2012 est un roman narré par un survivant à Montréal dans un univers post-apocalyptique de zombies. Les oeuvres littéraires, le cinéma et la télévision l’aideront à rester en vie. Le texte démontre que les connaissances acquises à travers différents biens culturels permettent la survie. L’intertextualité et l’intermédialité deviennent des outils centraux dans l’imaginaire du survivant. L’essai de ce mémoire porte sur les romans Le fil des kilomètres (2013) et Le poids de la neige (2016) de Christian Guay-Poliquin, deux textes qui présentent l’idée que les connaissances issues d’oeuvres permettent la survie du narrateur. Les réflexions de Renée Bourassa sur les fictions hypermédiatiques démontreront que les oeuvres de différentes productions culturelles présentes dans l’imaginaire du narrateur survivant forment un réseau de connaissances. Ce réseau permet à celui-ci de prendre des décisions en dialoguant avec les connaissances acquises dans des oeuvres. Cette remémoration agit à l’image d’un guide Wikipédia et d’un labyrinthe hypertextuel. / 2012 is a novel narrated by a survivor in a post-apocalyptic universe of zombies in Montreal. Books, movies and tv series will help him to stay alive. The text demonstrates that the knowledge acquired through different cultural objects allows survival. Intertextuality and intermediality become central tools in the survivor's imaginary. The essay in this thesis focuses on Christian Guay-Poliquin's Le fil des kilomètres (2013) and Le poids de la neige (2016), two texts which present the idea that cultural knowledge allows the narrator’s survival. Renée Bourassa's reflections on hypermedia fictions will demonstrate that the different cultural productions present in the imaginary of the surviving narrator form a knowledge network. This network enables the narrator to make decisions by interacting with the knowledge acquired in cultural items. This remembrance acts like a Wikipedia guide and a hypertextual labyrinth.

Ce travail se divise en deux volets. Le premier volet, théorique, étudie la musique comme sujet dans le cinéma narratif, occidental et contemporain, soit des années 1960 à aujourd’hui. Il s'agit du présent document. Le deuxième volet, pratique, consiste en un film fictionnel de trente minutes portant le titre d'A Capella, dont le scénario se trouve ici en annexe. SYNOPSIS : Né avec un handicap vocal, Hubert a développé au fil du temps une nouvelle technique de réadaptation : la physiophonie. Sophie, une jeune danseuse blessée, essaie cette nouvelle méthode... Le volet théorique propose tout d'abord un état de la question en se basant sur les réflexions de Michel Chion et Claudia Gorbman. Ensuite, une première ébauche d'une typologie sur le sujet selon quatre catégories est présentée : le musicien, le groupe de musique, le lieu de la musique et la matérialisation de la musique. Cette dernière catégorie incarne bien le volet pratique de ce projet et est développée davantage dans la troisième partie. L'intérêt de ce travail est principalement de créer des ponts entre la théorie et la pratique, ce qui est l'objet de la quatrième partie. La matérialisation de la musique est analysée à partir de la voix du personnage principal, les mouvements de la danseuse ainsi que la technique de réadaptation, la physiophonie. Les défis rencontrés sur le plan de la scénarisation, de la réalisation et de la composition de la musique sont aussi expliqués. / This work is divided in two parts. The first one, theoretical, studies music as the subject in the narrative, western and contemporary cinema, i.e., from the 1960s until today. The second part is a fictional movie of thirty minutes titled A Capella. The scenario is included here in appendix. SYNOPSIS: Born with a vocal handicap, Hubert developed as time goes by a new technique of rehabilitation: the physiophony. Sophie, a young wounded dancer, tries this new method... This document, consisting in the theoretical part, first summarizes the reflections of Michel Chion and Claudia Gorbman on the subject. Then it presents the first draft of a typology on the subject organized around four categories: the musician, the music group, the place of music and the materialization of music. This last category echoes well the practical part of this project and, as such, it will be developed furthermore in the third section. The interest of this work lies mainly in the bridges between theory and practice it creates, which will be treated in the fourth section. The materialization of the music is analyzed from the voice of the main character, the movements of the dancer as well as the technique of rehabilitation, the physiophony. The challenges faced while screenwriting, directing the movie and composing the music will also be explained.

The topic of this thesis is visual art as a constitutive element of fictional worlds. The methodological basis is comparative semiotics, or more precisely intermediality research. The aim is to capture some of the possible realisations of intermedial relationships between literature and visual art. The constituent case studies are focused on the ekphrasis represented in the novel Witch Hammer by Václav Kaplický, on the transmediality as a transfer of aesthetics of one medium into another on the example of Josef Čapek's Three Proses which are traditionally perceived as cubist, and on the illustrative relationship between text and picture in František Hrubín's lyrical poems The Night of Job. The first study concerning the ekphrastic relationship confirms the ability of visual art to enrich the possibilities of literary expression thematically but also semantically through introspection into the inner lives of the characters which contributed to the overall interpretation of the work. The second study focused on the transmedia transfer in Čapek's proses does not have such an unequivocal conclusion. Given the complexity of each reader's receptive process, it is difficult to attribute the status of a literary pandanus of Cubism to the Three Proses, even with an awareness of its historical context. By...

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the function of visual art in Torgny Lindgren's novels Till sanningens lov (1991), Dorés Bibel (2005) and Klingsor (2014) and the short story collection I Brokiga Blads vatten (1999). Visual art in Lindgren's prose is approached both as an instance of description and in terms of an activity and artefact to be viewed, created and interacted with. By studying ekphrases and "iconic projections" based on intermedial theory, the verbal descriptions of art are shown to have a narrative function, whereby the characters viewing or creating the artwork are reflected. A conspicuous trait of the ekphrases and iconic projections are their focus on details.  The area of creation as an activity relates visual art to crafts, cooking and alchemy, with an emphasis on its material aspects. The creation of art investigates the dualism of genuine versus fake, as well as the relationship between art and commerce. Lindgren's stories depict the market as an arbitrary yet powerful force, alongside individual creative forms of resistance to it.  The manner in which artefacts are described evokes the notion of an enchanted object, in accordance with research on the function of art-objects in contemporary fiction. Being able to discern enchantment in Lindgren's works is based on the conversion of one's vision, which in turn is related to one's view of the world as a whole. Conversion is engendered by methods of irony, ambiguity and the elevation of the humble.

Peter and the Wolf (1936) is a transmedial work based on a Russian fairy tale composed and written by Sergey Prokofiev . Prokofiev’s purpose with the work was amongst others to introduce children to the instruments of the symphony orchestra. This study examines the possibility of creating a new Afrikaans versification of the text in order to introduce this work to Afrikaans-speaking children. The creative product of the research consists of a picture book and a corresponding soundtrack together with the original music and a recitation of the text. The researcher cooperated with other artists in order to achieve the final product. Since the realisation of a creative product forms an integral part of this study, practice-based research has been utilised. The framework for practice-based research by Scrivener and Chapman (2004) has been used for the design of the study, the implementation thereof (theory and practice), as well as for the structure of the dissertation. The first step of the framework of Scrivener and Chapman (2004) entails the pre-project reflection, i.e. the identification of issues, as well as the concerns and interests of the researcher. It is important to the researcher that children are exposed to the instruments of the symphony orchestra, and she is also interested in picture books and fairy tales. Research revealed that there is no recent Afrikaans version of Peter and the Wolf. She consequently decided to do a versification of the text. The identification of the source domains relevant to the research theme and the creative project forms the second step of the framework. The initial source domains that were identified and studied were the theoretical concepts of intertextuality, intermediality and creative adaptation (Chapter 2). Peter and the Wolf originated as an intermedial work and thus the intermedial creative product is also a creative adaptation of the original work. As the study progressed, additional domains for research have been identified and examined. These are music, narrative poetry, children’s book illustrations, developmental psychology, cognitive narratology and information regarding the listener or reader (Chapter 3). Insight into the art forms and media can positively influence the progress of the creative product and can aid in creating an improved understanding of the intermedial effect of the total creative product. Because the target audience of the picture book is children between the ages of six and eight years, research was done on the developmental psychology of the child in the middle childhood years. In combination with this, cognitive narratology was studied to determine the reception of the creative product, and to assist with the analysis of the existing texts of Peter and the Wolf. Thereafter three existing editions of Peter and the Wolf were studied, based on the theoretical framework, and the intermedial interplay and creative possibilities for different medial combinations were examined (Chapter 4). These texts are: 1) a picture book, translated by Lydia Pienaar (1975); it is an equivalent translation of the original Russian text and has become a classical edition of the work in Afrikaans; 2) a poetic version by Philip de Vos of a performance text with the original music (2003); and 3) an alternative modern edition with musical arrangement, text and illustrations by Gavin Friday and Bono (2003). The latter combination of text, music, illustrations and recitation, was also used for the creative work in this study. Cycles of production and work reflection form part of the creative phase of practice-based research. In Chapter 5, the different phases of the versification process are discussed by analysing different versions of the manuscript. There is also a report on the co-operation with the other artists, and the development of the different media (the illustrations, the music realisation, the recitation and the sound mixing). In the post-project reflection the interplay between the theoretical research and the creative work was examined, as well as the contribution of the different research fields to the final creative project and the intermedial interplay between the different media that were used in the creative work. It was found that practice-based research is a very successful research method for a postgraduate study in which a creative project forms part of the study. The research method is not only advantageous for the development of the creative project, but also for thorough theoretical research. Furthermore, the researcher came to the conclusion that an improved understanding of the complex theoretical approaches develops when they are practically applied. This understanding is not necessarily based on theoretical research, but on the experience that was gained throughout this study. The creative product of this study can expand the horizon of the child in an intermedial way that will benefit the listener. Insight has been obtained on the way in which such a project can be undertaken. Furthermore, other intermedial projects can flow from this project. A translation of the poetic text can make this book and CD accessible to a large number of South African children. / MA (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Peter and the Wolf (1936) is a transmedial work based on a Russian fairy tale composed and written by Sergey Prokofiev . Prokofiev’s purpose with the work was amongst others to introduce children to the instruments of the symphony orchestra. This study examines the possibility of creating a new Afrikaans versification of the text in order to introduce this work to Afrikaans-speaking children. The creative product of the research consists of a picture book and a corresponding soundtrack together with the original music and a recitation of the text. The researcher cooperated with other artists in order to achieve the final product. Since the realisation of a creative product forms an integral part of this study, practice-based research has been utilised. The framework for practice-based research by Scrivener and Chapman (2004) has been used for the design of the study, the implementation thereof (theory and practice), as well as for the structure of the dissertation. The first step of the framework of Scrivener and Chapman (2004) entails the pre-project reflection, i.e. the identification of issues, as well as the concerns and interests of the researcher. It is important to the researcher that children are exposed to the instruments of the symphony orchestra, and she is also interested in picture books and fairy tales. Research revealed that there is no recent Afrikaans version of Peter and the Wolf. She consequently decided to do a versification of the text. The identification of the source domains relevant to the research theme and the creative project forms the second step of the framework. The initial source domains that were identified and studied were the theoretical concepts of intertextuality, intermediality and creative adaptation (Chapter 2). Peter and the Wolf originated as an intermedial work and thus the intermedial creative product is also a creative adaptation of the original work. As the study progressed, additional domains for research have been identified and examined. These are music, narrative poetry, children’s book illustrations, developmental psychology, cognitive narratology and information regarding the listener or reader (Chapter 3). Insight into the art forms and media can positively influence the progress of the creative product and can aid in creating an improved understanding of the intermedial effect of the total creative product. Because the target audience of the picture book is children between the ages of six and eight years, research was done on the developmental psychology of the child in the middle childhood years. In combination with this, cognitive narratology was studied to determine the reception of the creative product, and to assist with the analysis of the existing texts of Peter and the Wolf. Thereafter three existing editions of Peter and the Wolf were studied, based on the theoretical framework, and the intermedial interplay and creative possibilities for different medial combinations were examined (Chapter 4). These texts are: 1) a picture book, translated by Lydia Pienaar (1975); it is an equivalent translation of the original Russian text and has become a classical edition of the work in Afrikaans; 2) a poetic version by Philip de Vos of a performance text with the original music (2003); and 3) an alternative modern edition with musical arrangement, text and illustrations by Gavin Friday and Bono (2003). The latter combination of text, music, illustrations and recitation, was also used for the creative work in this study. Cycles of production and work reflection form part of the creative phase of practice-based research. In Chapter 5, the different phases of the versification process are discussed by analysing different versions of the manuscript. There is also a report on the co-operation with the other artists, and the development of the different media (the illustrations, the music realisation, the recitation and the sound mixing). In the post-project reflection the interplay between the theoretical research and the creative work was examined, as well as the contribution of the different research fields to the final creative project and the intermedial interplay between the different media that were used in the creative work. It was found that practice-based research is a very successful research method for a postgraduate study in which a creative project forms part of the study. The research method is not only advantageous for the development of the creative project, but also for thorough theoretical research. Furthermore, the researcher came to the conclusion that an improved understanding of the complex theoretical approaches develops when they are practically applied. This understanding is not necessarily based on theoretical research, but on the experience that was gained throughout this study. The creative product of this study can expand the horizon of the child in an intermedial way that will benefit the listener. Insight has been obtained on the way in which such a project can be undertaken. Furthermore, other intermedial projects can flow from this project. A translation of the poetic text can make this book and CD accessible to a large number of South African children. / MA (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Par son recours à diverses formes d’expression, Unica Zürn (1916-1970) redynamise l’espace de la feuille en le faisant activement participer à l’écriture de soi. Le « je » semble en effet se démultiplier grâce à des jeux « anagrammatiques » sur les divers signes mobilisés, qu’ils soient alphabétiques, picturaux ou musicaux. L’autoreprésentation s’inscrit alors au sein d’une œuvre pluridisciplinaire inusitée, qui renouvelle l’esthétique quelque peu « essoufflée » du mouvement surréaliste. Cette attitude vis-à-vis de la feuille, où plusieurs signes « décomposables » et « recomposables » se partagent l’espace, est observable tant dans l’œuvre littéraire que picturale d’Unica Zürn. Le processus de création par la lettre, le trait et la note de musique, tend à revaloriser le support matériel utilisé par l’effacement des frontières entre les disciplines artistiques, qui appelle un regard distancié du lecteur/spectateur sur l’œuvre. Afin d’interpréter les travaux de Zürn dans la pluralité des moyens artistiques qui y sont déployés, l’approche intermédiale sera favorisée. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, il s’agira d’abord de voir comment s’articule un certain dialogue entre le discours des chercheurs de l’intermédialité et l’œuvre d’Unica Zürn. Le rapport à l’objet sera notre porte d’entrée dans la matière intermédiale. Par un retour à la matérialité de l’expérience médiatique, nous constaterons que Zürn met à l’avant-scène les instruments et supports de la création, ce qui mène à une représentation distorsionnée de soi, de l’espace et du temps. Une fois le parallèle établi entre les concepts de l’intermédialité et les travaux de Zürn, nous nous concentrerons sur le pan musical de l’œuvre pluridisciplinaire de l’auteure-artiste. Le second chapitre traitera de l’intrusion du sonore dans l’univers textuel, qui se fera notamment par la réappropriation de l’opéra Norma, de Vincenzo Bellini. Cette réécriture s’intitule Les jeux à deux et prend une distance considérable par rapport au texte originel. Elle s’accompagne de dessins effectués par l’auteure-artiste à même les partitions de l’opéra. Le regard multiple posé sur l’œuvre zürnienne permettra de comprendre que l’écriture palimpseste participe du processus d’autoreprésentation, tout en élaborant un discours sur la rencontre entre littérature, dessin et musique, ainsi que sur l’influence de cette juxtaposition sur le débordement des frontières médiatiques traditionnelles. / Having recourse to many forms of expression, Unica Zürn (1916-1970) revitalizes the space of the sheet by having it take an active part in the individual writing. The “I” seems to increase thanks to “anagrammatic” games on the many mobilized signs, whether they are alphabetical, pictorial or musical. The self-representation is inspired by an unusual multidisciplinary work, which renews the aesthetics, somewhat “worn”, of the surrealist movement. This attitude towards the sheet, where many “decomposable” and “recomposable” signs share the space, is observable in Unica Zürn’s literary work as well as in her pictorial work. The process of creation through the letter, the stroke and the musical note tends to reassert the value of the material support used by the abolition of the boundaries among the artistic disciplines, which calls for a distanced look from the reader/spectator on the work. In order to interpret Zürn’s work in the plurality of the artistic means that are deployed, the intermedial approach will be favoured. In the first chapter of this dissertation, we will see how a certain dialog is structured between the views of the intermediality’s researchers and Unica Zürn’s work. The relation to objects will be our entry point in the intermedial subject. Through a return to the materiality of the media-related experience, we will notice that Zürn puts at the forefront the instruments and the supports to the creation, which leads to a contorted representation of oneself, space and time. Once the parallel established between the intermediality’s concepts and Zürn’s work, we will focus on the musical aspect of the author-artist’s multidisciplinary work. The second chapter will deal with the intrusion of sound in the textual universe, which will occur through the reappropriation of the Vincenzo Bellini’s opera “Norma”. This revising is called “Les jeux à deux” and is significantly different from the original text, and is paired with drawings made by the author-artist directly on the opera’s partitions. The multiple look placed upon the zurnian work will allow to understand that the palimpsest writing takes part in the self-representation process, through elaborating a view regarding the interrelation of literature, drawing and music, as well as the influence of this juxtaposition on the overflow of the traditional media boundaries.

Ce mémoire analysera les différents procédés de transmission à l'oeuvre dans Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015) et Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes (2014) afin de saisir l'ensemble de la vision auctoriale du réalisateur de la série Metal Gear Solid, Hideo Kojima, ce qui nous permettra dans un second temps de comprendre la signification du réseau communicationnel rhizomatique qui précède et accompagne ces jeux vidéo. Ma recherche sera ainsi divisée en trois sections. La première section s'intéressera à la publicité entourant les deux volets de Metal Gear Solid V, laquelle sera étudiée en tant que signe social. La deuxième section présentera une analyse scénaristique dans laquelle il sera question des inspirations historiques et intermédiales qui contribuent à former l'univers narratif de notre corpus. La troisième section sera une analyse du modèle interactif de Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes et de Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. Il y sera question de l'avantage parfois insoupçonné de l'encadrement de systèmes logiques vidéoludiques afin d'influencer le joueur à abandonner ou à adopter de nouvelles perspectives sociopolitiques. Ce mémoire démontrera comment Metal Gear Solid V utilise et unit un maximum de méthodes de transmission afin de convaincre son public de se laisser séduire par son message auctorial, ce qui servira finalement à prouver le potentiel rhétorique d'une union songée du paratexte et du contenu d’une œuvre vidéoludique. / This memoir will analyse the different processes of transmission used in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015) and Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes (2014) in order to grasp the whole auctorial vision of the Metal Gear Solid series director, Hideo Kojima, which will in turn allow us to understand the meaning of the rhizomatic communicational network that precedes or accompanies these video games. My research will be divided in three sections. The first section will focus on the publicity (and therefore social signs) that surrounds the two parts of Metal Gear Solid V. The second section will present a story analysis where historical and intermedial inspirations of both games will be discussed. The third section will analyse the interactive model of Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes and Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. That chapter will focus on the often unsuspected advantages of the logical videoludic systems as means to influence the player to abandon or to adopt new sociopolitical perspectives. This memoir will decompose how Metal Gear Solid V uses and unites a maximum of transmission methods to persuade its public to give in to its auctorial message, which will hopefully demonstrate the rhetorical potential of a thoughtful union of paratext and content within videoludic works.

This dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of a number of discourses examining colour and cinema during the period 1909 to 1935 (trade press, film reviews, publications on film technology, manuals, catalogues and theoretical texts from the era). In this study, colour in cinema is considered as producing a number of aesthetic and representational questions which are contextualised historically; problems and qualities specifically associated with colour film are examined in terms of an interrelationship between historical, technical, industrial, and stylistic factors, as well as specific contemporary conceptions of cinema. The first chapter examines notions concerning the technical, material, as well as perceptual, origins of colour in cinema, and questions concerning indexicality, iconicity, and colour reproduction, through focusing on the relationship between the photographic colour process Kinemacolor, as well as other similar processes, and the established non-photographic colour methods during the early 1910s, with an in-depth analysis of the Catalogue of Kinemacolor Film Subjects, published in 1912. The second chapter examines notions concerning the stylistic, formal and narrative functions of colour in cinema, featuring a survey of the recurring comparisons between colour and sound, found in the writing of film history, in discourses concerning early Technicolor sound films, film technology, experimental films and experiments on synaesthesia during the 1920s, as well as Eisenstein’s notions of the functions of colour in sound film montage. The third chapter examines the question of colour and meaning in cinema through considering the relationship between colours and objects in colour film images (polychrome and monochrome, photographic and non-photographic) during the time frame of this study.