganizarem e se fortalecerem. Os resultados também apontaram a reinserção como oportunidade de reconstrução, sendo neste estudo, a figura paterna entendida como protagonista, além do repertencimento familiar durante o processo. No segundo momento, os dados apontaram um olhar positivo ao ajuste familiar, na qual a dinâmica flexibiliza até onde se percebe que há proteção do núcleo. Os resultados do Mapa de Cinco Campos demonstraram que durante o retorno à casa, o pai foi identificado como principal referência de apoio, seguido do irmão que transitava por todos os campos de interação do/com o participante. Em relação ao primeiro mapeamento, percebemos que a rede de contato do adolescente aumentou, e que o pai consolidou o vínculo afetivo com o menino. Pode-se pontuar que esta relação pai-filho impulsionou e determinou o sucesso de reinserção, percebida desde o início como uma nova oportunidade de estabelecer relações familiares que tornaram-se mais significativas e intensas com o convívio diário. A Rede de Apoio Social é apontada como fundamental para o trabalho com famílias, pois estende os vínculos sociais para além da instituição. Para auxiliar na compreensão dos sentidos atribuídos às experiências durante esta transição de ambientes, os dados qualitativos foram analisados a partir da grounded-theory. Os dados deste estudo visam a colaborar para um eficiente processo de retorno das crianças e adolescentes institucionalizadas ao seu ambiente familiar de origem. Além disso, pretende possibilitar uma transição ecológica de desenvolvimento que minimize as probabilidades de afastamento do acolhido de sua família. / The family environment is widely seen as the main context for the development of children. However, for various reasons, some families may put the welfare of their children into risk. According to the ECA-Children and Adolescents Laws (Brazil, 1990) it is necessary to apply protective measures in the case of threats or violation of children and adolescents´ rights. Institutionalization is one of the many alternatives for protection. This measure should provide an exceptional, temporary and fulfill its role of support to children at risk until the causes of institutionalization are resolved. The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand the phenomenon of family reintegration through highlighting the perceptions of the child, as she/he passes by two important spaces of development: family and institution, and therefore their views should be considered, along with their beliefs and feelings. In this study, a 12 year old boy from a non-governmental institution of Rio Grande and considered to be victim of neglect and due to the reintegration process, was included in the research, as well as his family and the three professionals that were parto f the institution team. The methodology that based the investigation was the ecological engagement. A semi-structured interview was used with the family, the child and the professionals and allowed the exposure of concepts, ideas, thoughts and feelings. After the interval of six months from the first meeting with family and child the interview was reapplied. The Map of Five Camps was the instrument used to approach and expand the network of social support of the participant child. The speeches of the professional´s team addressed the extent of the reinsertion from the first contacts with the family, seeing this move as positive, since it occurs securely. They also underlined that the desire of the family is crucial and will boost the movement of transition with flexibility and willingness to get reorganized and strengthened. According to the same interviewed professionals, the flow of successful reintegration will pass by the interdependence of desire and the flexibility of organization of the family dynamics with (re) gradual elaboration of the old roles and parenting. The results also indicated the reinsertion as an opportunity for reconstruction, as it was in the case studied. The father figure was seen as a protagonist, along with his perception of processuality and of (re)belonging to the family. In the second stage of this research, data indicated a positive look at the process of setting family togheter in which the dynamics relaxes up to where they realize that there was protection of the family. The results of the Map of Five Camps demonstrated that during the return to home, the father was identified as the main reference of support for the child, followed by the brother who transited through all fields of interaction of / with him. On the first mapping, it is seen that his network has increased and the contact between the child and the father consolidated emotional bonds. The relationship between father-son was determinant to the success of reintegration process perceived from the beginning as a new opportunity to establish family relationships that have become more significant and strong with daily living. The interconnection of the Social Support Network is seen as essential for working with families because social ties extend beyond the institution, as it enables the realization of a work of cooperation and focused on overcoming the weaknesses and the reinstitutionalization and revictimization to of children and adolescents. Te grounded-theory was used as a support to, analyze the qualitative data and helped to understand the meanings attributed to experiences during this transition movements. This study was designed to contribute to an efficient process to help the return of institutionalized children to their families of origin. Furthermore, it allows the development of an ecological transition that minimizes the likelihood of reinstitutionalization and the separation of children from their families of origin.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Duas dÃcadas apÃs o inÃcio da epidemia da aids, observa-se uma geraÃÃo de crianÃas impactadas pelo HIV. Elas vivenciam uma infÃncia marcada pelo adoecimento dos genitores, pela orfandade e pelo estigma ocasionado pela doenÃa. Algumas delas, soropositivas ou nÃo, sÃo submetidas à institucionalizaÃÃo. Assim, viver em uma instituiÃÃo, muitas vezes, à a opÃÃo mais viÃvel para as crianÃas. Objetivou-se analisar como vivem as crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV inseridas em casas de apoio/ orfanatos em Fortaleza, CearÃ. Optou-se pela articulaÃÃo da pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, empregando-se para fornecer elementos do caminho a ser trilhado o estudo de caso. Empregou-se ainda a modalidade de pesquisa histÃria oral temÃtica. Teve-se como populaÃÃo 24 crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV que vivem em regime integral ou parcial em duas instituiÃÃes (casa de apoio e orfanato). O estudo foi conduzido durante o primeiro semestre de 2010, em Fortaleza- CearÃ, regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Duas instituiÃÃes cadastradas em ÃrgÃo pÃblico sÃo responsÃveis pelo cuidado de crianÃas nascidas expostas ao HIV ou infectadas ao longo da vida que funcionam como referÃncia para o Estado do CearÃ. Ambas participaram do estudo: a Casa Sol Nascente (permanÃncia integral) e o Centro de ConvivÃncia Madre Regina (permanÃncia semi-integral). Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se: entrevista semiestruturada para captar dados epidemiolÃgicos, clÃnicos e sociais das crianÃas e dos genitores; dados primÃrios obtidos dos prontuÃrios das crianÃas; histÃrias de vida produzidas pelas responsÃveis da instituiÃÃo e pelas mÃes, e relatos de situaÃÃes de preconceito vivenciado pelas crianÃas. Para a anÃlise quantitativa, as instituiÃÃes foram comparadas mediante distribuiÃÃes de frequÃncias bivariadas. Observou-se que as crianÃas tÃm acesso aos itens indispensÃveis para o crescimento e desenvolvimento adequados, entretanto enfrentam importantes marcadores de vulnerabilidade. As diferenÃas entre as duas instituiÃÃes foram, na maior parte das vezes, atribuÃdas à presenÃa materna nos cuidados dispensados Ãs crianÃas da instituiÃÃo de tempo semi-integral. Sugere-se um trabalho intersetorial e um cuidado integral de acordo com as necessidades prÃprias de cada instituiÃÃo, de cada famÃlia e de cada crianÃa, numa prÃtica mais humanizada, resolutiva, como uma forma de promoÃÃo da vida. / Two decades after the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it has been observed how one generation of children has been affected by HIV. They experience a childhood marked by their parentâs becoming ill, by being orphans and by the stigma caused by the illness. Some of these children whether they are the virusâ bearer or not have to be taken to institutions. Thus, living in an institution is, most of the times, the most viable option for the children. It was intended to analyze how children who were born exposed to HIV live inserted in support houses/orphanages in Fortaleza, CearÃ. The option chosen was the articulation of the research with the qualitative and quantitative approach which was used to provide elements of the way the case study should follow. The modality of thematic oral history research was also used. The population used was composed of 24 children exposed to HIV on birth that live in full or part-time system in two institutions (support house and orphanage). The study was carried out during the first semester of 2010, in Fortaleza-CearÃ, Northeastern region of Brazil. Two institutions registered in a public organ and which function as reference institutions in the state of CearÃ, are responsible by the childrenâs care of children exposed to HIV on birth or infected during their lives. Both took part in the study: the âCasa do Sol Nascenteâ [House of Rising Sun (full-time permanence)] and the âCentro de ConvivÃncia Madre Reginaâ [Social Center Madre Regina (semi-full permanence)]. To collect the data were used: interviews semi-structured to collect epidemiologic, clinical and social data of the children and their parents; primary data obtained from the childrenâs health registers; life stories produced by the people in charge of the institutions and by the mothers and reports of prejudice situations experienced by the children. For the quantitative analysis, the institutions were compared by means of distribution of bivariad frequencies. It was observed that the children have access to the items indispensable for their adequate growth and development, facing, however, important markers of vulnerability. The differences between the two institutions were most of the time attributed to the motherâs presence in the care dedicated to the children of the semi-full time institutions. An inter-sectional work should be suggested and a full-time care according to the needs characteristic of each institution, each family and each child, in a more humanized resolute practice as a way of promoting life.

Reintegração familiar é o termo utilizado no âmbito jurídico para se referir ao processo de crianças/adolescentes que retornaram às suas famílias de origem (natural ou extensa) após terem passado por acolhimento institucional ou familiar. Documentos jurídicos que regulamentam a reintegração e a literatura sobre esse tema enfatizam a necessidade de se investir na família para viabilizar o retorno seguro ao convívio familiar, mas não indicam como isso deve ou pode ocorrer na prática. Pautando-se na perspectiva da Rede de Significações, esta pesquisa objetiva investigar o processo de reintegração familiar de crianças de 0 a 7 anos e seis meses que estiveram nos serviços de acolhimento institucional, em Ribeirão Preto, durante o período de Setembro/2008 a Setembro/2010. Para tal, foi realizada a caracterização dessas crianças, de suas famílias e de sua trajetória de acolhimento - reintegração familiar, a partir de 50 autos processuais na Vara da Infância e Juventude do Tribunal de Justiça e dos prontuários institucionais, cujos dados foram analisados quantitativamente, através de estatística descritiva. Ressaltam-se alguns resultados: o número de participantes foi de 50 crianças, dentre as quais havia 13 grupos de irmãos, totalizando 36 famílias. Sobre as crianças, 25 são meninas e 25 meninos; 66% foram registradas pelos pais juntos; 34% tinham até seis meses de idade; 62% são brancas; 88% têm irmãos; 86% têm outros parentes além da família natural e 14% vivenciaram acolhimento(s) anterior(es). Sobre as famílias, encontrou-se uma significativa ausência de informações; famílias dirigidas por mulheres; pais com idade entre 17 a 39 anos, predominantemente solteiros e separados, com baixa escolaridade, desempregados ou com trabalhos que exigem pouca qualificação e oferecem baixa remuneração. Com relação à reintegração familiar, há um desencontro de \"com quem estava a criança antes do acolhimento\" e \"para quem ela foi após reintegração\", a maioria estava com os pais, sobretudo com as mães, e foi reinserida na família extensa, prevalentemente com as avós. Ademais, foi notória a participação da família materna neste processo. Os acolhimentos foram breves: 76% das crianças permaneceram até 75 dias na instituição, as mais velhas foram reintegradas mais rapidamente, principalmente aquelas que faziam parte dos grupos de irmãos e os bebês (0 a 6 meses) permaneceram acolhidos por um período maior (2,5 meses a 3 anos). Os principais motivos do acolhimento registrados foram: o uso abusivo de álcool e/ou drogas pelos pais (76%), negligência (66%), abandono (34%), falta temporária de condições, moradia e problemas socioeconômicos (30%). Intervenções que visam à reintegração resumem-se, basicamente, a entrevistas com as famílias e visitas domiciliares, realizadas pela equipe técnica das instituições e do judiciário. Notou-se, ainda, a ausência de informações sobre o acompanhamento pós-reintegração. Observou-se a coexistência entre novas leis e velhas práticas: \"cultura de institucionalização\" x acolhimentos - reintegrações breves; (re)inserções na família extensa; presença do PIA e de guias de acolhimento/desacolhimento nos autos e prontuários. Tais resultados revelam a importância de pesquisas que mostrem como o trabalho de reinserção vem sendo feito na prática a fim de embasar as necessárias adequações nas políticas públicas e no trabalho em rede. / Family Reintegration is the legal term used to refer to the process in which children/teenagers have returned to their original family (natural or extended), after a period of institutional or family foster care. Legal documents that regulate reintegration and the literature regarding this subject emphasize the need for investing in the family to facilitate a safe return to a family environment, however, they do not indicate how it should or may occur in practice. Based on the \"Network of Meanings\' perspective, this study investigates the process of family reintegration of 0 to 7 years 6 months old children who have been in residential care in Ribeirão Preto, from September/2008 to September/2010. With this aim, we did a characterization of these children, their families and their institutional trajectory and family reintegration, based on 50 court processes of the Child and Youth Justice Court and their respective records. The data was analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics. Some results are hereby highlighted: the number of participants was 50 children, among which there were 13 groups of siblings, on a total of 36 families. 25 children were girls and 25 were boys; 66% were registered by both their parents; 34% had up to 6 months of age; 62% were Caucasian; 88% have siblings; 86% have other relatives besides the close family; and 14% have experienced previous hosting(s). Regarding the families, a significant lack of information was observed; families headed by women; parents aged 17-39 years old; predominantly unmarried and separated; with low education; unemployed or with jobs that requires few skills and offer low wages. With respect to family reintegration there is a mismatch on \"with whom the child was before hosting\" and \"to whom it was after reintegration\"; the majority was initially with their parents, specially the mothers, and were reinserted in the extended family, prevalently with the grandparents. Furthermore, the maternal family participation in this process was evident. The hosting period were brief: 76% of children stayed in the institution up to 75 days, the oldest children were quickly reintegrated, especially those who belonged to groups of siblings. On the other hand, babies (0-6 months) remained upheld for longer periods (2,5 months to 3 years). The main reasons for the recorded hosting were: the abusive use of alcohol and/or drugs by the parents (76%), negligence (66%), abandonment (34%), temporary lack of financial conditions, housing and socioeconomic issues (30%). Interventions that aimed at reintegration are basically interviews with families and domiciliary visits, conducted by the technical staff of the institutions and the judiciary. It was also noted the absence of information on the follow-up after reintegration. The study pointed to the coexistence of new laws and old practices: \"institutionalization culture\" versus quick reintegrations, but in the extended family; the PIA (plan of work with each child/family) and guidelines for fostering and reintegration begin to appear in the records and files. Those results point to the importance of research showing how the reintegration work has been done in practice in order to support the necessary adjustments in public policy and networking.

This thesis is focused on the psychomotor development of institutionalized children of the early age, with regard to children who were prenatally under mother's abuse of pervitin. The theoretical part summarizes firstly mothers with drug addiction, secondly describes institutionalized care and its effect to children's development. Further there is a contemporary outline of the infant's institutionalized care system in the Czech Republic as well as statistical data about those infants. Last theoretical chapter describes developmental diagnostics methods of the children of early age with its specifics. Two selected diagnostic methods, used in our country, are deeply described here. All mentioned topics are submitted here based on deeply study of Czech, as well as international relevant literature sources. The empirical part of the thesis describes study, which was realized on the ground of particular infant care center. The study measures psychomotor development of infants, who were prenatally under mother's abuse of pervitin. This is compared to psychomotor development of infants, who had no those experiences of any illegal drug substance. There was no significant difference found out between these two groups in any of psychomotor development area. Keywords: Infants, institutionalized care system,...

Tendo como campo de estudo o Brique da Redenção, um dos mais importantes pontos de comercialização de artesanato em Porto Alegre-RS, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral mapear o contexto atual da utilização de identidades visuais por artesãos que ali expõem seus produtos e a possibilidade de inserção do design gráfico junto ao artesanato em ações de comunicação visual. A base teórica aborda o design gráfico vernacular e o institucionalizado, o artesanato, a identidade visual e sua importância para a atividade artesanal. Junto aos artesãos, foram coletados materiais gráficos, nos quais se realizou uma análise dos elementos visuais que representam o nome comercial de seus produtos. Com o intuito de compreender melhor estas identidades visuais, efetuou-se uma análise comparativa com os princípios e normas de composição visual estabelecidas pelo design gráfico institucionalizado. No artesanato, percebeu-se a predominância de linguagem visual vernacular que, para o design gráfico institucionalizado, não é satisfatória de acordo com os padrões tidos como de qualidade. Por meio de entrevistas, buscou-se diagnosticar a percepção que os artesãos têm sobre a comunicação visual de marca, a sua satisfação em relação àquelas que utilizam, bem como investigar se ocorre ou não a participação de profissionais de design gráfico na promoção do artesanato comercializado no Brique da Redenção. Para transcrição, codificação e análise destes dados, os mesmos foram agrupados por temas correspondentes, identificando enunciados em comum e codificando-os. Os resultados apontam uma carência de projetos consistentes de identidades visuais para os artesãos, indicando um rico campo de atuação para o design junto ao artesanato em ações que visem à melhoria da comunicação visual deste segmento. / Having Brique da Redenção as the field of study, which is one of the most important points of handicraft commercialization in Porto Alegre - RS, this study aimed to mapping the current context of the use of visual identities by artisans who exhibit their products there and the possibility of insertion of graphic design along with handicraft in actions of visual communication. The theoretical basis approaches the vernacular and the institutionalized graphic design, the handicrafts, the visual identity and its importance to the handicraft activity. Along with the artisans, graphic materials were collected, in which an analysis of visual elements that represent the commercial name of their products was made. In order to understand better these visual identities, a comparative analysis was done with the principles and rules of visual composition established by the institutionalized graphic design. In the handicraft activity, a dominance of vernacular visual language was perceived, which, for the institutionalized graphic design, it is not satisfactory according to the standards taken as quality. Through interviews, the perception that the artisans have regarding the visual communication of their brand was sought as well as their satisfaction with regard to the ones who use them and investigate if the participation of graphic design professionals occur to promote the crafts commercialized at Brique da Redenção. For transcription, coding and analysis of these data, they were gathered by their correspondent themes, identifying statements in common and coding them. The results point a lack of consistent projects of visual identities for the artisans, indicating a rich field of work for design along with the handicraft in actions which aim the improvement of the visual communication of this segment.

Orientador: Heloisa Gagheggi Ravanini Gardon Gagliardo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favilla_Marcela_M.pdf: 3194858 bytes, checksum: fd183ccd36001c11bd55adc90e043dfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A institucionalização é considerada uma medida de proteção às crianças que se encontram em condição de risco e vulnerabilidade social. No entanto, o afastamento da família e as condições oferecidas pelos abrigos podem interferir no desenvolvimento físico e emocional saudável. Durante a primeira infância ocorre um intenso desenvolvimento de habilidades e aquisição de conhecimentos essenciais para os avanços desenvolvimentais. Considerando que nesse período, há significativa interação entre as características biológicas e as experiências ambientais, que intervirão no desenvolvimento da criança, este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o perfil de crianças institucionalizadas e o seu desenvolvimento. Para atender esse propósito, definiu-se como objetivos específicos: caracterizar as crianças; caracterizar o contexto institucional; e avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças de 2 a 24 meses de idade. Delineou-se como estudo seccional e descritivo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa constituíram dois grupos: a) três coordenadores institucionais; b) 16 crianças na faixa etária entre 2 e 24 meses, de ambos os sexos, nascidas a termo ou pré-termo, e que estavam institucionalizadas em abrigos há mais de dois meses. Aos coordenadores institucionais foram aplicados dois questionários, elaborados especificamente para o estudo. O primeiro levantou dados referentes às características institucionais e o segundo sobre as características pessoais das crianças, complementado por consulta aos prontuários institucionais. Para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil foi utilizado o roteiro da "Vigilância do desenvolvimento da criança de 2 meses a 2 anos de idade", proposto pelo Manual para Vigilância do Desenvolvimento Infantil no Contexto da Atenção Integrada das Doenças Prevalentes na Infância (AIDPI). Os dados levantados foram registrados em planilhas do programa Microsoft Excel, cujos resultados foram apresentados em tabelas e quadros. Os resultados mostraram que em relação às características pessoais das 16 crianças participantes, a média de idade foi de 10,38 meses, 62,5% era do sexo feminino e 68,8% era da cor branca. Muitas crianças apresentaram problemas de saúde ao nascer e no momento da coleta de dados. O principal motivo de institucionalização foi a violência doméstica (negligência) e grande parte das crianças estava institucionalizada desde o primeiro mês de vida. A maioria das crianças com problemas de saúde ao nascer eram filhas de mães usuárias de substância psicoativa durante a gestação ou prematuras. Verificou-se que todos os três abrigos eram compostos por uma equipe técnica multiprofissional e ofereciam atividades lúdicas de caráter pedagógico. O resultado da avaliação infantil apontou que 50% das crianças participantes apresentou possível atraso no desenvolvimento, sendo a linguagem a área com maior defasagem. Alerta para as crianças maiores de 12 meses, que foram as que apresentaram pior desempenho. Ao considerar o histórico pregresso e o contexto da criança institucionalizada, destaca-se a importância da qualidade do cuidado, a fim de minimizar os fatores de risco oferecidos pelo ambiente e contribuir para a promoção do seu desenvolvimento / Abstract: Institutionalization is considered a measure of protection to children who are in a vulnerable condition, however, the separation from family and the shelter¿s conditions may interfere with a child¿s healthy development. During infancy there is intense skill development and knowledge acquisition essential to developmental advances. During this period there is a significant interaction between biological characteristics and environmental experiences that impacts child development. This study aims to describe the institutionalized children profile and their development. In order to elaborate on this topic, specific objectives were established, such as: to characterize children; to characterize the institutional context; and to evaluate the child¿s development between ages 2 and 24 months old. It is outlined as a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The study consists of individuals in two groups: a) three institutional directors, and b) 16 institutionalized children aged between 2 and 24 months old. The first lifted data is from institutional characteristics and the second about the children¿s characteristics, complemented by checking their institutional files. The script of "Child Development Vigilance from 2 Months to 2 Years Old", proposed by the Manual for Child Development Vigilance in the Context of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses was used to evaluate the children¿s development. The data collected was registered in Microsoft Excel, whose results were presented in tables and charts. The results showed that in relation to the personal characteristics of the 16 participating children, the average age was 10.38 months, 62.5% were female and 68.8% were caucasian. Many children had health problems at birth and at the time of data collection. The main reason for institutionalization was domestic violence (negligence) and most of the children were institutionalized since the first month of life. Most children with health problems at birth were children of psychoactive substance users during pregnancy or were premature. It was found that all the shelters were composed of a multidisciplinary technical team and offered ludic activities with pedagogical characteristics. The result of evaluation indicated that 50% of the participating children had possible developmental delay, with language being the area with greatest lag. Greatest risk was shown in children older than 12 months, who exhibited the worst performance. Considering the past history and the context of institutionalized child, this study highlights the importance of quality of care in order to minimize the risk factors provided by the environment and contribute to the promotion of development / Mestrado / Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação / Mestra em Saúde, Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / The field, institutional care and transitioning out of care, has been well-researched in different countries around the world. Recent research has begun to look more closely on how some post-institutionalized individuals overcome these challenges associated with institutional care and be able to adapt and integrate well in society. In other words, how post-institutionalized adults build their resilience.

Introducción: Los adultos mayores institucionalizados (AMI), constituyen una población vulnerable porque pierden autonomía al adaptarse a un nuevo ambiente lo cual predispone la aparición de síntomas depresivos y dependencia funcional. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y funcionalidad en esta población. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con la aplicación de instrumentos estandarizados para evaluar síntomas depresivos (Escala de depresión geriátrica de Yesavage) y dependencia funcional para actividades básicas de la vida diaria (Índice de Barthel) y la extracción de datos de historias clínicas en un Centro Geronto-Geriátrico en Lima- Perú durante Febrero- Abril del 2013. Resultados: 153 AMI fueron enrolados con una media de 80,8 ±7,3 años a predominio masculino, solteros, y de bajo nivel educativo. El 47,1% tenía algún grado dependencia funcional y el 62,1% algún síntoma depresivo. El coeficiente de Spearman entre los puntajes de Yesavage y Barthel mostró con una correlación negativa no significativa (-0,14, p=0,08). En el análisis de regresión lineal multivariado las covariables educación secundaria (p<0,01), hipertensión arterial (p<0,01), y dependencia funcional escasa (p=0,01) estuvieron asociadas a un mayor puntaje de sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones: Existe asociación significativa entre los síntomas depresivos y dependencia funcional. Por ello, la identificación precoz de la dependencia funcional escasa en los AMI debe ser considerada como un indicador evitar la aparición de síntomas depresivos. / Introduction: Institutionalized Elderly (IE) constitute a vulnerable population because they lose their autonomy to adapt to a new environment which predisposes the onset of depressive symptoms and functional dependency. The aim of the study is determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and functional dependency in public old age homes. Materials and Methods: Analytical cross- sectional study using standardized scales to evaluate depressive symptoms (Yesavague’s Geriatric Depression Scale) and functional dependency on activities of daily living (Barthel Scale) and extracting data manually from medical records in a Gerontological- Geriatric Center in Lima Peru from February to April, 2013. Results: 153 IE were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 80.8, +/- 7.3 years. They were predominantly men, single and with low educational level, 47.1% had some degree of functional dependency and 62.09% some symptom of depression. The Spearman coefficient between Yesavage and Barthel illustrated non-significant negative correlation (-0.14, p=0.08). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, the covariates secondary education (<0.01), arterial hypertension (p<0.01) and functional dependency (p=0.01) were associated with a higher score of depressive symptoms. Conclusions: There is a significant association between depressive symptoms and functional dependency. Thus, the early identification of low functional dependency in IE should be considered as an early indicator to avoid depressive symptoms. / Tesis

Introduction: Since the 1980s and onwards, entrepreneurship and start-ups have exploded. In comparison to more established companies, firms that are defined as start- ups wanting to scale-up are coined by different sorts of vulnerabilities. These can be found in their lack of resources regarding both financial and human capital. Previous research has shown that a greater focus on the work with internal structure and routines, as well as organizational behavior (OB) can make it easier for a company to take on greater challenges and organizational complexity and at the same time be able to grow. Aim: This study aims to get a better understanding of how start-ups strive to scale up and achieve growth by working with institutionalized practices. Method: The study represents a qualitative study where empirical data is gathered from interviews that have been conducted with five managers from three different start-up companies. Results: Though all the companies fall into the same category as start-up business, there are still some clear factors that set them apart from each other. Companies 1 and 3 can be viewed as larger start-ups, while company 2 is comparatively smaller. The companies have similar goals, maximizing profit and steadily trying to grow. Both companies 1 and 3 have adopted a more hierarchical structure to better manage the growing organization, while company 2 has remained a flat organization in order not to stifle the creative flow they feel is supported by this type of organization model. Representatives from company 2 do however express concerns with accountability and the emergence of informal structures related to a lack of oversight and control. Conclusion: The results indicate that a start-up aiming to scale up will go through several phases of creating order. Therefore, with the absence of the institutionalized practices a company will be set up for failure. Working with communication on every organizational level thus becomes important where the manager has a responsibility of putting the employee in focus.

The purpose of this study is that the stories provide insight into and understanding of institutionalized girls experiences and views on their schooling, and from their stories also explore how schools can create opportunities for students who challenge. An overriding purpose is also that the girls’ life stories in the long run lead to a school developing work. To provide a better understanding of the girls, qualitative methods with a narrative approach have been used. In the theory chapter I have used, inter alia, George H. Mead and Aaron Antonovsky's theories; Mead's theories to illuminate and understand the interactions between people and their understanding of each other, while Antonovsky's theory highlights the importance of creating meaningfulness, manageability and comprehensibility to people in vulnerable situations. The results show that by taking in the girls' valuable experiences and wise thoughts, we can affect their schooling positively instead of continuing as we do today, which obviously is not working but rather contributes to that the girls get low self esteem, do not feel accepted and are forced out of society. One conclusion is that if we and today's politicians listen to the girls' stories, we can together through our professionalism create a meaningful existence in school, a school where girls do not have to be expelled and end up with antisocial friends, leading to abuse or criminal behavior as a result.