The performance of different types of nebulisers: Vulkan direct injection nebuliser (Vulkan DIN), direct injection high efficiency nebuliser (DIHEN), microconcentric nebuliser coupled to cyclonic or double pass spray chamber (MCN-C or MCN-DP, respectively) was investigated and compared when used for sample introduction to ICP-MS or ICP-OES. With ICP-OES, in axial viewing mode, intensity distributions across the radius of the plasma (radial intensity profiles) were determined for different spectral lines with Esum 1.85-15.41 eV to determine fundamental plasma properties for various matrices using Vulkan DIN and MCN-C. The results showed that with the MCN-C the ionisation temperature (Tion) was about the same across the measured region of the plasma (±3.0 mm) whereas with the Vulkan DIN the Tion was significantly lower in the centre of the plasma. A large deviation from local thermodynamic equilibrium, as well as deteriorated stability, was observed for the plasma when using the Vulkan DIN. With ICP-MS noise power spectra (NPS) were generated to identify sources of noise. NPS showed that the magnitude of white noise for the tested sample introduction systems decreased in the following order: Vulkan DIN > DIHEN > MCN-C > MCN-DP. This order follows the decrease of mean droplet size and span of the size distribution, indicating that the white noise is caused by spatial and temporal non-uniform desolvation and ionisation. Another source of noise arose from the peristaltic pump and the magnitude of pump interference noise decreased in the following order: DIHEN > MCN-C/DP > Vulkan DIN. Mains power interference noise and 1/f noise were lower for the direct injection nebulisers compared to the spray chamber systems. The contribution or effects of these noise components on relative standard deviations of steady-state ion-count rate and isotope ratio measurements is discussed in this thesis. Aerosols generated by the Vulkan DIN and the DIHEN were also directly characterised using Particle Dynamic Analysis. The Vulkan DIN produced particles with a mean diameter of ~30 µm and a size distribution between 2-80 µm. With the DIHEN the corresponding values were ~11 µm and 1-40 µm, respectively, with a few particles at 55-78 µm. The mean velocity of particles from the Vulkan DIN was ~10 m s-1 and from the DIHEN ~18 m s-1. The lower velocity allows longer residence time counteracting the effects of the larger droplet size.

The C2X Communication is of high interest to the automotive industry. Ongoing research on this topic mainly bases on the simulation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In order to estimate the necessary level of simulation details their impact on the results needs to be examined. This thesis focuses on different channel models as the freespace, shadowing, and Ricean model, along with varying parameters. For these simulations the network simulator ns-2 is extended to provide IEEE 802.11p compliance. However, the WAVE mode is not considered since it is still under development and not finally approved. Besides a more sophisticated packet error model than the existing implementation, as well as a link adaptation algorithm, is added. In this thesis several simulations examine specific details of wireless communication systems such as fairness of multiple access, interferences, throughput, and variability. Furthermore, the simulation points out some unexpected phenomena as starving nodes and saturation effects in multi hop networks. Those led to the conclusion that the IEEE 802.11 draft amendment does not solve known problems of the original IEEE 802.11 standard.

Aujourd'hui CEM normative sur RSIL ne permet pas de garantir le bon fonctionnement de façon systématique. La sûreté est assurée au moyen de marges CEM, souvent excessives. Le système est donc sous optimal Par ailleurs, le fonctionnement des convertisseurs sur RSIL n'est pas forcément représentatif du fonctionnement réel: le RSIL n'est pas forcément représentatif des impédances des réseaux embarqués. De ce fait, le filtrage d'un convertisseur peut être optimisé sur RSIL mais n'est plus forcément optimal dès qu'on est sur un réseau réel. L'objectif de cette thèse est de progresser dans la modélisation CEM des réseaux embarqués, en vue de pouvoir prédire le comportement, et d'optimiser les moyens de filtrage. / Today normative LISN EMC does not guarantee the proper functioning systematically. Safety is ensured by EMC margins often excessive. The system is therefore suboptimal Furthermore, the operation of the converters on the AN is not necessarily representative of the actual operation : the AN is not necessarily representative of the impedances of embedded networks . Thus , filtering of a converter can be optimized but on the AN is not necessarily optimal since it is a real network . The objective of this thesis is to advance the EMC modeling of embedded systems in order to predict behavior, and optimize the filter means.

The symplectic formalism applied to the phase-space representation of bosonic quantum systems provides us with a powerful mathematical tool for the characterisation of Gaussian states and transformations. As a consequence, quantum information protocols involving the latter are very well understood from a theoretical point of view. Nevertheless, it has become clear in recent years that the use of non-Gaussian resources is necessary in order to perform various crucial information-processing tasks. An illustration of this fact can for instance be found in situations where a Gaussian no-go theorem precludes the use of Gaussian transformations in order to achieve a task involving Gaussian states, such as quantum entanglement distillation, quantum error correction, or universal quantum computation. In the first part of this thesis, we develop a new method based on the generating function of a sequence, which gives rise to an elegant description of intrinsically non-Gaussian objects. Building on the generating function of the matrix elements of Gaussian unitaries in Fock basis, our approach gives access to the multi-photon transition probabilities via unexpectedly simple recurrence equations. The method is developed for Gaussian unitaries effecting both passive and active linear coupling between two bosonic modes. It predicts an interferometric suppression term which generalises the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect for more than two indistinguishable photons impinging on a balanced beam splitter. Furthermore, it exhibits an unsuspected 2-photon suppression effect in optical parametric amplification of gain 2, which originates from the indistinguishability between the input and output photon pairs. Finally, we extend our method to Bogoliubov transformations acting on an arbitrary number of modes. In the second part of this thesis, we introduce a class of Gaussian-dilatable bosonic quantum channels (characterised by a Gaussian unitary in their Stinespring dilation) called passive-environment channels. These channels are interesting from a quantum thermodynamical viewpoint because they correspond to the coupling of a bosonic system with a bosonic environment that is passive in the Fock-basis (that is, no energy can be extracted from it by using unitary transformations) followed by discarding the environment. Making use of the generating function, we provide a description of these channels in terms of Gaussian bosonic channels. We then introduce a new preorder relation called Fock-majorization, which coincides with regular majorization for passive states but also induces another relation in terms of mean boson number, thereby connecting the concepts of energy and disorder of a quantum state. We prove various properties of Fock-majorization, showing in particular that the latter can be interpreted as a relation indicating the existence of a heating or amplifying map between two quantum states. This new preorder relation happens to be relevant in the context of passive-environment bosonic channels. Indeed, we show that these channels are Fock-majorization-preserving, so that any two input states that obey a Fock-majorization relation are transformed into output states respecting a similar relation. As a consequence, it also implies that passive-environment channels are majorization-preserving over the set of passive states of the harmonic oscillator. The consequences of majorization preservation are discussed in the context of the so-called entropy photon-number inequality. Most of our results being independent of the specific nature of the system under investigation, they could be generalised to other quantum systems and Hamiltonians, providing new tools that may prove useful in quantum information theory. In the last part of our thesis, we lay out a resource theory of local activity for bosonic systems. We introduce a notion of local-activity distance, and compare it with the work that can be extracted from a quantum state under local unitaries assisted by passive global unitaries. With this framework, we hope to connect the area of continuous-variable bosonic channels together with quantum thermodynamics. / Le formalisme symplectique appliqué à la représentation des systèmes bosoniques dans l'espace des phases donne accès à un outil mathématique puissant pour la caractérisation des états gau-ssiens et transformations gaussiennes. Les protocoles d'information quantique impliquant ces derniers sont d'ailleurs très bien compris d'un point de vue théorique. Toutefois, il s'est avéré clair durant ces dernières années que l'utilisation de ressources non-gaussiennes est nécessaire afin d'effectuer des tâches cruciales de traitement de l'information. En effet, certaines tâches — telles que la distillation d’intrication quantique, le codage quantique ou encore le calcul quantique — impliquant des états gaussiens ne peuvent être effectuées avec des transformations gaussiennes. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous développons une nouvelle méthode basée sur la fonction génératrice d'une suite qui donne lieu à une description élégante d'objets intrinsèquement non-gaussiens. Se basant sur la fonction génératrice des éléments de matrice d'unitaires gaussiens dans la base de Fock, notre approche donne accès aux probabilités de transition multi-photon via des équations de récurrence étonnamment simples. La méthode est développée pour des unitaires gaussiens produisant des couplages linéaires passifs et actifs entres deux modes bosoniques. Elle prédit un terme d'interférence destructive qui généralise l'effet Hong-Ou-Mandel pour plus de deux photons indistinguables pénétrant dans un diviseur de faisceau équilibré. De plus, elle met en évidence un effet inattendu de suppression de deux photons dans un amplificateur paramétrique optique de gain 2. Cette suppression résulte de l’indistinguabilité entre les paires de photons d’entrée et de sortie. Finalement, nous étendons notre méthode à des transformations de Bogoliubov agissant sur un nombre de modes arbitraire. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous introduisons une classe de canaux quantiques bosoniques gaussiens-dilatables (caractérisés par un unitaire gaussien dans leur ``Stinespring dilation") appelés canaux à environnement passif. Ces canaux sont intéressants du point de vue de la thermodynamique quantique puisqu’ils correspondent au couplage d’un système bosonique avec un environnement bosonique qui est passif dans la base de Fock (en d’autres termes, il est impossible d’en extraire de l’énergie avec des transformations unitaires), suivi du rejet de l’environnement. Grâce à la fonction génératrice, nous fournissons une description de ces transformations en termes de canaux quantiques bosoniques gaussiens limités par le bruit du vide. Nous introduisons ensuite une nouvelle relation de pré-ordre appelé ``majorization" de Fock, qui coïncide avec la ``majorization" usuelle pour les états passifs mais induit une autre relation en terme du nombre moyen de bosons, connectant ainsi les concepts d’énergie et de désordre d’un état quantique. Dans ce contexte, nous prouvons des propriétés variées de la ``majorization" de Fock et montrons en particulier que cette dernière peut être interprétée comme une relation indiquant l’existence d’une transformation d’amplification entre deux états quantiques. Cette nouvelle relation de pré-ordre s’avère appropriée dans le contexte des canaux bosonique à environnement passif. En effet, nous montrons que ces canaux conservent la ``majorization" de Fock, de sorte que n’importe quels deux états d’entrée obéissant une relation de ``majorization" de Fock sont transformés en états de sortie vérifiant une relation similaire. En particulier, cela implique que les canaux à environnement passif préservent la ``majorization" pour l'ensemble des états passifs de l’oscillateur harmonique. Les conséquences de la préservation de la ``majorization" sont examinées dans le contexte de la ``entropy photon-number inequality". Étant indépendants de la nature spécifique du système étudié, la plupart de nos résultats peuvent être généralisés à d’autres systèmes et hamiltoniens quantiques, donnant lieu à de nouveaux outils qui pourraient s’avérer utiles en théorie de l’information quantique. Dans la dernière partie de notre thèse, nous mettons en place une théorie de l’activité locale pour les système bosoniques. Nous introduisons une notion de distance en terme d'activité locale et la comparons avec le travail qui peut être extrait d'un état quantique avec des unitaires locaux assistés par des unitaires globaux passifs. Le but à long terme est de se baser sur cette théorie afin de connecter les domaines des canaux bosoniques à variables continues et de la thermodynamique quantique. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5295.pdf: 1433477 bytes, checksum: 3b6ce879c42cc230da03d945fedcfc38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The analytical capability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICPMSs) and their wide use in different fields of science are well known. However some drawbacks, such as the occurrence of isobaric and polyatomic interferences and ionic suppression effects are commonly related to this method, mainly for ICP-MSs with quadrupole analyzers (ICP-QMS). Consequently, some elements as Cr and V are negatively affected due to polyatomic interferences caused by Ar, C, Cl, N, O and S species. Along the development of this method, different strategies were proposed such as dynamic reaction cell technologies (DRC) and collision-reaction interface (CRI) in order to correct for these effects. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the application of CRI and DRC interfaces for polyatomic interferences correction affecting Cr and V determination. Solutions containing from 1000 up to 10000 mg L-1 of C, Cl, N and S were employed in order to evaluate polyatomic formation and correction of their effects with both devices. Helium and H2 were used as collision reaction gases through the skimmer cone in the ICP-QMS-CRI whereas NH3 was introduced into the DRC-ICP-QMS. These solutions contained 5 Sg L-1 of Cr and V. The figures of merit evaluated were: limits of detection (LOD, ng L-1), background equivalent concentration (BEC, ng L-1) and signal-to-background ratio (SBR) for instrument optimization and sample preparation based on microwave-assisted digestion (MAD), microwave induced combustion (MIC) and sample dilution with internal standardization for different samples were investigated. It was observed that the collision and reaction devices employed led to improvements of SBR, BEC and LOD values for Cr and V from 5 to 100-fold when compared with measurements without using either CRI or DRC. However, signal intensities for Cr and V with both devices decreased when compared with signal intensities obtained with pure analytical solutions. Losses of signal intensities were more critical in ICP-QMS-CRI, independently on the gas (20 mL min-1 He or H2), than in DRC-ICP-QMS (0.5 mL min-1 NH3). Consequently, better LOD and BEC values were achieved for DRC than CRI for Cr and V determinations in crude oil samples from three different sources and lubricant oil. Finally, it could be pointed out that both systems presented advantages and disadvantages that will depend on the analytical task but spectral interferences caused by concomitants could be solved using both devices. / A capacidade analítica do espectrômetro de massa com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS) e sua ampla utilização em diferentes setores científicotecnológicos é bem conhecida. No entanto alguns inconvenientes, tais como a ocorrência de interferências isobáricas e poliatômicas e efeitos de supressão iônica são comumente relacionados com esse método, principalmente para o ICP-MS com analisador quadrupolar (ICP-QMS). Consequentemente, alguns elementos como Cr e V são negativamente afetados devido a interferências causadas por espécies poliatômicas contendo Ar, C, Cl, N, O e S. Ao longo do desenvolvimento deste equipamento, diferentes dispositivos e estratégias foram propostos para minimização dessas interferências. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o desempenho analítico da interface de colisão-reação (CRI) e da cela dinâmica de reação (DRC) para a correção de interferências poliatômicas para Cr e V e determinação desses analitos em diferentes amostras. Essas soluções continham 5 Sg L-1 de Cr e V. Soluções contendo de 1000 a 10000 mg L-1 de C, Cl, N e S foram empregadas visando avaliar a formação de espécies poliatômicas e correção de seus efeitos usando CRI e DRC. Hélio e H2 foram utilizados como gases colisional e reacional, respectivamente, através do cone skimmer no ICP-QMS-CRI. O emprego do gás NH3 foi avaliado para DRC-ICP-QMS. Concentração equivalente ao sinal de fundo (BEC, ng L-1), limites de detecção (LOD, ng L-1) e a razão sinal analítico / sinal de fundo (SBR) foram empregados para avaliação do desempenho analítico dos diferentes procedimentos de preparo de amostras (digestão assistida por microondas MAD, combustão induzida por micro-ondas MIC e diluição e calibração externa com padronização interna). Ao empregar os dispositivos de reação-colisão foram observados aperfeiçoamentos dos valores de LOD de 5 e 100 vezes para Cr e V, respectivamente, quando comparada com as medições sem o emprego da DRC ou CRI. No entanto, as intensidades de sinal para Cr e V foram reduzidas para ambos dispositivos quando comparadas com as intensidades de sinal obtidas com soluções analíticas de calibração. As reduções de intensidade de sinal foram mais severas em ICP-QMS-CRI, independentemente do gás (20 mL min-1 He ou H2), do que na DRC-ICP-QMS (0,5 mL min-1 NH3). Consequentemente, melhores valores de LOD e BEC foram obtidos empregando DRC que para CRI na determinação de Cr e V em petróleo e óleo lubrificante. Finalmente, deve-se salientar que ambos os dispositivos e configurações de ICP-MS apresentam vantagens e limitações que dependerão da tarefa analítica, entretanto ambos dispositivos apresentaram capacidade analítica para resolver interferências espectrais.

A utilização de modelos matemáticos em águas subterrâneas permite avaliar formas de gerenciamento desse recurso. Este assunto é de grande utilidade, principalmente diante de uma situação em que se deve decidir sobre a perfuração de novos poços. Assim, os órgãos responsáveis pelo abastecimento público de água necessitam de uma ferramenta para tomada de decisões, quer na perfuração de poços destinados ao abastecimento público, quer na concessão de novos poços particulares, de modo a evitar interferências no sistema já existente. Este trabalho discorre sobre a construção e aplicação de um programa computacional para cálculo de rebaixamentos, permitindo estimar interferências em sistemas de poços. O programa foi construído dentro de EXCEL 7.0, utilizando a linguagem de programação Visual Basic. A ideia da construção de um programa mais amigável ao usuário, tanto em termos de entrada dos dados, quanto em termos de apresentação dos resultados, é justificada, uma vez que os programas existentes geralmente exigem conhecimentos específicos mais avançados na área de matemática computacional (elementos finitos e diferenças finitas). As estimativas de interferências efetuadas pelo programa baseiam-se na avaliação das funções do poço (W) e no cálculo dos rebaixamentos totais pela teoria da superposição de efeitos. São também apresentados os resultados da aplicação do modelo nas simulações de sistemas de poços permitindo avaliar os efeitos do bombeamento no declínio da superfície piezométrica. / The use of mathematical models in groundwater problems allows to estimate several ways of this resource management. This subject is useful, mainly facing a situation where new wells must be drilled. Thus, sectors for public water supply needs a tool to decide about drilling of new public or private wells, in order to avoid significant interferences in the present system. This paper relates a building and an application of a computing program connected with drawdown calculations, allowing to evaluate interferences in well systems. The program was build in EXCEL 7.0, using the Visual Basic programming language. The idea of building a new program, easy to apply, as in values inlet and results display, is justified because present programs usually demands advanced knowledge on computing mathematic area (finite elements and finite differences). The interference calculations performed by the program bases in well functions theory and the evaluation of total drawdowns is done by the theory of superposition. The results of using it at evaluations of well systems are presented, allowing to estimate pumping effects at the piezometric surface drawdown.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-02T19:08:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese José Ferraz.pdf: 2743054 bytes, checksum: 9154337dac4a587934aab71697b77a90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T19:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese José Ferraz.pdf: 2743054 bytes, checksum: 9154337dac4a587934aab71697b77a90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / CNPQ / Neste trabalho, utilizamos as técnicas de controle temporal coerente e de manipulação da fase óptica do campo óptico para investigar e controlar os diferentes caminhos quânticos induzidos em transições de dipolo elétrico envolvendo a absorção de dois fótons no átomo de rubídio. As transições foram excitadas por pares de pulsos de separação temporal variável e analisamos a resposta do meio atômico em função dessa separação. Três situações experimentais são analisadas envolvendo transições com diferentes características. No primeiro experimento, utilizamos luz incoerente de um laser de corante com duração temporal de nanosegundos, mas com tempo de coerência de picosegundos, para excitar a transição de dois fótons, envolvendo níveis altamente excitados, níveis de Rydberg. A resposta do sistema é analisada através de um processo de mistura de quatro ondas, resolvida no tempo, e a seleção dos diferentes caminhos quânticos envolvidos no processo é feita a partir do controle da polarização dos campos do laser incidente. Interferências na freqüência central do laser, interferências "ópticas", e no dobro dessa freqüência, interferências quânticas, são observadas. Nos outros dois estudos, a transição de dois fótons é excitada por pulsos com duração temporal da ordemde 100 fentosegundos. No primeiro caso, investigamos uma transição de dois fótons pura, entre os níveis 5S e 7S do rubídio, onde uma fase externa, dependente da freqüência, é adicionada em um dos pulsos, enquanto o outro tem seu atraso temporal controlado. A fluorescência detectada é uma medida direta da população do estado excitado. Novamente, um sinal interferométrico é observado, cujo controle coerente é efetuado por uma combinação da fase externa e do atraso temporal. O último experimento envolve uma transição seqüencial, cuja ressonância de um fóton leva a efeitos de propagação observados no sinal de interesse. Outro aspecto importante é que a taxa de repetição do laser era maior que as taxas de relaxação dos níveis envolvidos, de forma que efeitos de acumulação na população e na coerência também estão presentes. A resposta do sistema é analisada através do processo de mistura paramétrica de quatro ondas, resolvido no tempo. O sinal interferométrico, com controle de polarização e da freqüência de detecção, permite uma demonstração clara da origem quântica nas interferências "ópticas". / In this work, we use the techniques of temporal coherent control and phase manipulation of the optical field to investigate and control different quantum pathways in the two-photon absorption in rubidium atoms. Three experimental situations are studied involving transitions with different characteristics. In all of them, the medium response is analyzed as a function of the temporal delay between the pulse pairs responsible for the two-photon transition. In the first experiment, we use incoherent light from a dye laser with pulse duration in the nanosecond scale, but with coherence time in the picosecond scale, to excite the two-photon transition, which involves highly excited levels, Rydberg states. The system response is analyzed through a time-resolved four-wave mixing process, and the quantum pathway selection is realized by polarization control of the incident laser fileds. Interferences in the central laser frequency - "optical" interferences - and at twice this frequency - quantum interferences - are observed. In the subsequent two studies, the two-photon transition is excited with 100 fs pulses. In the first case, we investigate a pure two-photon transition, the 5S - 7S rubidium transition, where an external frequency depedent phase is added in one pulse, while the temporal delay of a second pulse is controlled. We observe an interferometric signal, in which coherent control is achieved with external phase and temporal delay combination. The last experiment involves a sequential transition, which has a one-photon resonance that leads to propagation effects observed in the signal. The laser repetition rate is greater than the atomic system relaxation rates, leading to accumulation effects in the population and coherence, which leads to important effects. A time-resolved parametric four-wave mixing is used to investigate the system response. The interferometric signal, with polarization and detection frequency control, allows us to clearly demonstrate the quantum origin of the "optical" interferences.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T20:24:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Investigação das interferências linguísticas e das modalidades tradutórias na tradução para o português brasileiro do conto Thent of December.pdf: 2322908 bytes, checksum: 91bdf45387ed7f94530c6ea05fe59fbf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-30T20:26:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Investigação das interferências linguísticas e das modalidades tradutórias na tradução para o português brasileiro do conto Thent of December.pdf: 2322908 bytes, checksum: 91bdf45387ed7f94530c6ea05fe59fbf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-30T20:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Investigação das interferências linguísticas e das modalidades tradutórias na tradução para o português brasileiro do conto Thent of December.pdf: 2322908 bytes, checksum: 91bdf45387ed7f94530c6ea05fe59fbf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-23 / Sem bolsa / A teoria de Línguas em Contato foi desenvolvida a partir da investigação e da descrição de fenômenos linguísticos resultantes do contato entre idiomas em sujeitos e sociedades bi ou multilíngues. Atualmente, pesquisas relacionadas a tal abordagem abarcam diversos temas, dentre eles, a tradução. No entanto, a relação entre o contato linguístico e a atividade tradutória parece ser pouco investigada no meio acadêmico-científico. Em contrapartida, desde que a Linguística ampliou seu objeto de análise, os estudos tradutórios têm se valido do prisma dos fenômenos linguísticos, para além da investigação literária. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação pretende tecer vínculos entre a área de especialidade da Linguística Aplicada, Línguas em Contato, e o campo multidisciplinar do conhecimento, Estudos da Tradução, ambos pertencentes à grande área de Letras e Linguística. Para tanto, tem por objetivo investigar as interferências linguísticas baseadas nos fenômenos descritos por Weinreich (1970) e as modalidades de tradução propostas por Aubert (1998), contidas na tradução do conto “Tenth of December” (SAUNDERS, 2013) para o português brasileiro, realizada por José Geraldo Couto, com o título “Dez de Dezembro” (SAUNDERS, 2014). A fim de obter a quantificação total dos dados pesquisados, os sintagmas nominais do texto fonte foram selecionados e classificados de acordo com rótulos criados para cada categoria de interferências linguísticas e de modalidades de tradução presentes no texto meta. Subsequentemente, foram salvos em arquivo TXT e anotados no programa Notepad++, em um arquivo de extensão XML, o qual, combinado com a folha de estilos (XSL), permite obter a quantidade total de cada categoria, em números absolutos, em um arquivo HTML. Os resultados encontrados após a investigação do corpus apontam para a prevalência de interferências linguísticas na direção do inglês estadunidense, ou seja, os sintagmas nominais estão mais próximos da língua fonte. Com relação às modalidades de tradução, as opções adotadas indicaram um menor distanciamento do texto traduzido com relação ao texto fonte. No entanto, a pequena diferenciação, em números percentuais, entre as categorias mais próximas da língua fonte e as da língua meta, denota certa aproximação linguística, no corpus analisado, entre o português brasileiro e o inglês estadunidense. Do mesmo modo, a classificação das modalidades mais recorrentes, segundo a escala proposta por Aubert (1998), demonstra certa equivalência entre os textos fonte e meta. A partir das análises quantitativa e qualitativa de cada categoria de interferência linguística e de modalidade de tradução, foi possível tecer paralelismos entre ambas. Essa investigação permitiu relacionar a área de especialidade da Linguística Aplicada, Línguas em Contato, à área multidisciplinar do conhecimento, Estudos da Tradução. / The theory of Languages in Contact was developed from the investigation and from the description of linguistic phenomena that result from the contact between languages in bi or multilingual persons and societies. Currently, research related to this approach includes various themes, among them, translation. However, the relation between linguistic contact and translation seems to be scarcely investigated in academic and scientific fields. On the other hand, since Linguistics amplified its analysis object Translation Studies have been investigated the phenomena from the linguistic point of view in addition to the literary one. Thus, this thesis aims at linking Languages in Contact and Translation Studies, both belonging to the greatest area Linguistics and Literature. In order to do that, it aims at investigating the linguistic interferences based on the phenomena described by Weinreich (1970) and the translation modalities proposed by Aubert (1998) in the translation of the short story “Tenth of December” (SAUNDERS, 2013) to Brazilian Portuguese, done by José Geraldo Couto, “Dez de Dezembro” (SAUNDERS, 2014). In order to achieve the total amount of the investigated data noun phrases of the source text were selected and classified according to the tags created to each category of linguistic interferences and of translation modalities present in the target text. Then, the data were saved on TXT file and annotated within Notepad++ software, on a XML file. Combined with the stylesheet (XSL) the annotation of the text allows to achieve the total amount of each category, in absolute numbers, on a HTML file. Results found after the investigation of the corpus show the prevalence of linguistic interferences in North American English direction, that is, the noun phrases are nearer to the source language. Concerning the translation modalities the options selected indicate little distance between the translated text and the source text. However, the small differentiation in percentage between the categories nearer to the source language and the ones nearer to the target language demonstrates some linguistic proximity, in the analyzed corpus, between Brazilian Portuguese and North American English. Equally, classification of the translation modalities more present in the corpus, according to the scale proposed by Aubert (1998), shows some equivalence between the source text and the target text. Based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of each category of linguistic interference and of translation modality, it was possible to trace parallelisms between both of them. This investigation allows to relate Languages in Contact and Translation Studies.

Le sommeil a un effet sur la mémoire mais également sur l'oubli. Nous avons soumis des rats à des tâches impliquant différents degrés d'oubli. Ces tâches, impliquant mémoire de référence (MR), ou mémoire de travail (MT) avec différents niveaux d'interférences, ont été réalisées dans un même dispositif comportemental. Alors que nous avons observés une augmentation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) lors de la tâche de MR, les performances en MT nécessitant l'oubli sont dépendantes du sommeil lent (SL). Seuls les rats entrainés en MR montrent une augmentation du thêta phasique durant le SP, ainsi que des fuseaux durant le SL. Ces résultats indiquent donc un rôle du SP dans les apprentissages spatiaux à long terme alors que la flexibilité comportementale requise en MT semble dépendante du SL. Il existe de nombreuses évidences suggérant que l'apprentissage résulte de modifications synaptiques, et différentes théories suggèrent des rôles différents du SL et du SP dans ces changements. Nous avons donc ensuite examiné l'évolution de la transmission synaptique dans l'hippocampe (HPC), mais aussi entre l'HPC et le cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm) ainsi que le noyau accumbens (NAc). Alors que le SL accroit la transmission synaptique dans l'HPC, le SP la diminue. Au niveau des efférences de l'HPC, le SL diminue la transmission vers le CPFm alors que les épisodes de SP favorisent la communication vers le NAc. Plutôt que de favoriser globalement des processus communs à l'ensemble du cerveau, nos résultats suggèrent que le SL et le SP permettent de rediriger les flux d'informations entre différents réseaux, et que cet aiguillage de l'information est modulé par les oscillations du sommeil / Numerous studies have now demonstrated that sleep has a beneficial influence on memory but also impact forgetting. We have submitted rats to behavioral tasks involving different levels of forgetting. These tasks, implying reference memory (RM) or working memory (WM) with different level of interferences, were executed in the same behavioral apparatus. Whereas we observed an increase of paradoxical sleep (PS) during the RM training, the WM tasks requiring forgetting are dependent on slow-wave sleep (SWS). Only the RM trained rats exhibited an increase in theta bursts during PS, as well as spindles during SWS. These results thus indicate the role of PS in long-term spatial learning, whereas behavioral flexibility required by WM tasks is dependent on SWS. Numerous pieces of evidence suggest that learning is caused by modifications of synaptic connections, and different theories suggest different roles of the SWS and PS to optimize these changes. We sought to understand the evolution of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal network but also between the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as between the HPC and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). While SWS increases synaptic transmission in the HPC, PS decreases it rapidly. In contrast and regarding hippocampal efferents, SWS reduces transmission to the mPFC while PS enhances transmission to the NAc. In contrast to the hypotheses posing that sleep promotes a global process common to the entire brain; our results suggest that SWS and PS redirect data flows between different networks, and that this switch between different information pathways could be modulated by the various sleep oscillations

La prolifération des électroniques et des émetteurs radiofréquences rend de plus en plus compliqué le processus de conception des systèmes sur le plan CEM. Ce processus doit aboutir à limiter le risque d’interférences ou de défauts au niveau le plus faible notamment dans le contexte des interférences électromagnétiques intentionnelles (IEMI). Ces défauts CEM doivent alors être anticipés lors de la phase de conception. Cependant, du fait de la dispersion des valeurs prises par certains paramètres du système, la modélisation déterministe éprouve quelques difficultés à identifier le risque encouru. La mauvaise connaissance de l’effet des incertitudes associées au système, aboutit alors à prendre des marges de conception considérables conduisant à des surcoûts de fabrication. Pour cette raison, il est devenu important de prendre en compte l’impact des incertitudes des différents paramètres constitutifs d’un système (en phase de conception). Ces paramètres sont essentiellement géométriques (e.g. position de câblages) ou électromagnétiques (e.g. caractéristiques intrinsèques de matériaux). Ils influent par nature sur les performances CEM de ce système. Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’analyse de la propagation des incertitudes relatives à ces paramètres sur des sorties de modèles de CEM. Le but visé, consiste à quantifier sous une forme probabiliste, le risque de défaut d’un système contenant de nombreux paramètres incertains. Ce type d’étude statistique devrait également permettre, via des analyses de sensibilité, des stratégies de conception de systèmes « fiables » ou à moindres coûts. Dans le contexte des applications visées, les approches dites « fiabilistes » et la méthode dite de « stratification contrôlée », ont été identifiées comme intéressantes, du point de vue de l’analyse d’événements extrêmes. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes consacrés à la transposition des méthodes fiabilistes dans un contexte CEM. Ces techniques permettent de quantifier la probabilité de défaillance d’un système, définie comme le dépassement d’un seuil de risque, et renseignent, via une analyse de sensibilité locale, sur les paramètres clés à ajuster. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la méthode de stratification contrôlée, non appliquée à ce jour à notre connaissance en CEM. L’objectif de cette approche consiste à estimer un quantile extrême de la réponse d’intérêt d’un modèle rigoureux, via l’utilisation d’un modèle simple beaucoup moins coûteux en termes de temps de calcul. Ce processus permet d’accélérer l’obtention d’observations extrêmes, nécessaires à l’estimation du quantile recherché. Les deux techniques ont été mises en oeuvre sur un problème complexe dans un contexte IEMI, pour estimer la probabilité d’occurrence d’événements d’interférences extrêmes. Elles ont permis de dégager des tendances similaires, quant à l’importance de certains paramètres d’entrée incertains sur les événements rares. Les deux méthodes, bien appliquées, pourraient constituer un apport considérable en matière de conception CEM. / The proliferation of electronic and radio frequency transmitters makes more complicated the system design process on the EMC point of view. This process should lead to limit the risk of interferences or defects to lowest level particularly in the context of intentional electromagnetic interferences (IEMI). Therefore, these EMC defects have to be anticipated during the design stage. However, due to the dispersion of the values taken by some parameters of the system, the deterministic modeling presents some difficulties to identify the involved risk. The poor knowledge of the uncertainties effect associated with the system, leads then to take important design margins at the price of additional costs of manufacturing. For this reason, it has become important to take into account the impact of uncertainties of the various constituent parameters of a system (at the design stage). These parameters are essentially geometric (e.g. position of wirings) or electromagnetic (e.g. intrinsic characteristics of materials) ones. They influence by nature the EMC performance of this system. This thesis work deals with the analysis of the propagation of uncertainties of these parameters on EMC model outputs. It aims at quantifying in a probabilistic form, the default risk of a system containing numerous uncertain parameters. This type of statistical analysis should also allow through sensitivity analyses, design strategies of “reliable” systems or at lower cost. In the context of targeted applications, the so-called “reliability approaches” and the “controlled stratification” method have been identified as interesting from the point of view of the analysis of extreme events. Firstly, we are dedicated to the transposition of reliability methods in an EMC context. These techniques are used to quantify the probability of failure of a system, defined as the probability of exceeding a threshold of risk. They inform through a local sensitivity analysis, on the key parameters to adjust. Secondly, we have focused our work on the controlled stratification method, not yet applied in EMC as far as we know. The objective of this approach is to estimate an extreme quantile of the interest response of a rigorous model, using of a much cheaper simple model in terms of computation time. This process allows to speed up the identification of extreme observations required for the estimation of the researched quantile. Both techniques have been applied on a complex problem in an IEMI context, to estimate the probability of occurrence of extreme interference events. They have revealed similar trends as regards to the importance of some uncertain input parameters on rare events. Both methods, properly applied, could provide a significant contribution in terms of EMC design strategy.