Employment decentralization is a newly emerging phenomenon. Nowadays, many companies delegate the work to others through a decentralization of production, thus affecting the traditional view of labor relations. This has been picked up by Labor Law which has regulated labor relations arising from this decentralized production.In this article, and in the light of doctrine and the jurisprudence of the Peruvian Supreme Court, the author develops the concepts of outsourcing and job placement, as well as the requirements to which they are validly given. / La descentralización laboral es un fenómenode reciente surgimiento. Hoy en día, muchas empresas delegan el trabajo a terceros mediante la descentralización productiva, afectando así la tradicional visión de las relaciones laborales. Ello ha sido recogido por el Derecho del Trabajo, el cual ha regulado las relaciones laborales que surgen a partir de esta producción descentralizada.En el presente artículo, y a la luz de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema del Perú, el autor desarrolla los conceptos de tercerización e intermediación laboral, así como los requisitos necesarios para que éstos se den válidamente.

Submitted by Walter Gomes da Silva Junior (waltergomesjr@gmail.com) on 2018-08-28T19:07:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T19:11:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Os spreads bancários na América Latina apresentam altos patamares, quando comparados a outras regiões e economias do mundo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise comparativa dos fatores determinantes do spread bancário, nas principais economias da América Latina, para isso, utilizaram-se dados agregados de 73 economias do mundo, sendo 11 delas países da América Latina. Partindo-se de uma base com 51 variáveis independentes, foram gerados modelos de regressão em painel. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam, que o patamar dos spreads praticados na América Latina, são principalmente impactados pela inadimplência, provisões de crédito, custos administrativos e de pessoal, concentração bancária e diversificação das receitas. / The banking spreads in Latin America show high levels when compared to other regions and economies of the world. This work has the objective of comparative analysis of the determinants factors of the banking spreads in the main economies of Latin America, for that, was used aggregated data of 73 economies in the world, 11 of which are Latin American countries. Starting from a base with 51 independent variables, panel regression models were generated. The results show that the level of spreads in Latin America is mainly impacted by nonperforming loans, the level provisions, administrative and personnel costs, banking concentration and revenues diversification.

Existe um padrão institucionalizado de relação público-privado na política de uso e ocupação do solo que explica as vitórias do lado do setor imobiliário? Para oferecer uma resposta a essa questão, este trabalho investiga a intermediação de interesses entre burocracias estatais e os incorporadores imobiliários na aprovação de empreendimentos imobiliários em período recente no município de São Paulo e apresenta uma contribuição à questão sobre como as cidades são governadas. Verificou-se a ocorrência de um poder fragmentado e heterogeneamente disperso compondo um padrão de governança no qual nem sempre o mercado imobiliário ganha tudo, dependendo de processos de intermediação de interesses específicos, levados adiante caso a caso. Tais processos ocorrem não apenas no momento da definição da legislação, mas também na conformação das estruturas que vão regular a política e no momento de implementação da própria política de aprovação de empreendimentos. Foram identificados três tipos de interação que servem de canal para a intermediação de interesses: uma interação conjuntural, dada pela atuação dos incorporadores na estruturação da burocracia de aprovação de empreendimentos; uma interação ordinária, cuja agência por parte do poder público ocorre por meio dos burocratas de nível de rua; e uma interação participativa a partir da Câmara Técnica de Legislação Urbanística. Em todas as situações, as vitórias dependem dos encaixes que ocorrem entre os interesses estatais e os dos agentes privados. O interesse do Estado em realizar o encaixe, no caso analisado, veio da necessidade de construção de capacidade estatal para fazer frente a um choque externo. Isso evidencia que a construção de capacidades pode significar melhor encaixe entre setor público e privado e não necessariamente implicar maior controle estatal. / Is there an institutionalized pattern of public-private relationship regarding policies of land use, which explains the victories achieved by the real estate industry? To provide an answer to this question, this work investigates the interest intermediation between state bureaucracies and real estate developers when it comes to the approval of building projects in São Paulo and contributes to the understanding of how cities are governed. A system of fragmented and heterogeneously scattered power was identified composing a governance pattern in which, depending on the interest intermediation process brought forward in each case, the real estate market does not always take it all. Such proceedings occur not only during the definition of the legislation, but also while shaping which structures will regulate the policy and throughout the implementation of the policy itself. Three types of interaction which channel interest intermediation were identified: a situational interaction, set by the developers actions in the building of the bureaucracy of development approval; an ordinary interaction, in which government action is set by street level bureaucrats; and a participatory interaction within the Technical Chamber of Urban Legislation. In all cases, triumph depends on the process of fitting that can occur between state and private actors interests. The state\'s interest in performing the fit in the analyzed city was triggered by the need to build up state capacity to face an external shock, revealing that capacity building can promote better engagement between the public and private sector without necessarily implying greater state control.

Le Costa Rica s’est construit comme une société homogène sans valorisation ni représentation des classes populaires. Dans les discours savants et dans le champ politique, la faible représentation des couches inférieures des classes populaires est généralement expliquée par leur atomisation. Incapables de se retrouver autour d’intérêts communs, ces groupes ne pourraient exister collectivement dans l’espace politique institué. À revers de ces analyses, cette thèse interroge l’émergence de porte-parole et leur accès à la politique instituée à travers l’étude de carrières de dirigeants de deux quartiers populaires à San José. En l’absence d’une structuration clientélaire ou corporative, ces dirigeants sont en général considérés comme des acteurs isolés ayant tout pouvoir sur une clientèle de voisins apathiques. Or, leur leadership repose sur des liens personnalisés et localisés et sur des logiques d’unification. Pour résoudre les problèmes locaux, les dirigeants s’attachent à mettre en forme des attentes autour desquelles leur voisinage peut se retrouver. Mais, leur action se déroulant hors de structures d’encadrement préétablies, leur position est précaire. Face aux échecs des projets qu’ils portent et à la position inconfortable que cela leur vaut localement, certains dirigeants tentent de poursuivre leur engagement en entrant en politique. Or, cela est rendue difficile par une gestion partisane des carrières militantes peu favorable à ces groupes sociaux. Ainsi, à travers une analyse par le bas des modes d’action de ces dirigeants, cette thèse contribue à l’analyse des formes d’engagement et de politisation populaires se déroulant à la marge de la politique instituée / In academic discourse as much as in the political field, the poor representation of the lower classes of Costa Rican society is generally attributed to the fact that they are dispersed. Unable to gather into communities of interest, these groups could not exist collectively in the political field. Taking an opposite position to these analyses, this thesis investigates the emergence of spokespersons and their access to the political field by studying the neighbourhood’s leaders’ careers. These leaders are generally considered to have all power over a clientele of apathetic neighbours. However, if their leadership relies on the strength of personalised and localised ties, made and kept by a range of exchanges of goods and services, this investigation sheds light on processes of unification. In order to resolve local problems, the leaders focus on rationalising, even perhaps inciting needs that their neighbours can rally behind. Faced with regular failure and the subsequent uncomfortable position this leaves them him, some leaders can attempt to pursue a career in the political establishment. However, their entry in politics is particularly difficult due to the political parties who manage political careers and are not in favour of urban working class groups. Through a bottom-up approach, this thesis contributes to the analysis of the forms of political engagement and the politicization of the lower classes, which can happen on the margins of the political field

Le Luxembourg est le 3ème exportateur mondial de services financiers. Il figure parmi les pays qui accueillent le plus d’investissements directs en provenance de l’étranger, ce qui indique l’intensité de ses liens avec l’économie mondiale. Le but de ce travail est d’analyser l’influence éventuelle d’une économie mondiale caractérisée par l’interdépendance des marchés réels et financiers sur l’économie Luxembourgeoise. Chapitre 1 présente une analyse des interactions de l’économie Luxembourgeoise avec le monde extérieur. Le chapitre suivant est consacré à la revue de la littérature portant sur la modélisation de l’intermédiation financière au niveau macroéconomique, couvrant plusieurs types d’approches de modélisations. Enfin, le troisième chapitre comporte un modèle macroéconométrique multi-pays construit et analysé afin de simuler les scénarios plausibles. Le modèle y est présenté avec ses fondements théoriques, les résultats des simulations et une comparaison avec d’autres modèles. La nouveauté du modèle réside dans sa prise en compte du commerce international désagrégé en services financiers et autres, et des investissements internationaux en portefeuille avec leurs flux de titres et de capitaux, ainsi que de leur impact sur la croissance économique. Les résultats des simulations montrent que ce cadre d’analyse donne parfois des résultats différents par rapport aux modèles standards. Nombre de scénarios qui ne peuvent être simulés par d’autres modèles, tels que la baisse des flux internationaux d’investissements de portefeuille, sont également analysés et confirment la forte vulnérabilité du Luxembourg aux chocs externes qui ont lieu sur les marchés financiers. / Luxembourg is world’s third financial services exporter and one of world’s top recipients of foreign direct investment in value as well as per capita terms, which highlight its strong linkages with world economy. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze possible outcomes for the very small and very open economy of Luxembourg in a world environment, where real and financial markets affect each other. To better understand the characteristics of the economy and economic mechanisms behind them, a thorough analysis with emphasis put on the interactions with the outside world based on available data and relevant literature is presented (Chapter 1). Subsequently a survey of literature devoted to modeling financial intermediation at macroeconomic level across various types of modeling approaches is offered (Chapter 2). Finally, a multi-country macroeconometric model built to simulate possible scenarios is presented and analyzed (Chapter 3) with its theoretical background, simulations’ results and comparison with other models. The model is novel in that it accounts for international trade disaggregated into financial services and the rest, and international portfolio investment in securities and equity flows, that have a significant impact on the country’s economic growth. Simulations’ results show that such a framework generates sometimes markedly different results than more standard models. A number of scenarios which cannot be simulated in other models, such as American stock market fall or a decrease in international portfolio flows, are also analyzed and confirm the high vulnerability of Luxembourg economy to external shocks originating in financial markets.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T10:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:34:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 2341345 bytes, checksum: 7283bd13c0d58afa344b806685e77f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-01 / O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar os fatores que influenciam a demanda das firmas brasileiras (restritas e irrestritas) por financiamento, e quais os efeitos de choques no setor de intermediação financeira sobre o produto e sobre essa demanda no Brasil. Buscou-se na metodologia Insumo-Produto, e em suas recentes abordagens, elementos que contribuíssem para o entendimento das restrições de oferta na decisão de estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras. Foram construídas Matrizes de Contabilidade Social e Financeiras, as quais evidenciam a variação de ativos e passivos dos agentes econômicos, e por meio delas, foram extraídos multiplicadores do produto, que representam o efeito de choques exógenos sobre a produção brasileira. O impacto de choques no setor de intermediação financeira sobre o produto dos demais setores de atividade econômica foi denominado: Multiplicador Financeiro Setorial (MFS), por permitir visualizar o impacto de restrições dos fluxos financeiros no nível do setor. O impacto de restrições financeiras no nível da firma foi analisado com o modelo de Almeida e Campello (2010), destacando que a demanda por recursos externos é menos sensível ao fluxo de caixa em firmas mais propensas a sofrer restrições financeiras, o que implica na aceitação de que as decisões de investimento e financiamento são endógenas, ao menos para a firmas restritas, ressalvando as proposições tradicionais da teoria de estrutura de capital, como Dynamic Trade-off (DTO) e Pecking Order Theory (POT), bem como a necessidade de tratamento especial na modelagem econométrica. O modelo de Flannery e Rangan (2006), estimado pelo Método das Variáveis Instrumentais, de forma a considerar a restrição financeira, revela a importância de diversos fatores determinantes do endividamento além do fluxo de caixa, como tamanho, tangibilidade, risco, elementos relacionados a janelas de oportunidades, o custo da dívida e o efeito negativo do MFS, que o destaca como indicador da sensibilidade setorial. Estimando o modelo de Shyam-Sunders e Myers (1999), pelo Método dos Momentos Generalizados, também de forma a considerar a presença de restrição, observou-se que a POT é adequada para explicar a decisão de estrutura de capital somente das empresas irrestritas. / The goal of this research is to analyze the factors influencing the demand of Brazilian firms (restricted and unrestricted) for funding, and what the effects of shocks in the financial intermediation sector on the product and this demand in Brazil. Sought in the input-output methodology, and its recent approaches, elements that contribute to the understanding of supply constraints in the decision of capital structure of Brazilian companies. Were built a Financial and Social Accounting Matrix, which show the variation of assets and liabilities of economic agents, and through them, were extracted product multipliers, representing the effect of exogenous shocks on the Brazilian production. The impact of shocks in the financial intermediation sector about the product from other economic sectors was called: Financial Sector Multiplier (MFS), it allows to visualize the impact of restrictions on financial flows at the sector level. The impact of financial constraints at the firm level was analyzed in accordance with Almeida and Campello (2010). The demand for external funds is less sensitive to cash flow in firms more likely to suffer financial constraints. It implies acceptance that investment and financing decisions are endogenous, at least for constrained firms, safeguarding the traditional beliefs of the capital structure theory, as Dynamic Trade-off (DTO) and Pecking Order Theory (POT) as well as the need for treatment in econometric modeling. In order to consider the financial constraint, the Flannery and Rangan (2006) model was estimated by Instrumental Variables Method. It reveals the importance of various determinants of capital structure beyond the cash flow, such as size, leverage, risk elements related to market timing, the cost of debt and the negative effect of MFS, which stands as an indicator of sectorial sensitivity. Also to take into account the presence of restriction, we estimate the Shyam-Sunders and Myers (1999) model with the Generalized Method of Moments, it was observed that the POT is adequate to explain only the unconstrained firms capital structure decision.

A pesar de la vasta información que se encuentra sobre los beneficios e inconvenientes que la tercerización de servicios puede generar en las empresas, se sabe poco acerca de la tercerización de servicios en el sector hotelero peruano. La presente investigación se centra en el análisis de los elementos a favor y en contra de la tercerización en la industria hotelera y su desarrollo en el contexto peruano. La metodología empleada fue la revisión bibliográfica que se complementa bajo un enfoque cualitativo exploratorio mediante una entrevista a profundidad a dos expertos en la gestión de hoteles. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que existen ciertas actividades hoteleras que se tercerizan con mayor frecuencia en el Perú debido a que representan un ahorro en costos y gastos de capital, tales como las áreas de entretenimiento (spa y gimnasio), eventos, lavandería, seguridad y mantenimiento, y en menor grado las áreas de housekeeping y Alimentos & Bebidas. Asimismo, se tercerizan estas actividades debido al alto grado de especialización que requieren, que no se relacionan con las actividades principales del hotel y que pueden ser realizadas por empresas tercerizadoras. En tanto, existen otras actividades como la recepción, concierge y personal de botones que no son aconsejables tercerizar debido a que son actividades claves para el hotel y son consideradas front of the house, es decir, aquellas que tienen contacto directo con los clientes e inciden en la reputación del mismo. / Despite the vast information found on the benefits and drawbacks that outsourcing services can generate in companies, little is known about outsourcing services in the Peruvian hotel sector. This research focuses on the analysis of the elements for and against outsourcing in the hotel industry and its development in the Peruvian context. The methodology used was a bibliographic review that is complemented under an exploratory qualitative approach by an in-depth interview with two experts in hotel management. The results found show that there are certain hotel activities that are outsourced more frequently in Peru due to the fact that they represent savings in costs and capital expenditures, such as entertainment areas (spa and gym), events, laundry, security and maintenance, and to a lesser degree the cleaning areas and A & B. Likewise, these activities are outsourced to the high degree of specialization they require, which are not related to the main activities of the hotel and which can be carried out by outsourcing companies. Meanwhile, there are other activities such as reception, concierge and bell staff that are not advisable to outsource because they are key activities for the hotel and are considered front of the house, that is, they are the people who have direct contact with customers and affect its reputation. / Trabajo de investigación

Legal regulation of activities of insurance intermediaries Main part of this diploma thesis is aimed at the analysis and evaluation of new national regulation of insurance intermediaries included in the Act no. 170/2018 on distribution of insurance and reinsurance which is the result of implementation of Directive 2016/97 on insurance distribution into the national legislation. This thesis is divided into three chapters The first chapter is dedicated to the introduction of insurance industry as its own and specific economic segment. In this chapter I am discussing insurance industry from both historic and contemporary point of view. I try to briefly define insurance and insurance industry both from legal and economic aspects and then describe development of insurance and insurance industry through the history. At the end of this chapter, I discuss different distribution channels in insurance industry as one of those channels are insurance intermediaries. The second chapter starts with summary of historical regulation of insurance intermediaries since the creation of independent Czech Republic to present day. Main part of this chapter is dedicated to the current regulation of insurance intermediaries. At first, I am discussing different categories of insurance intermediaries and then I am describing...

La intermediación financiera ha aumentado a lo largo del tiempo en el Perú, los principales factores que pueden explicar este incremento son el acceso al sistema financiero, los ingresos percibidos y el nivel educativo y educación financiera. Sin embargo, una de las variables que no se suele tomar en consideración es la percepción de confianza, la cual es la que se estudia en este trabajo, y se busca hallar la influencia en la relación de la demanda por servicios financieros. Beczuck (2005) considera que las características y percepciones de la población influyen de manera positiva en el mejoramiento de la intermediación financiera. Por lo que resulta relevante el poder realizar estudios por el lado de la demanda para poder entender el comportamiento de la población frente a los servicios financieros ofertados. Mediante la la Encuesta Nacional de Capacidades Financieras 2019, se realiza una estimación del modelo de elección binaria debido a la característica de naturaleza dicotómica de la variable dependiente, donde se estima si una persona elige una cuenta de ahorro, depósitos a plazo y fondos mutuos o algún tipo de crédito en el sistema financiero. Los resultados muestran que la confianza tiene una relación positiva en la demanda por servicios financieros, lo que involucraría el tener en cuenta una mejor construcción y consideración de esta variable para políticas económicas. / Financial intermediation has increased over time in Peru, and the main factors that may explain this increase are access to the financial system, perceived income and the level of education and financial literacy. However, one of the variables that is not usually taken into consideration is the perception of trust, which is the one studied in this paper, and the aim is to find its influence on the relationship between the demand for financial services. Beczuck (2005) considers that the characteristics and perceptions of the population have a positive influence on the improvement of financial intermediation. Therefore, it is important to carry out studies on the demand side in order to understand the behavior of the population with respect to the financial services offered. Through the National Survey of Financial Capabilities 2019, an estimation of the binary choice model is made due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable, where it is estimated whether a person chooses a savings account, time deposits and mutual funds or some type of credit in the financial system. The results show that trust has a positive relationship with the demand for financial services, which would involve taking into account a better construction and consideration of this variable for economic policies. / Trabajo de investigación

This master´s thesis is focused on elaboration of business plan in all its complexity, resulting in setting up a company “Tempus”. Mentioned company will operate as medium for foreign personal or legal entities providing service of setting up a business on soil of Czech Republic for them. Service will be provided as complete bundle including all needed certifications and documentations. This way it will save clients time, expenses and effort.