La question de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques est un enjeu central et actuel dans la réglementation du cyberespace. Non seulement les implications économiques sont énormes mais c'est tout le cadre juridique de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques qui est en cause. Or, l'environnement Internet comporte des spécificités qui rendent difficiles l'imputation de responsabilité à l'auteur de l'activité illicite qui peut alors se retrouver hors d'atteinte ou insolvable. La poursuite des intermédiaires techniques devient alors une solution envisageable aux autorités chargées de réprimer les délits, compte tenu de l'état de leur solvabilité et dans la mesure où ils sont plus facilement identifiables. Par le fait même, ces derniers se retrouvent alors pris dans l'engrenage judiciaire pour n'avoir que facilité la commission de l'activité en question, n'ayant aucunement pris part à la réalisation de celle-ci. L'absence dans le corpus législatif canadien d'un régime de responsabilité spécifiquement applicable aux intermédiaires techniques nous oblige à baliser les critères qui emportent leur responsabilité pénale, à partir de «principes directeurs» d'imputabilité se dégageant de plusieurs textes nationaux et internationaux. Dans ce contexte, le mémoire étudiera, dans un premier temps, les conditions d'ouverture de la responsabilité pénale des intermédiaires techniques en droit pénal canadien et, dans un deuxième temps, répondra à la question de savoir si le droit pénal canadien en matière d'imputabilité des intermédiaires techniques est conforme aux principes directeurs ressortant de normes et pratiques internationales. / Criminal liability of technical intermediaries is a central and actual issue in the regulation of cyberspace. Not also their vast economic implications in the cyberspace are in question, but also their entire legal framework regarding criminal liability of technical intermediaries is an unresolved issue. This is because a liability allegation to the author for an illicit activity can be difficult or impossible thanks to the complex nature of cyberspace and the insolvent status of the technical intermediaries Considering their state of solvency and identification facility, taking legal actions against the technical intermediaries will be a conceivable solution to the jurists. Having implied legal proceedings, even the fact that a judicial action will be taken against them will prevent them from involving illicit activities. Non-existence of a liability regime which is specifically applicable to the technical intermediaries in the Canadian legislative corpus makes us obligated to apply to the «guiding principles» of imputability which can be released from several national and international texts. In this essay, we will study, at first, the conditions of applicability of the criminal liability for the technical intermediaries with regard to Canadian Criminal Law and, in second time, will answer the following question: Is Canadian Criminal Law complied with guiding principles arising from International norms and practice in terms of imputability of the technical intermediaries?

Submitted by Lucimara Trevejo (lucimara.trevejo@gvmail.br) on 2012-03-22T15:54:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaçao_Lucimara.pdf: 382235 bytes, checksum: 61b3177bd04ea4a8414f4d92ec1ecb89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2012-03-22T16:59:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaçao_Lucimara.pdf: 382235 bytes, checksum: 61b3177bd04ea4a8414f4d92ec1ecb89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-22T17:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaçao_Lucimara.pdf: 382235 bytes, checksum: 61b3177bd04ea4a8414f4d92ec1ecb89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-23 / O presente estudo procurou identificar quais são os fatores que influenciam a utilização de trading companies nos processos de exportação de empresas brasileiras, tendo como uma das principais justificativas o fato da exportação ser uma das atividades econômicas que apresentam o maior crescimento e contribuição para a economia mundial. O modelo de pesquisa investigou a influência da distância psíquica, distância física, conteúdo de commodity dos produtos exportados, complexidade do ambiente de negócios e risco associado aos países de destino das exportações brasileiras. Serviram como base para a pesquisa a teoria dos custos de transação, estudos relativos aos modos de entrada em mercados internacionais e exportações indiretas. Os testes foram conduzidos a partir de um banco de dados secundários que continha informações relativas às exportações brasileiras realizadas entre os anos de 2006 e 2009, totalizando 450.475 operações. Deste total 80,1% eram exportações diretas e 19.9% exportações indiretas. Os resultados apontam o risco país e a distância psíquica como os fatores que mais influenciam a utilização de trading companies nos processos de exportação das empresas brasileiras. Em relação ao conteúdo de commodity os testes apresentaram resultados parcialmente favoráveis. Conclui-se que quanto maior o risco país e a distância psíquica entre o Brasil e os países de destino das operações de exportação maiores as chances de utilização das trading companies. / This paper has tried to identify which are the factors that have influenced the use of trading companies at the Brazilian companies’ export processes, having as one of the main justifications the fact that exports are one of the economical activities that show the most growth rate and contribution to the world economy. The research model investigated the influence of psychic and physical distance, exported product commodity content, business environment complexity and the country risk associated to the Brazilian exports destination. The transaction cost theory, studies regarding the entry modes and indirect exports were used as a base for this research. Tests have been conducted using a secondary database which had Brazilian exports data from 2006 through 2009, in a total of 450,475 operations. From this amount, 80.1% were direct export operations, while the other 19.9% were indirect export operations. The results point out that the country risk and the psychic distance are the factors which have most influence for the use of trading companies at the Brazilian companies’ export processes. Regarding the commodity content, the testes have showed partially favorable. It has been concluded that the bigger the country risk and the psychic distance between Brazil and the export operation destination countries, the higher are the chances for using trading companies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgeAOG.pdf: 5538923 bytes, checksum: 36d483843a1b6d01c32a0cf34fd0f3e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-25 / This study examines the complex hotel buyer decision process in front of the tourism distribution channels. Its objective is to describe the influence level of the tourism marketing intermediaries, mainly the travel agents and tour operators, over the hotel decision process by the buyer-tourist. The data collection process was done trough a survey with three hundred brazilian tourists hosted in nineteen hotels of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The data analysis was done using some multivariate statistic techniques as correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, factor analysis and multiple discriminant analysis. The research characterizes the hotel services consumers profile and his trip, and identifying the distribution channels used by them. Furthermore, the research verifies the intermediaries influence exercised over hotel buyer decision process, looking for identify causality relations between the influence level and the buyer profile. Verifies that information about hotels available on internet reduces the probability that this influence can be practiced; however it was possible identifying those consumers considers this information complementary and non-substitutes than the information from intermediaries. The characteristics of the data do not allow indentifying the factors that constraint the intermediaries influence neither identifying discriminant functions of the specific distribution channel choice by consumers. The study concludes that consumers don t agree in have been influenced by intermediaries or don t know if they have, still considering important to consult them and internet doesn t substitute their function as information source / O presente estudo trata do complexo processo de decis?o do consumidor de servi?os de hospedagem frente aos canais de distribui??o do turismo. Tem como objetivo descrever o n?vel de influ?ncia dos intermedi?rios de distribui??o de produtos tur?sticos, principalmente das ag?ncias de viagens e das operadoras tur?sticas, exercida sobre o processo de escolha do meio de hospedagem pelo consumidor. A coleta de dados se deu atrav?s da aplica??o de trezentos question?rios em turistas brasileiros, hospedados em dezenove hot?is de Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte. A an?lise dos dados desenvolveu-se atrav?s de ferramentas estat?sticas multivariadas como a correla??o entre vari?veis, a regress?o linear m?ltipla, a an?lise fatorial e a an?lise discriminante. A pesquisa caracteriza o perfil dos consumidores de servi?os de hospedagem e sua viagem, al?m de identificar os canais de distribui??o por eles utilizados. Verifica a influ?ncia exercida pelos intermedi?rios sobre os consumidores na escolha do meio de hospedagem, buscando identificar rela??es causais entre esta influ?ncia e as caracter?sticas do consumidor. Constata que as informa??es sobre os meios de hospedagem dispon?veis na internet reduzem a probabilidade de que esta influ?ncia seja exercida, entretanto identifica que os consumidores consideram estas informa??es complementares e n?o substitutas ?quelas fornecidas pelos intermedi?rios. As caracter?sticas dos dados obtidos n?o permitem a identifica??o de fatores que condicionam a influ?ncia dos intermedi?rios, nem a identifica??o de fun??es que discriminem a escolha do consumidor por determinado canal de distribui??o. Conclui que o consumidor n?o concorda em ter sido influenciado pelo intermedi?rio ou n?o tem consci?ncia de que o foi, mesmo considerando que ? importante consult?-los e que a internet n?o substitui sua fun??o de fonte de informa??es

This diploma thesis focuses on the moral hazard aspects in the financial crisis on the USA market in the years 2007-2009, that later became known as a global crisis of real economic. The thesis aim is to prove a role of moral hazard in the financial crisis origins, role that can be detected in the activities and behavior of the market participants. There is a survey of the individual causes of the crisis and interpretation in the terms of moral hazard. First part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical basics of moral hazard that is being represented by the Principal-Agent Problem. This theory is further applied on the financial market theories. Second part of the thesis describes the origin and development of the financial crisis. It represents the introduction of the crisis without exploring the causes. The third part of the thesis is the core part, there is presented the role of moral hazard in the financial crisis due to the synthesis of the two previous parts. Item by item there are introduced the activities on the crisis market, where the principle of these activities is presented in terms of moral hazard. This part also includes moral hazard in the society that influences also the financial market. The last part focuses on the regulation of the financial markets in connection with the possibilities of moral hazard elimination.

Legal regulation of activities of insurance intermediaries Main part of this diploma thesis is aimed at the analysis and evaluation of new national regulation of insurance intermediaries included in the Act no. 170/2018 on distribution of insurance and reinsurance which is the result of implementation of Directive 2016/97 on insurance distribution into the national legislation. This thesis is divided into three chapters The first chapter is dedicated to the introduction of insurance industry as its own and specific economic segment. In this chapter I am discussing insurance industry from both historic and contemporary point of view. I try to briefly define insurance and insurance industry both from legal and economic aspects and then describe development of insurance and insurance industry through the history. At the end of this chapter, I discuss different distribution channels in insurance industry as one of those channels are insurance intermediaries. The second chapter starts with summary of historical regulation of insurance intermediaries since the creation of independent Czech Republic to present day. Main part of this chapter is dedicated to the current regulation of insurance intermediaries. At first, I am discussing different categories of insurance intermediaries and then I am describing...

The practice of female genital cutting/s (FGC) has been under national scrutiny in Sweden for decades. Besides strong laws and policies enforced by the Swedish government, civil society organisations have played an important role in addressing the subject of FGC in Sweden. The purpose of this research is to examine what roles and functions civil society organisations assume as they tackle the practice of FGC. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted with employees and volunteers from civil society organisations that address the practice on a daily basis, this study sheds light on the possibilities and challenges civil society organisations face when they approach the question of FGC in Sweden. This research finds that civil society organisations carry a lot of responsibility in terms of tackling FGC in Sweden, as governmental efforts are perceived to be insufficient. Criticism against the Swedish government is first and foremost directed to the lack of knowledge and understanding on FGC within authorities and to the lack of grassroot efforts together with diaspora communities. Thus, this examination shows how civil society organisations engage and provide complementary efforts. First, civil society organisations raise awareness and shed light on the complexity on the practice of FGC within several authorities to secure that knowledge about the practice is maintained. Second, civil society organisations strive to involve, engage and empower individuals on grassroot levels by creating safe and familiar spaces to talk about FGC. Finally, local efforts provided by civil society organisations aim to empower people affected by the practice of FGC to make their voices heard and to represent themselves. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that civil society organisations hold vital complementary roles in relation to the Swedish state in terms of addressing the practice of FGC in Sweden.

There’s increasing evidence that activities from humans are affecting the earth system to a degree that is crossing the planetary boundaries. During the last decade, Circular Economy has gained attention from both academia, companies, and policymakers and is seen as one way to address economical and sustainability issues. A circular transition requires the implementation of innovative business models, but the uptake of circular business models is still slow. In Sweden, 99,9% of all companies are classified as small and medium-sized enterprises. Those companies play an important role in the circular transition, but the process is however slow due to internal factors like lack of resources and competencies alongside other barriers like regulations, market, and lack of support. Despite a lot happening in the field of circular transition for small and medium-sized enterprises, there's still little research focused on the ongoing state of circular economy in practice. In this exploratory study, semi-structured interviews have been used to explore the ongoing state in Sweden. The aim of the study is to explore how intermediaries are supporting small and medium-sized enterprises with adopting circular economy in Sweden and what kind of challenges and opportunities the intermediaries have experienced along the circular transition process. The results show that we should go beyond the general drivers and barriers for adopting a circular economy. The challenging barriers might not be a lack of resources and regulations, it might be the lack of awareness and interest from companies themselves. What became clear during the interview study was that the environmental benefits of adopting circular economy is not the driving force but rather a result of adopting circular economy. The motivation in the first place for adopting circular economy is that it can create a better and a smarter business. There was a consensus among the intermediaries that when one is workings with companies, one must highlight the business values of a circular economy: profitability, resource efficiency, loyal customers, etc. If companies don’t see the opportunities and benefits of adopting circular economy, they won’t prioritize and allocate resources for it. The complexity of a circular transition also requires collaboration on different levels: between companies, regions, business developers, municipalities, research institutes, policy developers, etc. To enable the overall collaboration, there’s a need for a comprehensive facilitator or coordinator on different levels (national, regional, and local) that can unify the national transition.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att studera förhållandet mellan offentliga skuldregister och hushållens skuldsättningsgrad samt att bidra till att öka kunskapen om den eventuellt förekommande informationsasymmetrin på kreditmarknaden.  Frågeställningar: Vilket samband förekommer mellan hushållens skuldsättningsgrad och införandet av offentliga skuldregister? Vad anser intermediära förmedlare och banker om införandet av ett eventuellt offentligt skuldregister?  Metod: Studien genomfördes med hjälp av triangulering innehållande en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Studiens urval bestod av 19 stycken europeiska länder, varav 11 stycken har och 8 stycken har inte offentligt skuldregister. Historisk data från år 1995 till år 2021 har inhämtades från OCED:s webbplats och analyserades med hjälp av Pearsons korrelation och Student t-test. Intervjuer har även genomförts med intermediära förmedlaren UC och Nordax Bank.  Slutsats: Resultaten tyder på att informationsasymmetri föreligger på kreditmarknaden och att delade meningar om fenomenet förekommer. Ett samband som är på gränsen till starkt förekommer mellan hushållens skuldsättningsgrad och införandet av offentliga skuldregister. Intermediära förmedlare har en negativ syn på införandet av offentliga skuldregister medan banker har en positiv inställning till införandet av offentliga skuldregister.  Nyckelord: informationsasymmetri, intermediär information, intermediär förmedlare, moralisk hazard, offentligt skuldregister. / Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to increasing knowledge about the potential occurrence of information asymmetry in the credit market by studying the relationship between public debt registries and grade of indebtedness for households.  Research questions: What is the relationship between the household’s grade of indebtedness and the implementation of public debt registries? What do intermediary intermediaries and banks think about the potential introduction of a public debt registry?  Method: The study employed a comprehensive approach utilizing triangulation that combined both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The sample comprised 19 European countries, of which 11 had implemented public debt registries while 8 had not. Historical data spanning from 1995 to 2021 was gathered from the OECD website and subjected to analysis using statistical tools such as Pearson's correlation and a Student t-test. Additionally, interviews were conducted with the intermediary UC and Nordax Bank to further enrich the study's findings.  Conclusions: The result indicates the existence of an information asymmetry in the credit market, but there are divergence opinions about the phenomenon. The findings suggest the presence of a nearly significant negative correlation between household debt levels and the introduction of public debt registries. Intermediaries hold a pessimistic view regarding the implementation of public debt registries, while banks exhibit a favorable stance towards their adoption.  Keywords: information asymmetry, intermediary information, intermediary intermediaries, public debt registry.

The purpose of this study is to explore how IFRS 15 have influenced Swedish auditors and financial analysts’ understanding of companies’ revenue transactions. How accounting structural changes under IFRS 15 contribute to potential informational effects remains a largely unexplored topic. By applying asymmetric information theory, behavioral decision theory and the concept of uniformity versus uniqueness, this study explores potential factors that influence information intermediaries’ understandability of companies’ revenue transactions. This study uses an explorative approach consisting of 8 semi-structured interviews with Swedish auditors and financial analysts working in the telecommunication and construction industry. From a practical point of view, this study may assist the IASB and other regulators in obtaining a better understanding of information intermediaries’ ability to appropriately interpret and use financial information under IFRS 15. From a theoretical standpoint, the findings can provide areas of potential future studies in the field of accounting information research. Although the implementation of IFRS 15 has a limited quantitative accounting effect, this study finds that the implementation contributes to informational effects on financial analysts and auditors’ information environment. The findings indicate that the perceived informational effects are dependent on entities' application of the standard; intermediaries’ accounting knowledge and experience; as well as companies' transparency and manipulating incentives.

Micro-property developers are social entrepreneurs operating in townships and offer high quality rental units that upholds the dignity of community members. Although they are making a valuable contribution they are also faced with many challenges and the biggest being access to funds. This study looks at how impact investing, an emerging funding model can be used to address this challenge. Impact investing can be described as a cross-sectional initiative that involves the professional participation of various stakeholders; to drive social entrepreneurship to a level which can drive the socio-economic impact within communities, to create a social good that optimises financial, social and environmental returns ( Annual Impact Investor Survey, 2019). This research study seeks to explore and understand collaboration strategies that can be employed by micro-property developers in the context of South African townships. This study investigates how micro-property developers, through institutional systems and a multi-stakeholder approach can collaborate with impact investors by applying the concept of collective impact effort in township areas. Further on, this study highlights the importance of impact investing and unpacks the successes and challenges in township areas by illuminating how risk-taking, organisational values and funding contribute to corporate considerations in generating measurable, social and environment impact combined with financial return. Through relevant literature consulted and the use of in-depth interviews this study adopted a qualitative research methodology. Research participants included micro-property developers, impact investors and intermediaries. The research findings indicate that in the corporate ambit of social entrepreneurship and impact investing; variables such as income, risks, impact measurement, the situated area of human settlement and investor readiness are key considerations in the successful acquisition of funding opportunities. In addition, although impact investment in township areas is still an untapped market in South Africa, community leadership and partners should equally advocate the need of inclusion and innovation to steer sustainable impact investment opportunities in such communities. This study suggests that impact investors and funders should work toward cross-sectional initiatives that are scalable and inclusive, and that can create a positive impact in township communities. This study also recommends that a level of deeper knowledge is required through informed research, to understand the value and the impact of impact investments in township areas. This way, scientific data can override all stereotypical notions linked to township investments, as stigmas of crime and risks still hinder investment opportunities in townships compared to their urban counterparts.