Les modèles de chimie atmosphérique divergent fréquemment des mesures de concentrations en aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) d'un facteur allant de 8 jusqu'à 100 parfois, et ce, dans différents environnements. Les processus de formation des AOS, encore insuffisamment compris et mal pris en compte dans les modèles ainsi que l'influence des paramètres environnementaux sur ces processus pourraient expliquer l'écart entre les concentrations d'AOS mesurées et modélisées. Dans ce contexte, ce travail se focalise en premier lieu sur la formation d'AOS dans l'ozonolyse du limonène à partir d'expériences réalisées en réacteur à écoulement (SAGE) et en chambre de simulation (LPCA). La phase particulaire a été caractérisée en termes de rendement, granulométrie, masse et seuil de nucléation des aérosols. L'influence de la présence de différents composés : butanol, toluène, acétone, acide acétique et méthylamine sur ces paramètres a été décrite et reportée ; ainsi, le rôle des intermédiaires de Criegee et des radicaux OH dans le processus de formation des AOS a été investigué. La seconde partie a consisté à étudier les AOS générés au cours de l'oxydation par les radicaux OH du 2-méthoxyphénol (guaiacol) et du 2,6-diméthoxyphénol (syringol). Les spectres IR de ces deux méthoxyphénols, des AOS issus de leur oxydation et des composés nitrés dérivés du guaiacol et du syringol ont été étudiés, expérimentalement par la spectroscopie IRTF-RTA et/ou théoriquement par des calculs DFT anharmoniques. Enfin, le caractère hygroscopique de ces aérosols a été reporté pour la première fois dans une cellule d'hydratation. / Atmospheric chemistry models frequently diverge from measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations by a factor ranging from 8 to 100 in different environments. The gap between measured and modeled SOA could be explained by many formation processes that are still not well understood nor well incorporated into the models as well as the influence of environmental parameters on these processes. In this context, this research work focuses primarily on the formation of SOA in the ozonolysis of limonene through experiments carried out in a flow reactor (SAGE) and in a simulation chamber (LPCA). The particulate phase was characterized in terms of aerosol yield, size distribution, mass and nucleation threshold. The influence of the presence of different compounds : butanol, toluene, acetone, acetic acid and methylamine on these parameters has been described and reported and thus, the role of Criegee intermediates and OH radicals in SOA formation process is investigated. The second part consist of studying the SOA generated during the OH oxidation of 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and 2,6-dymethoxyphenol (syringol). The IR spectra of these two methoxyphenols, the SOA formed through their oxidation and the nitro compounds derived from guaiacol and syringol have been studied experimentally by IRTF-RTA spectroscopy and/or theoretically by anharmonic DFT calculations. Finally, the hygroscopic character of these aerosols has been reported for the first time in a hydration cell.

This dissertation consists of three independent studies - two empirical studies and one literature review - that examine different issues regarding the involvement of employees in innovation within the growing open innovation environment. In particular, I focus on the different facets and vital enablers that influence involving the general workforce in innovation, among which trust plays a critical role for their active involvement and their decision to contribute to innovation. In the first study, the focus is on a powerful set of enablers of high involvement innovation, namely; the new corporate web technologies, and their role in accelerating a wider base of collective innovation. The second study then examines the involvement of a very specialized category of the workforce in innovation which is the highly qualified external workforce. Those employees represent a rich yet underexplored resource of employee innovation. Finally, in the third study, I focus on exploring the different roles played by innovation intermediaries and argue that intermediaries could take a more active role in open innovation, through proposing the ‘trust incubator’ role. New insights coming from this thesis advance the current discussion of actively and effectively involving employees in innovation, as well as uncover important and current related issues and allow us to draw conclusions that are useful for both research and practice.:Introduction I Accelerating high involvement: The role of new technologies in enabling employee participation in innovation II Exploring the involvement of highly qualified external employees in innovation – an organizational perspective 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 The flexible external workforce 2.2 Employee involvement in innovation 2.3 The involvement of HQEE in innovation 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4 EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 5 CONCLUSION III Rethinking the role of trust in open innovation 1 INTRODUCTION 2 AN OVERVIEW OF TRUST 3 CONTEXTS OF TRUST IN OPEN INNOVATION 3.1 Supply chain development 3.2 Innovation clusters 3.3 Employee involvement in innovation 4 TRUST IN OPEN INNOVATION 4.1 Open innovation: The shift from knowledge creation to knowledge sharing 4.2 Open innovation opportunities & emerging trust challenges 5 TRUSTED INTERMEDIARIES IN HIGHLY INNOVATIVE CINTEXTS 5.1 Intermediaries – from brokers to trust incubators 5.2 Trusted intermediaries in the literature 6 CONCLUSION AND DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Further research in the innovation management field

This study examines how independent writers in Czechia operate at the intersection of creative processes and management of their writing ventures. With a leading set of research questions, this paper delves into the array of contemporary methods and tools used for monetization, considers their influence on content creation, explores the relation to underlying motivations of writers and investigates the current intermediary landscape in the field. As a first academic probe into the topic in the country, the research introduces key concepts and then takes the inductive approach of a qualitative study conducting 7 in-depth interviews with local independent creators and employing grounded theory for the data analysis. The themes emerging from the research of this population sample suggest that local independent writers exhibit a high degree of resourcefulness in their monetization strategies as they combat inherent uncertainties of their vocation. They are also mainly driven by intrinsic motivations in their creation, and while they enjoy a great deal of creative freedom thanks to their independent status attained by often becoming self-publishers, the findings show that the traditional intermediaries such as publishing houses remain highly relevant in the field.

Cycling advocacy has taken a form of a popular worldwide social movement in the beginning of the 21st century. Cyclists demand not only improved conditions for cycling, but also a reform in the way the city is being run in order to be "livable" and saturated with "quality public spaces". This dissertation attempts to put the phenomenon in the context of the theory of risk society and it attempts to incorporate impulses from the theoretical tradition of ANT. The cycling controversy is being read as a re-invention of politics in urban arenas. What is political about the bicycle? More than it may seem. The bicycle has endured a long trajectory of political appropriation by various groups in order to arrive at a point where it began to be conceived as the default starting point of the critique of automobility and Western modernity. As a consequence the bicycle emerges as a loaded political symbol that is being appropriated by cycling advocates in order to problematize the alienated city colonized by cars, appropriated by business interests and neglected by the political representation. The bicycle is being reinvented as a symbol of urban revolution. This dissertation introduces the results of an empirical research undertaken between June 2013 and April 2015 that maps the shape of the cycling controversy in...

codirection / À partir d’une étude comparée des communautés ayant migré de l’Inde vers l’Indochine française et la Birmanie britannique, ce mémoire étudie la place des migrants indiens dans ces deux colonies pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle. Ces derniers ont une place particulière dans l’ordre colonial du fait de leurs statuts juridiques variés, leur influence politique et économique et leurs divers rôles d’intermédiaires. Ces dynamiques et l’intérêt de les étudier sont illustrés au travers de trois études de cas : 1. le litige entre les policiers indiens et la municipalité de Saigon en 1907 ; 2. les négociations lors de la scission de la Birmanie du Raj britannique en 1935 ; 3. les répercussions du Krach boursier de 1929 sur les discours des administrations sur ces communautés et leur place en milieu colonial. Les interactions des minorités indiennes avec les administrations coloniales sont révélatrices de leurs connaissances du fonctionnement impérial. Elles illustrent leur navigation adroite des structures gouvernementales et leur mobilisation pour défendre leurs intérêts. Étudier leur position d’intermédiaires souligne comment des communautés minoritaires ont joué de leurs relations pour court-circuiter les lignes d’autorités et de pouvoir et éclaire la pluralité des axes de hiérarchie en situation coloniale. Ces trois études de cas permettent de conceptualiser plus globalement les minorités indiennes en milieu colonial et appuient leur complexité, en soulignant leurs allégeances ambigües et la manière dont elles se définissent et se redéfinissent. Les discours des autorités coloniales sur ces communautés mettent en lumière le lien entre la désirabilité des minorités indiennes et la nécessité de leur présence dans les deux colonies. Cela permet de renforcer notre compréhension de ce qu’est un empire et de la place complexe qu’ont pu y occuper des groupes jugés a priori homogènes et marginaux. / Based on a comparative study of the communities that migrated from India to French Indochina and British Burma, this thesis examines the place of Indian migrants in these two colonies during the first half of the 20th century. Indian minorities had a special place in the colonial system because of their various legal status, political and economic influence, and intermediary roles. These dynamics and the interest in studying them are illustrated by three specific case studies: 1. the dispute between Indian police officers and the municipality of Saigon in 1907; 2. Negotiations during the separation of Burma from the British Raj in 1935; 3. the repercussions of the 1929 stock market crash on government discourse on these communities and their place in colonial settings. The interaction of Indian minorities with colonial administrations indicates their understanding of imperial workings. They illustrate their skillful navigation of government structures and their mobilization to defend their interests. The analysis of their position as intermediaries highlights how minority communities have used their relationships to bypass lines of authority and power and sheds light on the plurality of hierarchical axes in colonial situations. These three case studies provide a more holistic conceptualization of colonial Indian minorities and support their complexity, highlighting their ambiguous allegiances and how they define and redefine themselves. The colonial authorities' speeches on those communities highlighted the link between the desirability of Indian minorities and Indian minorities and the need for their presence in the two colonies. This thesis helps deepen our understanding of what an empire is and the complex place that groups deemed homogenous and marginal may have occupied within it.

Financial liberalisation, through increasing investment as well as the average productivity of capital, should stimulate economic growth, or so the theory goes. Bank lending unfortunately suffers adverse selection and moral hazard effects, to which the establishment and expansion of stock markets has been offered as a remedy. However, research from developing country stock markets have shown that in many cases these markets did not complement the effects of credit market liberalisation but in rather important aspects subverted them. Countries that implemented credit market liberalisation and raised real interest rates only increased the price of debt capital rather than all capital. This caused a share price boom in many of them. When the price of equity capital fell it seriously undermined and indeed allowed large private corporations to skip altogether the main channel of high interest rates through which the theoretical McKinnon-Shaw effects were to operate. This study asks the research question of what effect the expansion of the South African stock exchange has had for its economic development. It makes use of a general empirical model to explain the relationship between financial development and real output. The model comprises indicators for growth, banking system development, stock market volatility; and, stock market development through a conglomerate index that accounts for market size, liquidity and integration with world capital markets. Quarterly data from 1989 to 2001 is analysed based on the null hypothesis that, as far as financial architecture is concerned, the development of the JSE Securities Exchange has stimulated the country's economic growth. This study found a negative and statistically significant relation between stock market development and economic growth. It suggests that while the JSE Securities Exchange is a relatively large stock market it is the presence of thin trading that prevents the proposed benefits of market development from accruing to the economy. Thus the hypothesis is rejected. However, since the only stable cointegrating vector is between growth and banking sector development, it recommends that by expanding their universal banking functions, the present banking structure, though oligopolistic, may be better suited to act as a catalyst for growth. / Business Management / D. Comm.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Law Institute of Copyright, Industrial Property Rights and Competition Law DOCTORAL DISSERTATION The Evolution and the Limits of the Copyright Protection in the Global Information Society ABSTRACT Author: Mgr. Alena Andruško Supervisor: Prof. JUDr. Dr. iur. h. c. Jan Kříž, CSc. Field of Study: Civil Law Theoretical Legal Science Year: 2015 ABSTRACT Copyright law is one of the branches of law that has become, with the development of the Internet, the center of interest for different types of stakeholders in the global information society. With the evolution of "Web 2.0", sometimes called the "Participative Web", represented by user-generated content (UGC), and also with the evolution of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing and recently cyberlockers, the effectiveness of copyright protection online has become a problem where solutions can be found only with difficulty. Online copyright infringement is a complex phenomenon with a multiplicity of contributing factors. To see and understand these factors one must not only know and understand the territorial and international legal rules governing copyright, but also know and understand the online ecosystem in which copyright infringement takes place, which is impossible without knowing the history, evolution and technical...

Die globale Finanzkrise unterstrich die Bedeutung von makrofinanziellen Verknüpfungen für Vermögenspreisdynamiken und Konjunkturschwankungen. Bei angebotsseitigen Finanzfriktionen werden hierbei Finanzintermediäre, insbesondere ihre Bilanz und ihre Risikotragfähigkeit, als zentral erachtet. Diese Dissertation wendet verschiedene Klassen von SVAR Modellen und neueste Identifizierungsmethoden an um empirische Belege für die Rolle von Finanzintermediären für Finanzmärkte und die Realwirtschaft zu liefern. Das erste Kapitel untersucht das regimeabhängige Handelsverhalten von Finanzintermediären auf dem Öl-Futures-Markt und zeigt, dass Finanzintermediäre während Krisenzeiten preisunelastischer werden und mehr ihren eigenen Interessen folgend handeln. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine nichtlineare Futures-Preissetzung von Intermediären hin, was die Volatilität im Markt während Krisenzeiten signifikant erhöht. Das zweite Kapitel legt dar, dass die meisten Händlergruppen in Rohstoff-Futures-Märkten eine antizyklische Investitionsstrategie verfolgen. Das einfache SVAR Modell eignet sich für die Analyse der Handelsstrategien verschiedener Händlergruppen sowie deren Auswirkungen für die Preisvolatilität in jedweden Vermögensmärkten. Kapitel 3 identifiziert in einem einzelnen Modell sektorspezifische Kreditangebotsschocks gegenüber Firmen und Haushalten und präsentiert empirische Belege über deren Effekte für die US-Wirtschaft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass beide Kreditangebotsschocks wesentlich zum Konjunkturverlauf während des Beobachtungszeitraums beigetragen haben, wobei Kreditangebotsschocks gegenüber Haushalten klassischen Nachfrageschocks ähneln. Das letzte Kapitel analysiert die globalen Auswirkungen des Schuldenabbaus europäischer Banken und findet, dass europäische Bankbilanzschocks Bruttokapitalzuflüsse und das Kreditwachstum in fortgeschrittenen Ökonomien mit entwickelten Finanzmärkten beeinflussen, aber nur geringfügige Effekte auf das Wirtschaftswachstum haben. / The global financial crisis has demonstrated the importance of macrofinancial linkages for asset price dynamics and business cycles. Regarding supply-side financial frictions, financial intermediaries, in particular their balance sheet and risk-bearing capacity, are considered to be pivotal. This thesis applies different classes of SVAR models and state-of-the-art identification techniques to provide empirical findings on the role of financial intermediaries in financial markets and the real economy. The first chapter studies the state-dependent trading behavior of financial intermediaries in the oil futures market and shows that intermediaries become less price-elastic and trade more according to their own demand. The findings suggest that the futures pricing of intermediaries is nonlinear which significantly raises the volatility in the market during crisis times. The second chapter demonstrates that most trader groups in commodity futures markets employ contrarian strategies. The simple SVAR model can be applied for analyzing the trading strategies of different trader groups as well as their effects for price volatility in any asset market. Chapter 3 identifies sector-specific business and household loan supply shocks in one single model and provides empirical evidence on their effects for the U.S. macroeconomy. The results show that both loan supply shocks have contributed significantly to business cycle dynamics over the sample period, with household loan supply shocks resembling classical demand shocks. The last chapter analyzes the global effects of European bank deleveraging and finds that European bank balance sheet shocks significantly affect gross capital inflows and credit growth in in advanced economies with developed financial markets, but have only minor effects on output growth.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(1) 課題番号:11430007 研究代表者:曹 斗燮 研究期間:1999-2000年度

Die wêreld soos dit vandag bestaan, is gebaseer op die Internasionaalregtelike konsep van soewereiniteit. State het die bevoegdheid om hulle eie sake te reël, maar die ontwikkeling van die Internet as ’n netwerk wat globaal verspreid is, het hierdie beginsel verontagsaam. Dit wou voorkom asof die Internet die einde van soewereiniteit en staatskap sou beteken. ’n Geskiedkundige oorsig toon dat reguleerders aanvanklik onseker was oor hoe hierdie nuwe medium hanteer moes word. Dit het geblyk dat nuwe tegnologieë wat fragmentasie van die Internet bewerkstellig, gebruik kon word om staatsgebonde regsreëls af te dwing. Verskeie state van die wêreld het uiteenlopende metodologieë gevolg om die Internet op staatsvlak te probeer reguleer, en dit het tot die lukraak-wyse waarop die Internet tans gereguleer word, aanleiding gegee. Hierdie studie bespreek verskeie aspekte van regsbeheer in die konteks van die Internet, en bepaal daardeur hoe die Internet tans gereguleer word. Toepaslike wetgewing van verskeie state word regdeur die studie bespreek. Vier prominente state, wat verskeie belangrike ingrepe ten aansien van Internetregulering gemaak het, word verder uitgelig. Dit is die Verenigde State van Amerika, die Volksrepubliek van Sjina, die Europese Unie as verteenwoordiger van Europese state, en Suid-Afrika. Aspekte wat op Internasionaalregtelike vlak aangespreek moet word, soos internasionale organisasies en internasionale regsteorieë ten aansien van die regulering van die Internet, word ook onder die loep geneem. Die bevindings wat uit die studie volg, word gebruik om verskeie aanbevelings te maak, en die aanbevelings word uiteindelik in ’n nuwe model saamgevoegom’n sinvoller wyse van regulering van die Internet voor te stel. Aangesien die huidige studie in die konteks van die Internasionale reg onderneem word, word die studie afgesluit met ’n bespreking van kubersoewereiniteit, wat ’n uiteensetting is van hoe soewereiniteit ten aansien van die Internet toegepas behoort te word. Die gevolgtrekking is insiggewend — die ontwikkeling van die Internet het nie die einde van soewereiniteit beteken nie, maar het dit juis bevestig. / The world is currently structured in different states, and this is premised on the International law concept of sovereignty. States have the capacity to structure their own affairs, but the development of the Internet as a globally distributed network has violated this principle. It would seem that the development of the Internet would mean the end of sovereignty and statehood. A historical overview shows that regulators were initially unsure of how this new medium should be dealt with. It appeared that new technologies that could fragment the Internet, could be used to enforce state bound law. Several states of the world have used different methodologies trying to regulate the Internet at state level, and this led to the random way in which the Internet is currently regulated. This study examines various aspects of legal regulation in the context of the Internet, and determines how the Internet is currently regulated. Appropriate legislation of several states are discussed throughout the study. Four prominent states, which made several important interventions regarding the regulation of the Internet, are highlighted further. It is the United States, the People’s Republic of China, the European Union as the representative of European countries, and South Africa. Aspects that need to be addressed on International law level, such as international organizations and international legal theories regarding the regulation of the Internet, are also discussed. The findings that follow from this study are used to make several recommendations, which in turn are used to construct a new model for a more meaningful way in which the Internet could be regulated. Since the present study is undertaken in the context of the International law, the study is concluded with a discussion of cyber sovereignty, which is a discussion of how sovereignty should be applied with regards to the Internet. The conclusion is enlightening—the development of the Internet does not indicate the end of sovereignty, but rather confirms it. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LLD