Tidigare forskning kring delningsekonomi visar att bristen på tillit är ett av de största hinderför en lyckad implementering av delningsekonomi. Undersökningen syfte var att identifierafaktorer som bidrar till ökad tillit kring delningsekonomi av varor och tjänster blandstudenterna på studentboendet Rönnen i Malmö. För att identifiera faktorer bedrevs enfokusgrupp med studenter från boendet. Resultaten från fokusgruppen låg till grund förutformning av en enkät som sedan spreds till övriga boende på studentboendet Rönnen. Denteoretiska grunden baserades på Chen, Lai och Lin (2014) tillitsmodell som betonar vikten avtillit till låntagare. Resultaten från undersökningen visar däremot att tillit till förmedlare är avstörre vikt bland de boende på studentboendet Rönnen. Uppsatsens resultat visar att en extern part bör hantera utlåningsprocessen och upprätta kontrakt med personuppgifter mellanutlåningsparterna. / Previous research shows that the lack of trust is one of the biggest challenges when it comes to successfully implement sharing economy. The aim of this study was to identify elements that contributes to an increase in trust towards sharing economy among the residents at the student housing Rönnen in Malmö. To be able to identify elements a focus group was conducted with students from the student housing. The results from the focus group laid the foundation for surveys that was distributed amongst the other residents at the student housing Rönnen. The theoretical foundation of the study was based on Chen, Lai and Lin’s (2014) trust model that emphasizes the importance of the trust in borrower. The results from the study shows that trust in intermediary is of more importance amongst the residents of the student housing Rönnen. The study’s results shows that an extern part should handle the process of borrowing and should execute contracts with personal details between all parties involved.

Having the author been involved in banking and finance for almost 25 years, this thesis intends to reflect on the role of banks with emphasis on cross border lending and credit rating, their effectiveness and the impacts of cultural differences. Perhaps this would not differ substantially from a researcher or a scholar, yet the exploratory approach taken in this research will be somewhat different as it deliberately seeks to answer a number of questions relevant to practitioners in today’s banking. In trying to achieve this goal, this thesis hopefully may find its way to international bankers wondering about the perspectives of their business in general and their profession in specific. It even may perhaps improve the understanding of their clients. The Basel committee which published the new Basel II framework on bank regulation and supervision was the result of long and careful discussions, wide consultations and comprehensive impact studies. Whereas Basel II covers the entire risk profile and supervision of financial institutions, this research is limited to the cross border lending by banks to companies and provides the views from both practicing international bankers and their customers on their 3 expectations regarding Basel II, credit rating and the relevance of context and culture differences. Bankers all over the world are being trained on how to read balance sheets, yet less attention is being paid as to by whom they are being created and how precisely these balance sheets came into existence, other than the accountancy standards applied. Bankers furthermore seem to agree on the fact that credit risks in large part are related to the management competencies, effective corporate governance and integrity of management and organization. The argument could be made that the assessment of management capabilities, governance and integrity may be hindered in those cases where the culture is little understood. In a three days conferences titled; “The Future of Relationship Banking”, 80 senior executives from international banks and large companies were gathered in Punta del Este, Uruguay and were asked to speak about these aspects. A transcript of the conference is provided as annex to this thesis (Annex 1) and serves to triangulate the findings of the research. Main findings of three management papers were presented by the researcher during the conference. A survey was performed during the conference and in addition, through an online survey, in total over 100 practitioners in the field participated in the survey. Results show a variation of conclusions, but very especially seem to confirm the view, contrary to the approach taken in Basel II, that cultural differences and context are felt to be highly relevant in cross border lending.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / This study assessed the developments in financial intermediation services provided by Namibia’s commercial banking sector during 1995 to 2008. The study used two measurements of financial deepening in order to ascertain whether the role of the banking sector has become more important in the economy or not. These methods are the credit extension to non-finance private sector and the financial intermediation to GDP ratio. Unlike previous studies, which found that financial intermediation has not deepened before or after independence (Shiimi & Kadhikwa, 1999; Kavari, 2003), this study found some evidence of financial deepening in Namibia as indicated by the increasing credit extension and financial intermediation as shares of GDP. However, the banking sector did not perform well in terms of improving efficiency as banks continued to operate with high interest margins and became more dependent on fee income as opposed to deriving more of their income from intermediation activities. The largest chunk of bank credit was in the form of mortgage funding, allowing individuals, real estate and the business sector to be the major recipients of bank credit during the review period. The study took cognisance of recent measures aimed at enhancing the sector’s relevance and contribution to the economy. These include amendments to the statutes to allow entry of unincorporated bank branches in order to increase competition as well as requiring banks to reduce interest margins, amongst other measures. The study therefore recommends a vigorous implementation of these measures and that the regulator should extend its monitoring oversight to cover actual lending and deposit rates of interest in addition to base rates such as the prime rate and the mortgage base rate that it currently monitors. This is necessary due to weak linkages between the base rates and actual interest rates. The study further recommends a concerted national effort that seeks to ensure availability and affordability of credit on one hand, and to prepare bank clients, particularly the SME sector to be ready to take up finance on business terms on the other hand. This requires incentivising SMEs to become formal businesses and providing them with necessary training and mentoring services in order to improve their risk profiles.

本論文著眼於「無法在任意時點，利用不同經濟個體進行避險」的總體衝擊， 以「經濟個體的終生消費流量平滑化」為目標貫穿全文，探討金融中介活動所扮演的角色。全文包含兩部分。 第一部分，假設經濟體系的風險性資產總量固定且產出每期波動，是總體衝擊的來源。本文認為金融中介在累積利潤的同時，也建立了為經濟個體提供總體衝擊緩衝機制的能力；中介的利潤空間、獨占力量及契約內容共同影響總體風險分攤的運作。而金融中介與直接金融交易二者的風險分攤功能彼此互補，並非相互競爭。此外，政府應適當規範金融中介的市場結構，避免金融中介擁有過大或不足的獨占力量，進而引導中介提供福利水準較高的金融契約。 第二部分，進一步考慮將資源投入安全性與風險性生產技術的投資決策。本文認為在「經濟個體面臨個別流動性風險、且缺乏流動性的長期生產技術屬於風險性投資」的情況下，跨世代金融中介可以利用股權形式的金融契約，吸引每期新世代經濟個體參與，使當期既存中年世代參與者的風險配置效率藉由新存款的挹注而獲得改善、減緩產出波動與個人流動性需求不確定對經濟個體終生消費配置的衝擊。新世代經濟個體參與跨代中介機制不僅可與中年世代共享經濟繁榮的好處，提升事前期望效用；並且亦延續中介既有的經營策略，繼續從事跨世代金融中介業務。

This multi-disciplinary study explores a field of enquiry at the boundaries of information science and development studies. It is concerned with the facilitation of knowledge processes - processes of knowledge exchange and co-creation - in the international development sector. Additionally, this study considers the importance of human relationships and social networks (and power), and studies these in knowledge intermediation projects. The main gaps that are addressed regard the understanding of intermediating knowledge process concerned with learners situated (partly) across cultural, language, and political boundaries in developing countries. Such projects/programmes/approaches, coined South-South knowledge exchanges by the World Bank, have only seen very limited amount of research; the foci of this research are human relationships and initiation acts, which add further novelty. By mirroring ideas of triangular and South-South collaboration the thesis explores knowledge intermediation projects and three roles played by actors participating in such projects: the intermediary and facilitator of knowledge processes (usually backed by a funding body), someone sharing knowledge (knowledge holders), and someone learning from others (knowledge seeker). This study not only shows how these roles apply to knowledge intermediation projects but also addresses their influence on relational elements at the interpersonal level. Two case studies are used to show how knowledge intermediation projects in the international development sector are shaped by their approach (demand initiated, facilitator/funder initiated), especially in terms of the relationships they foster. The sociology of knowledge approach to discourse analysis (SKAD) is used in the study of the case studies, which is supplemented by social network analysis. After linking the discovered relationship patterns to the initiation acts in the respective case studies a picture emerges that offers two broad insights. Firstly, facilitator/funder initiation of South-South knowledge intermediation projects appears to lead to many potential relationships, most of them irrelevant to an individual and, therefore, unestablished. Secondly, demand initiation of South-South knowledge intermediation projects appears to lead to very few, yet highly relevant, relationships.

Existe um padrão institucionalizado de relação público-privado na política de uso e ocupação do solo que explica as vitórias do lado do setor imobiliário? Para oferecer uma resposta a essa questão, este trabalho investiga a intermediação de interesses entre burocracias estatais e os incorporadores imobiliários na aprovação de empreendimentos imobiliários em período recente no município de São Paulo e apresenta uma contribuição à questão sobre como as cidades são governadas. Verificou-se a ocorrência de um poder fragmentado e heterogeneamente disperso compondo um padrão de governança no qual nem sempre o mercado imobiliário ganha tudo, dependendo de processos de intermediação de interesses específicos, levados adiante caso a caso. Tais processos ocorrem não apenas no momento da definição da legislação, mas também na conformação das estruturas que vão regular a política e no momento de implementação da própria política de aprovação de empreendimentos. Foram identificados três tipos de interação que servem de canal para a intermediação de interesses: uma interação conjuntural, dada pela atuação dos incorporadores na estruturação da burocracia de aprovação de empreendimentos; uma interação ordinária, cuja agência por parte do poder público ocorre por meio dos burocratas de nível de rua; e uma interação participativa a partir da Câmara Técnica de Legislação Urbanística. Em todas as situações, as vitórias dependem dos encaixes que ocorrem entre os interesses estatais e os dos agentes privados. O interesse do Estado em realizar o encaixe, no caso analisado, veio da necessidade de construção de capacidade estatal para fazer frente a um choque externo. Isso evidencia que a construção de capacidades pode significar melhor encaixe entre setor público e privado e não necessariamente implicar maior controle estatal. / Is there an institutionalized pattern of public-private relationship regarding policies of land use, which explains the victories achieved by the real estate industry? To provide an answer to this question, this work investigates the interest intermediation between state bureaucracies and real estate developers when it comes to the approval of building projects in São Paulo and contributes to the understanding of how cities are governed. A system of fragmented and heterogeneously scattered power was identified composing a governance pattern in which, depending on the interest intermediation process brought forward in each case, the real estate market does not always take it all. Such proceedings occur not only during the definition of the legislation, but also while shaping which structures will regulate the policy and throughout the implementation of the policy itself. Three types of interaction which channel interest intermediation were identified: a situational interaction, set by the developers actions in the building of the bureaucracy of development approval; an ordinary interaction, in which government action is set by street level bureaucrats; and a participatory interaction within the Technical Chamber of Urban Legislation. In all cases, triumph depends on the process of fitting that can occur between state and private actors interests. The state\'s interest in performing the fit in the analyzed city was triggered by the need to build up state capacity to face an external shock, revealing that capacity building can promote better engagement between the public and private sector without necessarily implying greater state control.

[pt] Nesta pesquisa documenta-se um novo canal de contágio internacional. Estuda-se o mercado de dívida soberana de Londres no período pré-1914, no qual, dada a ausência de agências internacionais de monitoramento e altos custos de coleta de informação, a intermediação financeira representou um papel importante na transmissão de informações aos investidores. A partir da análise de dois eventos de crise financeira - o Funding Loan brasileiro em 1898 e o Funding loan grego em 1893 - mostra-se que os preços de títulos públicos de países sem ligações econômicas com os países em que as crises se originaram, mas que mantinham relacionamento com os mesmos intermediários financeiros, sofreram uma significante redução relativa logo após a ciência dos investidores sobre as crises. Este resultado sugere que os investidores extraíram informação sobre a qualidade do crédito dos países com base na existência de relações credorintermediário financeiro. Este spillover é, em essência, informativo e não derivado de fundamentos econômicos em comum ou regras de realinhamento de portfólio. / [en] In this research I document a novel type of international financial contagion, whose driving force is shared financial intermediary. I study the London peripheral sovereign debt market the pre-1914 period, in which, given the absence of international monitoring agencies and substantial agency costs, financial intermediation played a major informational role to investors. Analyzing two events of financial distress - the Brazilian Funding Loan of 1898 and the Greek Funding Loan of 1893 - I find that the bond prices of countries with no meaningful commercial relations with the distressed countries, but which shared the same financial intermediary, suffered a reduction relative to the rest of the market just after the market learned about the crises, evidencing that investor were extracting information about the soundness of a debtor based on the financial intermediate which vouched the issued. This spillover is informational in essence, and arises as the flip-side of the relational lending coin: the same reason which explains why relational finance (in this case, underwriting) helps alleviate informational and incentive problems also produce contagion.

A presente pesquisa, de caráter descritivo-exploratório, trata dos processos de gestão de viagens corporativas utilizados pelas empresas no Brasil. Foi efetuado um levantamento em dez empresas nacionais e multinacionais com presença no território brasileiro, que possuem uma área ou um profissional dedicado à atividade de administração das viagens efetuadas por seus funcionários ou prepostos em função de uma necessidade do negócio. Os processos foram mapeados e analisados sobre a ótica da propriedade de seus diversos componentes e sobre a participação de organizações externas à empresa na gestão dessas viagens corporativas. Evidenciou-se a existência de quatro modelos distintos de gestão, todos presentes no mercado brasileiro. Os modelos denominados comprador-gestor e apoio-serviços utilizam-se de recursos externos para gestão, diferindo entre si pela propriedade dos processos, no primeiro caso residentes nas áreas de compras e no segundo nas áreas de serviços. Os dois outros modelos propostos, autogestão e autosserviços, tem baixo grau de utilização de serviços de terceiros, e se diferenciam pela propriedade dos processos de gestão de viagens corporativas, no primeiro caso uma predominância de processos proprietários em compras e, no segundo, uma predominância de propriedade nas áreas de serviços. A influência da participação dos profissionais nas associações do mercado nos diferentes mapas também é discutida. São apresentadas também algumas variantes encontradas no mercado. A questão da desintermediação na venda dos serviços turísticos nesse mercado, e os efeitos que esse fenômeno causa na forma com que as empresas organizam seus processos de gestão de viagens corporativas também fazem parte desse estudo. O papel das Travel Management Companies (TMCs) nos processos de gestão de viagens é investigado. Observa-se e discute-se a entrada de algumas novas categorias de empresas nesse mercado, são avaliados o papel de cada uma e as possíveis implicações no desenho dos processos de gestão de viagens corporativas / This descriptive-exploratory research focus on the processes of corporate travel management used by companies in Brazil. Ten companies (Brazilian and multinational companies with branches in Brazil) were part of the study. All those organizations have an area or a professional dedicated to the activity of administration of the travels made by their employees or agents to fulfill a business need. The processes were mapped and analyzed on the optics of the ownership of its components and on the participation of external parts in the management of these corporate trips. It was evidenced the existence of four distinct models of management, all present in the Brazilian market. The buyer-manager model and the support-service models use many external resources on their management processes, and differs from each other as the first one shows the travel management processes mainly under ownership of the procurement areas as the second has most of the process under a service provider area. The other two proposed models, auto-management and auto-service have most of the processes being executed within the companies. The auto-management model with the travel management processes being owned by the procurement area and the second having a service area as main owner of the processes. The influence of the participation of the professionals in the market associations in the different maps is also discussed. Also presented are some variants found in the market. The issue of disintermediation in sales of tourist services in this market, and the effects that this phenomenon causes on the way companies organize their corporate travel management processes are also part of this study. The role of Travel Management Companies (TMCs) in travel management processes is also investigated. One of the main findings of the study was the participation of some new categories of companies in this market, the role of each one of those new players and the possible implications in the design of the corporate travel management processes is also discussed

L’objectif de l’étude est de proposer, suivant une approche microéconomique, des outils d’analyse théorique et empirique permettant de savoir si le système financier d’un pays en développement tel que le Burkina Faso contribue à la création des richesses de la meilleure manière possible. Au terme des travaux, quelques enseignements se dégagent. D’abord, sur le plan théorique, à partir d’un premier modèle proposé, il ressort que, compte tenu de leur nombre dans les pays en développement, les PME sont un maillon essentiel du dispositif de création de richesse et qu’alors, ils constituent le meilleur canal par lequel le système financier peut avoir le plus grand impact sur la croissance économique. Ensuite, un second modèle théorique montre comment dans les pays en développement, caractérisés par un environnement légal et institutionnel de mauvaise qualité, la performance du système financier est compromise. Sur le plan empirique, les résultats révèlent qu’au Burkina Faso, le fonctionnement du système financier n’est pas performant en ce sens que les branches d’activités de petite taille et par transitivité les PME, étant le meilleur canal de transmission du développement financier sur la croissance économique au Burkina Faso, ne sont pas conséquemment financées par les banques. Par ailleurs, il apparaît que dans ce pays, les banques butent dans leur fonctionnement sur le problème de la prédominance du secteur informel dans lequel se retrouve une grande partie des entreprises. C’est pourquoi, malgré le fait que les PME contribuent fortement à la création de richesses intérieures, les banques ne parviennent pas à faire d’elles, des partenaires privilégiés en termes de financement. Ces enseignements appellent à des recommandations de politiques ou de réformes à faire pour encourager la mise en place de structures d’intermédiation informationelle telles que les Centres de Gestion Agréée, les agences de reporting, les agences spécialisées en matière de communication financière des entreprises. Cela permettra de rendre optimale l’interaction entre les PME et le système financier. / The purpose of this study is to propose, according to a microeconomic approach, some theoretical and empirical analysis tools which allow determining whether the financial system of a developing country (such as Burkina Faso) contributes to the creation of wealth the best way possible. So, we draw some lessons. First of all, on the theoretical level, from a first proposed model it emerges that, considering their number in developing countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are essential for creating wealth and then, they represent the best way through which the financial system can get the highest impact on economic growth. Secondly, a second theoretical model shows how in developing countries, characterized by a legal and institutional environment of bad quality, the financial system performance is compromised. On the empirical level, the results reveal that in Burkina Faso, the functioning of financial system is not optimum because the small industries and by transitivity the SME, being the best way of transmission of financial development on economic growth in the so called country , are not enough funded by banks. Elsewhere, it appears that in this country, banks in their functioning come up against the problem of the predominance of informal sector in which we find almost enterprises. That’s why, despite the fact that SME highly contribute to the creation of national wealth, banks don’t succeed on doing of them, privileged partners in terms of financing. These lessons appeal to some political recommendations or reforms to be doing in order to make optimum the interaction between SME and financial system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Alana de Moraes Scramin.pdf: 1586321 bytes, checksum: 2ce4e467bcce671942c10acd563d90a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / The harmonization to accounting standards of the international norms has led many countries to its adoption and accordance, starting by European countries. The issuance of the new accounting statements in Brazil based on the International Financial Reporting Standard, according to the Lei das Sociedades Anônimas Law n° 6.404/76 (changed by Law 11.638/07 e Law 11.941/09), was assigned to the Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis CPC . The documents issued by the Committee are in accordance with the IASB International Accounting Standards Board, the adoption of these statements made the Brazilian capital market to oblige companies as of 2008, to adopt the International Accounting Laws. In this scenario doubts arouse regarding the CPC use that best suits the company business. Considering that the accounting by its excellence has the responsibility to provide trustful information to different users. Thereby, the research problem appears: If the International Accounting Norms and CPC application have an effect on the accounting information of real state companies, in terms of revenue and expenses. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the accounting information relevance after the adoption of international accounting standards in Brazil applied to revenues and expenses in real state of civilian construction sector. For this purpose, 8 real state companies, listed on CVM Comissão de Valores Mobiliários were analyzed and 2 companies listed on BOVESPA, totaling 10 companies. Comparative analysis were made on the Explanatory Notes published by these companies during the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. Regarding the harmonization of the International Norms and CPCs. The research highlighted that the CPCs adoption implied in Accounting Policy changes and questions about the recognition of real state contracts, with the implications the companies published that there weren t impacts in the reports. The research demonstrated that CPCs disclosure in explanatory notes wasn t satisfying, the response of these information absence brings doubts to the user, aside from not meeting the evidence of accounting information legitimacy. As far as the treatment of revenue and expenses, the research pointed that companies utilize the work percentage way, and presented doubts regarding the error and adjustments forecast / A harmonização para os padrões contábeis das normas internacionais tem levado muitos países a sua adoção e conformidade, começando pelos países da Europa. A emissão dos novos Pronunciamentos contábeis no Brasil com base no International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS, em conformidade com a Lei das Sociedades Anônimas Lei n° 6.404/76 (alterada pelas Leis 11.638/07 e Lei 11.941/09) ficou atribuído ao Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis - CPC. Os documentos emitidos pelo Comitê estão em conformidade com IASB International Accounting Standards Board, a adoção desses pronunciamentos fez com que o mercado de capitais brasileiro obrigasse as companhias a partir de 2008, a adotarem as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade. Nesse cenário surgem dúvidas quanto à utilização do CPC que melhor atenda ao negócio da empresa. Considerando que a contabilidade por sua excelência tem a responsabilidade de prestar informações confiáveis para diferentes usuários. Deste modo surge como problema de pesquisa: Se as Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade e aplicações dos CPCs afetam as informações contábeis das empresas imobiliárias, no que se refere ao tratamento das receitas e despesas. Assim o objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a relevância das informações contábeis depois da adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade no Brasil aplicadas a receitas e despesas no ramo imobiliário da atividade de construção civil. Para tanto foi analisada 8 empresas do ramo imobiliário listadas na CVM Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, e 2 empresas listadas na BOVESPA, somando um total de 10 empresas. Foram feitos análises comparativos das Notas Explicativas divulgadas por essas empresas nos exercícios que compreendem a 2009, 2010 e 2011. Quanto à harmonização das normas Internacionais e CPCs. A pesquisa evidenciou que a adoção dos CPCs implicou em mudanças nas Políticas Contábeis, e dúvidas quanto ao reconhecimento dos contratos de venda imobiliária, com as implicações as empresas publicaram que não houve impactos nas demonstrações. A pesquisa demonstrou que não foi satisfatória a divulgação dos CPCs em notas explicativas, o reflexo da ausência dessas informações traz dúvidas para o usuário, além de não atender a evidenciação da legitimidade da informação contábil. Quanto à forma de tratamento das receitas e despesas, a pesquisa apontou que as empresas utilizam a forma do percentual da obra, e que apresentou dúvidas quanto às estimativas de erros e ajustes