Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-09T12:19:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2848573 bytes, checksum: a8d73f28084c8b910a848af7c2cdb232 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-09T12:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2848573 bytes, checksum: a8d73f28084c8b910a848af7c2cdb232 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the role of the contact maintained via internet with Blacks and Northeasterners in the relationship between prejudice and discrimination against these groups. To achieve the proposed objective, five studies were carried out. In the first three, the instruments that would later be used were developed, and the similarities and differences between regional and racial bias were established. In the last two studies, the aim was to investigate the role of types of contact (maintained on the Internet, in-person, and extended) in the perception of bias against groups of Blacks and Northeasterners, as well as their roles in mediating the relationship between prejudice and discrimination. To carry out study 1, a list of adjectives was used where participants chose the most representative features of the groups of Blacks and Northeasterners. The results of study 1 indicated a strong similarity in assigning adjectives to the group of Northeasterners and Blacks. This process of stereotyping was similar to that found in surveys conducted ten years earlier with groups of Blacks, which demonstrates a constancy of the content of these stereotypes. Study 2 contained the list of adjectives used in Study 1, as well as measures of prejudice and identification with the group of Blacks and Northeasterners. The main result was the evidence of the existence of a process of essentialization in the categorization of Northeasterners, similar to what happens with the group of Blacks. In this sense, the Northeasterners were not evaluated in terms of the characteristics of their region, but by stereotypes referencing natural and biological characteristics, thus approaching the existing explanations for racial prejudice. To conduct study 3, a scenario was developed where an alleged unfair selection occurred during the hiring process for a position as salesman in a store. The context of injustice varied over two conditions. In the first, a black person competing with a white person for the position, the latter was hired, even though both had the same qualifications. In the second condition, the story was the same, with a northeasterner competing with a southern candidate for the position as salesman, and the latter was hired. It was up to the participants to judge the selection as fair or unfair, and then explain their answers. The results showed a similarity in the discursive repertoires for both conditions: the Black individual and the Northeasterner, which corroborates the results of studies 1 and 2. To carry out studies 4 and 5, measures of contact were used, which were categorized in three ways: contact maintained via Internet (number of friends that participants had exclusively in the virtual environment); personal contact (number of friends that participants had in their everyday relationships); and extended contact (number of friends and relatives that respondents possessed and which were related to the group of Blacks and Northeasterners). The results of study 4 presented contact maintained on the internet with Blacks and Northeasterners as a better predictor of perceived discrimination committed against these groups. The result of study 5 indicated that the internet contact maintained with Blacks and Northeasterners mediated the relationship between prejudice and discrimination, such that the more contact maintained with Blacks and Northeasterners on the internet, the lower were the rates of discrimination against these groups. Taken together, the results indicate that contact via internet with Blacks and Northeasterners may have a positive effect in building a more positive image of these groups. / Esta tese teve por objetivo principal investigar o papel do contato mantido na internet com os negros e nordestinos na relação entre o preconceito e à discriminação contra esses grupos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foram realizados cinco estudos. Nos três primeiros foram desenvolvidos os instrumentos que seriam utilizados posteriormente, bem como foram estabelecidas as similaridades e diferenças entre o preconceito racial e regional. Nos dois últimos estudos, buscou-se investigar o papel dos tipos de contato (mantido na internet, presencial e estendido) na percepção do preconceito contra os grupos dos negros e dos nordestinos, além de suas funções mediadoras na relação entre o preconceito e a discriminação. Para a realização do estudo 1 foi utilizada uma lista de adjetivos por meio da qual os participantes escolhiam as características mais representativas dos grupos dos negros e nordestinos. Os resultados do estudo 1 apontaram para uma forte similaridade na atribuição de adjetivos para o grupo dos nordestinos e negros. Esse processo de estereotipia foi similar ao encontrado em pesquisas realizadas dez anos antes com grupos de negros, o que demonstra uma constância do conteúdo destes estereótipos. O estudo 2 conteve a lista de adjetivos utilizada no estudo 1, além de medidas de preconceito e de identificação com o grupo dos negros e nordestinos. Como principal resultado foi evidenciada a existência de um processo de essencialização na categorização dos nordestinos, similar ao que ocorre com o grupo dos negros. Nesse sentido, os nordestinos não foram avaliados em termos das características de sua região, mas por estereótipos que remetiam a características naturais e biológicas, se aproximando assim das explicações existentes para justificar o preconceito racial. Para realização do estudo 3 foi desenvolvido um cenário onde ocorria uma suposta seleção injusta durante o processo de contratação para um cargo de vendedor em uma loja. O contexto de injustiça variou em duas condições, no primeiro um personagem de cor negra concorria à vaga com um personagem de cor branca, sendo que este último era contratado, mesmo ambos tendo as mesmas qualificações. Na segunda condição, a história era a mesma, sendo um personagem nordestino concorrendo com um candidato sulista pela vaga de vendedor, e este último foi o contratado. Cabia ao participante julgar a seleção como justa ou injusta e posteriormente explicar sua resposta. O resultado demonstrou uma similaridade nos repertórios discursivos tanto para a condição do personagem negro, quanto para a condição do personagem nordestino, o que corroborou os resultados dos estudos 1 e 2. Para realização dos estudos 4 e 5, foram utilizadas medidas de contato categorizadas de três formas: contato mantido na internet (número de amigos que os participantes possuíam exclusivamente no meio virtual); contato presencial (número de amigos que os participantes possuíam nas suas relações cotidianas); e contato estendido (número de amigos e parentes que os respondentes possuíam e que se relacionavam com o grupo dos negros e nordestinos). Os resultados do estudo 4 apresentaram o contato mantido na internet com os negros e nordestinos como melhor preditor da percepção da discriminação cometida contra esses grupos. O resultado do estudo 5 indicou que o contato mantido na internet com negros e nordestinos mediava a relação entre preconceito e discriminação, de forma que quanto maior o contato mantido com negros e nordestinos na internet, menores eram os índices de discriminação contra esses grupos. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados apontam que o contato via internet com negros e nordestinos pode ter um efeito positivo na construção de uma imagem mais positiva desses grupos.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine how liberalization and the introduction of pro-poor policies can be successful in post-conflict countries using the Rwanda coffee market as a case study. My research supports the notion that economic development, political stability and peace can be a result of liberalization when policies that are pro-poor and focus on the largest sector of the population are created. The study examines why and how Rwanda chose to liberalize their economy in the way they did by focusing on the intentions of the actors and the effects their actions have had on the coffee market and country as a whole. The findings suggest that Rwanda’s coffee market liberalization has been successful and has contributed to stability and economic development in Rwanda. The conclusion indicates that pro-poor liberalization policies with the assistance from a variety of actors and institutions can lead developing countries on the path to development in ways the international community has not seen before.

No description available.

No description available.

Auditing literature recently identified what has been termed a "social mismatch" between novice auditors and older, more experienced, more knowledgeable client contacts (Bennett and Hatfield 2013). This phenomenon occurs when novice auditors avoid face-to-face interactions with clients and can adversely affect the audit process. In light of the importance of novice auditor-client interactions, I conduct an experiment to identify potential mechanisms to mitigate the social mismatch phenomenon. Specifically, accounting students proxying for novice auditors are randomly assigned to experimental conditions in which they participate in role-play and perspective-taking exercises and complete an audit task commonly performed by novice auditors. Initial findings indicate that role-play interventions, such as those currently used in training at large public accounting firms, may exacerbate novice auditor inhibition tendencies. Furthermore, additional results suggest that actively taking the client's perspective prior to choosing an evidence gathering technique does not improve novice auditor decisions. Finally, auditor inherent characteristics are studied, including levels of emotional intelligence and impression management, and also do not appear to have implications for selection of evidence gathering techniques. Results of this study provide valuable insight into novice auditor-client interactions, as well as the implications of such interactions for audit evidence gathering activities. / Ph. D.

在中國大陸的台商為免與家人長期分隔兩地，逐漸出現舉家遷移的情形，而被帶領到大陸生活的台商子女，在台商學校、港澳台班、國際學校與本地學校這些與當地接觸程度各有不同的學校環境中，有著迥異的族群接觸機會及經驗，對於這些孩子們的自我身份認同，會不會有影響？若有，則是什麼效果？ 本文認為，父母決定了其子女與當地深度接觸機會的多寡，若沒有與當地族群深度接觸的機會，由於他們對當地的印象僅來自表面的觀察，而產生或加深對當地的偏見，使其更為認同台灣；如果深度機會多但經驗不佳，亦會讓他們傾向認同台灣，但相較於前者仍有同時認同當地的可能；而深度接觸當地機會多且有正面經驗的孩子，將開始認同中國，但未必拋卻對台灣的認同，或可說其不再以國族、族群，而以生活品味、素質等標準作為我群與他群的分際。 / In case of family separation, some Taiwanese entrepreneurs have migrated to China so that their children would have various opportunities of intergroup contact and experience in diversity kinds of school. For instance, “Taiwan businessman’s schools”, “Classes for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan”, “International schools”, and “Local Schools”. Would these varied environments affect their identities? If the answer is “yes”, then what the effect is and how it works? This thesis indicates that, indeed, whether the children contact the locals deeper or not which is due to their parents’ decision. If the children lack for such chances to contact the locals, they would identify themselves as Taiwanese. Since the children’s local cognition has been only affected by superficial observation, it produces or strengthens their prejudice toward the locals. While the children are in a “Melting Pot” but not feel happy with their peers; hence, they tend to have Taiwanese identities and it is not impossible to have Chinese identities simultaneously in the future. As for the children who have local acquaintances certainly have Chinese identities more than those illustrated above. However, it does not mean that they would definitely forsake their Taiwanese identities in stead of a new one. In fact, they may discard ethnic and use other standards as means of their identity options such as life styles and tastes.

This thesis aims to investigate the secondary transfer effect of contact, a phenomenon whereby contact with one outgroup leads to improved attitudes towards other, non-contacted outgroups. While evidence mounts for the existence of secondary transfer effects, its underlying mediation processes remain poorly conceptualised and thus, poorly understood. Thus, in this thesis, I aimed to clarify the conditions under and the processes by which the secondary transfer effect works. Chapter 1 introduces intergroup contact theory and traces its development from the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) to the uncovering of the secondary transfer effect. Based on theory from all aspects of intergroup contact research, Chapter 1 proposes a theoretically reformulated approach to understanding the deprovincialization hypothesis by way of (1) diversity beliefs, (2) the development of a multicultural outlook on intergroup relations, and (3) a more nuanced understanding of when ingroup identity is likely to relate ethnocentrically to outgroup attitudes. Point three more specifically looks at the role of social dominance orientation as a moderator of the relationship between ingroup identification and outgroup attitude. Chapter 1 also provides an extension to the attitude generalization hypothesis by considering the role that similarity gradients play. Chapter 2 discusses methodological considerations important to the analysis strategy used throughout the thesis. Six empirical investigations across three contexts—England (Studies 1 and 2), Northern Ireland (Studies 3 and 4) and South Africa (Studies 5 and 6) set out to test the secondary transfer effect and the hypotheses offered in Chapter 1. Across three cross-sectional studies (Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4), a three-wave longitudinal study (Study 5) and an experimental study (Study 6), I was able to show the following: (a) that attitude generalization is a robust mediator of the secondary transfer effect (Studies 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5); (b) similarity gradients qualify the attitude generalization process such that attitudes generalize more strongly between outgroups that are perceived to be similar (Studies 3, 4, and 5); (c) that diversity beliefs (Study 2) and multiculturalism (Study 4), as alternative interpretations of the deprovincialization effect, mediate the secondary transfer effect; (d) social dominance orientation moderates the relationship between ingroup identification and outgroup attitude (Study 3); (e) that the deprovincialization and attitude generalization hypotheses are not independent, but rather interrelated processes of the secondary transfer effect (Studies 2, 3, and 4); (f) that experimentally manipulated forms of extended contact can lead to the secondary transfer effect because group categories and membership are made salient during the extended contact experience (Study 6); and (g) that it is contact that leads to wider attitude generalization rather than less prejudiced people seeking contact from a wider pool of social groups (Study 5). Furthermore, owing to their three-wave longitudinal (Study 5) and experimental (Study 6) designs, these two studies provide the most convincing evidence of the causal nature—from contact to reduced prejudice—of the secondary transfer effect to date. Taken together, these six studies provide a wealth of critical support for the secondary transfer effect as well as for the reformulated deprovincialization and the extended attitude generalization hypotheses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thalita Vargas Leite Martignoni.pdf: 660624 bytes, checksum: c7865de95be6d793dfa04ba9ab6a0506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / A longitudinal study is reported which examines the consequences of intergroup contact, collective guilt and group-based responsibility over the ingroup’s past misdeeds for the endorsement of reparation attitudes towards the outgroup. Respondents were non- indigenous brazilian high school students (N=1.145/823; time lag = 1 month) and the target groups were brazilian indigenous people. Data were collected in two groups of cities where there was or there was not frequent contact with indigenous people. It was hypothesised and confirmed that group-based responsibility predicted reparation attitudes longitudinally, and this relationship was partially mediated by collective guilt. Intergroup contact was supposed to have negative influence on reparation attitudes, which was confirmed, and this relationship should be mediated by collective guilt, which was not confirmed. These results are analysed and discussed according to the Intergroup Contact Theory and intergroup emotion studies, taking into account brazilian indigenous and non-indigenous intergroup relations. / Este estudo longitudinal examina as conseqüências do contato intergrupal, culpa coletiva e responsabilidade grupal do endogrupo nas atitudes de apoio à reparação ao exogrupo. Os participantes foram alunos não-indígenas de ensino médio (n=1.145/823; intervalo = 1 mês) e os indígenas foram o grupo-alvo. Os dados foram coletados em dois grupos de cidades onde havia ou não contato freqüente com indígenas. Foi hipotetizado e confirmado que a responsabilidade grupal prediz atitudes de reparação longitudinalmente, e esta relação foi parcialmente mediada pela culpa coletiva. Foi previsto que o contato intergrupal teria influência negativa nas atitudes de reparação, o que se confirmou, e esta relação deveria ter sido mediada pela culpa coletiva, mas esta hipótese não foi confirmada. Os resultados são analisados e discutidos à luz da Teoria do Contato Intergrupal e de estudos de sentimentos intergrupais, considerando-se as relações intergrupais entre indígenas e não-indígenas no contexto brasileiro.

Utilizing survey data collected through the City Planning and Indigeneity on the Prairies (CPIP) Project in the summer of 2014 this thesis examines what, if any, affect contact between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people has on non-Aboriginal people’s racial attitudes. Two hypotheses are tested: contact with Aboriginal people reduces new and old-fashioned racism attitudes amongst non-Aboriginal people; and contact has greater effect on the racial attitudes of those with lower education levels than those with higher education levels. Key findings indicate that both hypotheses are in fact correct but each with its own caveats.

abstract: Arizona’s district and charter communities have a history of conflict, including working against each other when advocating policy positions at the state legislature. The purpose of this research was to improve the relationship between the district and charter communities through an intervention based on intergroup contact theory. Through her personal network, the researcher formed and facilitated the Arizona Initiative for Public Education Dialogue (AZ iPED), comprised of eight district superintendents and charter leaders. This mixed-methods, action research study explored what happened when Arizona school district superintendents and charter school leaders were brought through intergroup contact to discuss potential policies they could jointly support. This study addressed the following three research questions: To what extent does intergroup contact increase allophilia (positive attitudes) between Arizona school district and charter school leaders? In what ways do participants voice allophilia during in-group dialogue? How do school district superintendents and charter school leaders socially construct and negotiate narratives that support the conflict between their two communities? The members of AZ iPED met four times from October through December, 2016. Allophilia (positive feelings toward the outgroup) data included an Allophilia Scale administered at the beginning and end of the study and transcripts of first and second in-group district and charter focus groups. Results are reported through descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed ranks of matched samples, and content analysis. Findings indicated a non-statistically significant increase in allophilia. Content analysis also indicated increases in the quantity and quality of allophilia talk. Narrative analysis of conflict talk generated the four following themes: competition sets the stage for conflict, actions construct conflict, perceptions sustain conflict, and conflict causes feelings. Those themes provided structure for compiling a collective District Narrative and collective Charter Narrative, which were further analyzed through the lens of conflict-sustaining collective narratives. Narrative analysis of select portions of the transcript suggested processes through which conflict-sustaining narratives were constructed and negotiated during intergroup contact. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2017