本論文旨在以策略性待遇觀點有系統地研究政府待遇政策，然而，這方面的的論述，並不多見。因此，政府部門在從事策略性待遇政策決定時，一方面必須借用私部門在策略性待遇的研究成果，一方面也必須衡酌政府部門策略性待遇政策所具之多元政治本質。本研究將府部門策略性待遇的界定為：「政府部門在因應其特有內外在環境及其變動下，為尋求與國家發展策略及其它人力資源管理政策之間的最佳匹配程度，所採取各種關鍵性地待遇政策或決定。」。在這個操作性定義之下，政府部門策略性待遇具有以下三個意涵：(1)策略待遇係專指與提升政府施政績效及競爭力有關的關鍵性待遇抉擇。(2)策略待遇是指各種待遇策略間會隨著環境系絡變化，相互推移所形成的一種適切而平衡的待遇政策組合。(3)策略待遇是強調待遇策略與組織策略、其它人力資源管理策略間的匹配性。 本研究在第二章針對策略待遇學術領域的研究，依研究焦點的不同，大致歸納可分為三個派別，代表論述包含Lalwer的「策略性待遇」理論；Gomez-Mejia 和 Balkin等的「待遇策略」研究，以及Milkovich和 Newman的「待遇的策略觀點」。本章將綜合這些派別的重要論述，用以發展出論述政府部門策略性待遇政策的分析模式，作為本研究的分析架構。 第三章依據Milkovich和 Newman的策略待遇模式，在第二章建構了可用於政府部門的策略待遇分析模式。依據該模式，政府部門整體的待遇政策可歸納為四大待遇政策面向。每一待遇政策面向又是由一些策略性(關鍵性)待遇決定構成。本章主要目的就是在論述各個待遇政策面向內的各策略性決定的理論意涵，以作為爾後章節分析的基本架構。 第四章的第一節探討型塑我國現行待遇制度的若干歷史因素的演進情形，及影響現行待遇制度的若干國家重要政策及其他人事政策等水平系絡環境因素。第二節析述政府機關、公務人員、政府部門待遇改進方案(待遇主管部門、主要決策人員)、學者專家及等利害關係人的論述及其對現行制度的影響。最後，將在第三節則將呈現歷史因素、內外在環境及利害關係人等三個層面交光互影後，所型塑的行政機關現行待遇政策或制度產出。 第五章依據Milkovich和 Newman的策略待遇模式，論述我國政府部門各項待遇政策面內策略性決定的實然面，至待遇政策四大面向內所指涉的各個策略性決定列表如第三章(見頁60 )。 第六章專章探討政務人員給與的如何決定？有關政務人員給與的決定具有多元解釋觀點。亦即，政務人員待遇有從待遇管理中比較原則解釋之，有由政治決定解釋之，有由公共選擇理論的官員自肥說解釋之等，各種解釋觀點固有其部分解釋力及當然亦有其侷限性，都將在本章在深入析述。 第七章將結合學界對政府部門待遇政策發展趨勢的論述，以及OECD會員國政府部門待遇改造的趨勢，依據四大待遇政策之策略性決定所對應的我國政府部門待遇政策的實有面，論述我國政府部門待遇政策四大面向內所指涉的各個策略性決定的可能趨勢。 綜觀本研究係以依據Milkovich及 Newman的策略待遇模式微基本分析架構。在第二、三章建構了理論面的行政部門的策略待遇分析模式，政府部門整體的待遇政策可分為內在一致面、外在一致面、員工貢獻面及機關管理面等四大待遇政策面向。並據以於第四、五、六及七章分析、發現並討論行政部門待遇政策的實然面所面臨的問題。最後，將在本章作個總結，並提出我國行政部門待遇政策走向的策略性建議。

Abstract This essay is a study on "the influence that the stock options of the salary incentive pay system have on the management level of Chinese mainland insurance industry". this study is divided into four parts : first , introduce the theory that influence the setting of the salary incentive pay system ; second, analyses the common-used incentive pay system in Chinese mainland at present and its developmental tendency ; third , introduce the basic information of Taiwan's insurance industry brought into mainland . We hope that the study on mainland's insurance industry will contribute to the Taiwan' study in the field of mainland' insurance market. Fourth, analyze how Taiwan's insurance industry establish salary incentive pay system that meet the market demands in their development in mainland . The stereotype of the industrialist, the collected data, the careful analysis and the case that was picked out, can be referred to by those who want to develop on the mainland market. From this study, we find that there are active effects of thestock options system from the salary incentive pay system, whichcannot be found in the mainland's intermediate insurance industry. The cause can be concluded into two species: individual factor, externalfactor. Each conclusion has three items. So there are totally sixitems. The conclusions suggest that, mainland's intermediate insurance companies' planning on the management's salary incentive pay system is faced with many influence factors now. Althongh there are some limitations of the annual salary, such as the management behaviors Short-termism, the frequently-liquid of the managements' talents, the shortage of management talents, still, the effects are more active than other incentive pay system forms such as manager acquisition, insurance plan and retire plan, golden parachutes and EVA, except stock rights and options. The key words : the salary incentive pay system; management; Chinese mainland insurance market; stock options; golden parachutes

Hur kan organisationer behålla och attrahera medarbetare genom belöningar och förmåner? Hur kan vi som personalvetare bidra inom området? Detta behandlar denna studie som genomfördes genom en metodkombination där intervjuer och en enkätundersökning gjordes. Syftet med studien är att identifiera vilka belöningar och förmåner det finns på två IT-företag och se vilka av dem som attraherar medarbetare inom IT-branschen. Tre frågeställningar formades, där syftet var att ta reda på vilka belöningar och förmåner som finns, undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader gällande belöningar och förmåner som identifieras mellan de två IT-företagen samt undersöka hur belöningar och förmåner påverkar arbetsgivarens attraktivitet. Den teoretiska referensramen består av olika teorier gällande belöningar och förmåner, motivationsteorier samt teorier gällande arbetsgivarens attraktivitet. Studien resulterade i diskussion, förbättringsförslag samt slutsatser med hjälp av relevanta teorier inom området. De två IT-företagen har liknande belöningar och förmåner och en slutsats är att dessa påverkar arbetsgivarens attraktivitet. Med grund av denna slutsats är det viktigt att personalvetare och ledning förstår vikten att belöningarnas och förmånernas påverkan på attraktiviteten. / How can organizations retain and attract employees by rewards and benefits? And how can we as human resource managers contribute? This is what the study is about which was performed by a method combination where interviews and a survey was done. The purpose of this study is to identify which rewards and benefits are available in two IT-companies and explore which of them attracts employees in the IT-industry. Three issues were designed, where the purpose was to find out which rewards and benefits are available at the two companies, examine the companies’ similarities and differences and see how these rewards and benefits affect the employer´s attractiveness. The theoretical reference consists theories about rewards and benefits, motivation and employer attractiveness. The study led to discussion, improvement proposals and conclusions with the help of relevant theories in the area. The two IT-companies have similar rewards and benefits and a conclusion is made that these affect employer attractiveness. Because of this conclusion it is important that human resource managers and management understand the importance of the affect that they have on attractivity.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of the full-time Seminary teachers in the L.D.S. Department of Education regarding the present practice of merit pay for teachers employed in the System. Consideration was also given to merit pay programs for teachers in the public schools, since to a great extent merit pay practices in the public schools have given rise to many equivalent reactions among the personnel of L.D.S. Church schools.

The use of various types of individualized pay setting has increased dramatically in Sweden. In order for individualized pay to work as an incentive, the pay system has to be perceived as fair. This thesis focuses on the various subjective perceptions that arise in relation to individualized pay setting, since such perceptions may have consequences for employee attitudes and behavior. Using survey data from Swedish human service workers (Study I and II) as well as other public employees (Study III), the general aim was to shed more light on employees’ pay attitudes and fairness perceptions in connection with individualized pay setting. Study I examined some of the explanatory factors behind employee pay attitudes. The results showed that perceiving a clear connection between work results and pay, and perceiving a sound working climate, were both related to more positive attitudes towards the pay distribution process. Study II examined factors potentially associated with pay-related justice perceptions. The results demonstrated that perceptions of having sufficient feedback, proper information on pay criteria, gender equality, and lower workloads were connected with more favorable views of pay justice. Pay justice perceptions, in turn, appeared only to be marginally connected with employees’ work-related attitudes and behavior. Study III investigated whether women’s and men’s perceptions of the individualized pay-setting process differed. The results showed that both genders had a similar awareness of the organizational policies and goals. The women, however, reported much lower levels of pay-related gender equality than the men and perceived that men, overall, benefited more from individualized pay setting. In conclusion, employees’ perceptions of a well-functioning working climate, apparent links between work effort and pay, as well as perceived equal opportunities contribute to individualized pay systems being viewed as more fair.

The real estate brokerage industry, in relation to other industries, has a high staff turnover where many real estate agents choose to terminate their employment, in some cases even terminate their registration with the Swedish Real Estate Agency Inspectorate, Fastighetsmäklarinspektionen, at an early stage in their brokerage careers. A high staff turnover, in most cases means a cost and negative impact for the real estate brokerage firms. With this, it is interesting and important to understand why real estate agents choose to make the decision to end their careers an how this can be prevented. Previous research into staff turnover in general exists, however, research is lacking when it comes to staff turnover within the real estate brokerage industry. This essay, therefore, aims to create an understanding of which factors reduce staff turnover within the real estate brokerage industry. This understanding is studies based on a qualitative method, where 12 registered real estate agents, active in the Swedish real estate market in Karlstad’s and Stockholm’s municipalities, were interviewed. The interviews have been conducted in person, through Microsoft Team, over the phone and via email. The interviews were based on an interview guide with open-ended questions to the respondentes in the areas of commissions-based pay system, motivation and the real estate agent’s well-being, and staff turnover. The respondents answers have been compiled and the empirical results describe the degree to which the selected areas affect the real estate agents and their everyday life. The result has then been analyzed based on previous research in the field and finally led to a conclusion which indicates that the most important factors to a low staff turnover and high satisfaction are variety, flexibility, the opportunity to earn a lot of money, support from both managers and colleagues, and the possibility to grow and develop within their role as a real estate agent.

薪俸制度的良窳，不僅影響優秀人才的延攬和保持，更與人員士氣和績效的提升有密切相關。因此，美國聯邦政府師法民營企業實施績效薪俸(Pay for Performance)制度之成效，於一九七八年文官改革法，針對一般俸表第十三至十五職等的管理人員與監督人員創設功績俸制度(MPS)，摒棄過去自動晉俸的調整薪俸方式，改依工作績效決定加薪數額，期能激勵人員士氣與績效，進而提昇組織生產力。 　　本論文旨在探討美國聯邦政府施行功績俸制度之情形，採取文獻分析法，首先檢視支持與反對功績俸制度的相關理論，其次針對美國聯邦政府實施功績俸制度之過程和內容，作一有系統的介紹，並綜理其施行結果，檢討其成敗關鍵，進而說明有效實施該制的要件。 　　本研究結果發現，功績俸制度和其後在一九八四年改革之績效管理與獎賞制度(PMRS)所強調的「依功論酬」概念頗佳，也得到員工的支持，但是大部分的實際研究均指出，兩制並未能達成改進組織生產力的目標。績效評估的困難與基金不足的問題，乃是影響制度成敗的兩大關鍵因素。值得一提的是，儘管一連串的功績俸計畫成效不佳，但是聯邦政府仍不願放棄該一理念，反而積極檢討將該制擴大的可能性。 　　最後，除了對功績俸制度提出改進建議外，並探討該制在我國政府機關的適用性問題，以及歸納政府機關施行績效薪俸制度之原則以供參考。

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the routines of performance related pay systems in two Swedish municipal upper secondary schools. A second purpose was to examine what data was included for evaluation of a co-worker’s performance and how a principal collects data. The purpose was also to examine a principal and teachers´ view of performance related pay systems and if it was possible to note an agreement. Principals have been interviewed and teachers have answered a questionnaire to fulfil the purposes of this study.</p><p>The study shows that the municipality had a good routine that included individual discussions with co-workers about their salary and had fixed municipal criteria. Data for evaluation were these fixed criteria together with unspoken criteria. Principals collected data verbally. It in-creases the risk of subjective evaluation, which increases insecurity and inefficiency of per-formance related pay systems. The teachers gave an insecure and divided image of perform-ance related pay systems. Increased dialogue and defined criteria for the teachers’ salary are needed to improve the image.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine the routines of performance related pay systems in two Swedish municipal upper secondary schools. A second purpose was to examine what data was included for evaluation of a co-worker’s performance and how a principal collects data. The purpose was also to examine a principal and teachers´ view of performance related pay systems and if it was possible to note an agreement. Principals have been interviewed and teachers have answered a questionnaire to fulfil the purposes of this study. The study shows that the municipality had a good routine that included individual discussions with co-workers about their salary and had fixed municipal criteria. Data for evaluation were these fixed criteria together with unspoken criteria. Principals collected data verbally. It in-creases the risk of subjective evaluation, which increases insecurity and inefficiency of per-formance related pay systems. The teachers gave an insecure and divided image of perform-ance related pay systems. Increased dialogue and defined criteria for the teachers’ salary are needed to improve the image.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(1) 課題番号:11430007 研究代表者:曹 斗燮 研究期間:1999-2000年度