The purpose of this thesis is to study Swedish retailers in order to find out which factors are the most crucial and influencing when it comes to international market selection. We as authors could find studies about international market selection, but not a single one regarding why Swedish MNEs choose to enter certain markets. We as authors therefore see a need for a better understanding of which factors have the greatest influence over market selection. The literature review that has been established in this study includes theories related to behavioristics, economics, risk and entry modes. By using an abductive approach and interviewing both large firms like H&M and IKEA, as well as smaller companies like Clas Ohlson and Happy Socks, our results shows that the important factors differ depending on the company size. The analysis chapter also involves a discussion of the different entry modes of the four firms and how they could come to affect the internationalization process. This qualitative multi case research will serve as a foundation for firms aiming for international expansion and for people who wish to educate themselves further on how Swedish firms internationalize and why. It will also generate new research questions for future researchers to study whilst informing them of why this particular research gap is important to fill.

O presente estudo visa a discutir a influência do sistema de quotas tarifárias sobre as exportações agroindustriais brasileiras. Para tanto, descreve o funcionamento e as características das quotas tarifárias e aponta algumas inconsistências em relação aos princípios de não-discriminação e transparência, do sistema GATT/OMC, e perante o compromisso de acesso mínimo e corrente proposto no Acordo sobre Agricultura da Rodada Uruguai (AARU). Por meio de ilustrações gráficas, o presente trabalho demonstra os fatores condicionantes e os efeitos sobre o bem-estar, desvio de renda e possíveis impactos sobre a demanda por importação. Cabe salientar que as ilustrações gráficas desta pesquisa são caracterizadas como seu instrumental metodológico, enquanto a teoria microeconômica e a economia internacional compõem seu arcabouço teórico. Além disso, foram escolhidos como mais importantes, 32 produtos agroindustriais da pauta exportadora brasileira, o que resultou na análise de 352 dentre 1.425 quotas tarifárias, compreendendo 26 dos 43 países que impõem este sistema às suas importações. Os resultados apontaram para uma interferência do sistema de quotas tarifárias sobre a exportação agroindustrial brasileira. Não puderam demonstrar, porém, de forma conclusiva, os efeitos esperados de uma política de liberalização comercial, por caracterizarem-se de forma muito diferenciada, país a país e produto a produto. No entanto, pode-se verificar a influência política e social sobre a administração das quotas tarifárias, seu assentamento legal e institucional frente aos acordos de comércio internacional, suas formas de discriminação, a falta de transparência no uso do sistema e a indicação de que as quotas tarifárias são um instrumento de grande ajuda no controle da oferta doméstica, sendo fundamentais na manutenção de políticas de subsídios e apoio interno. Verificou-se também que as quotas tarifárias influenciam, principalmente, as exportações brasileiras de açúcar, carnes, milho, cacau, tabaco e algodão, para os principais mercados mundiais. Dadas estas nuances, o presente trabalho oferece algumas sugestões aos negociadores brasileiros no que tange ao tratamento conferido ao sistema de quotas tarifárias, para que se consiga maior acesso para produtos agroindustriais brasileiros no mercado internacional. / The present study aims at discussing the influence of the tariff-rate quota system on Brazilian agricultural exports. The text describes the characteristics of the tariff-rate quota system and points to its inconsistencies with the principles of non-discrimination and transparency prescribed by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the minimum and current access compromises established in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). The present study utilizes graphic illustrations to demonstrate the possible effects of tariff-rate quotas on general welfare, income diversion, and import demand. While graphic illustrations constitute the methodological instruments of the study, the theoretical analysis is drawn from microeconomics and international economics. The study focuses on 32 products that were identified as the most important Brazilian agricultural exports. This resulted in the investigation of 352 out of the total 1,425 tariff-rate quotas, and involved 26 of the 43 countries that impose this type of instrument on their imports. The results point to the interference of the tariff-rate quota system on Brazilian agricultural exports. However, given that the tariff-rate quota mechanisms vary considerable from product to product, and from country to country, the results are not conclusive in regards to the effects of adopting trade liberalization policies. The study verifies the influence of political and social factors on the administration of tariff-rate quotas, their legal and institutional standing in international trade agreements, the types of discrimination they perpetuate, their lack of transparency, and the fundamental role they play in the control of domestic supply and maintenance of domestic support policies. Furthermore, the study verified that tariff-rate quotas have a greater influence on Brazil’s exports of sugar, meats, corn, cocoa, tobacco, and cotton. Given these nuances, the present study provides Brazilian negotiators with suggestions regarding the treatment of the tariff-rate quota system in order to grant greater access for Brazil’s agricultural products in the international market.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é medir e testar empiricamente a importância dos choques de oferta e demanda no vigoroso crescimento da agricultura brasileira, ao longo dos últimos trinta anos. Pressupõe-se que a agricultura brasileira tem o seu desempenho, relacionado não apenas a fatores microeconômicos ou setoriais - como tecnologia e condições específicas de mercado e apoio setorial governamental - mas também macroeconômicos: (a) políticas fiscal, monetária/creditícia e cambial e; (b) eventos de ampla repercussão econômica em âmbito nacional e internacional. Nem sempre há uma conjunção claramente favorável ou desfavorável desses fatores de distintas naturezas; assim, por exemplo, a rentabilidade de uma nova tecnologia pode ser prejudicada por uma valorização cambial. Dessa forma métodos especiais são necessários para estimar os efeitos de cada variável. Historicamente a agricultura brasileira sempre teve uma função relevante no que diz respeito ao crescimento econômico do país. A agricultura tinha que crescer em consonância ao crescimento da economia, ou seja, sem que se rompessem de forma severa o equilíbrio interno (nível de preços e grau de abastecimento) e/ou equilíbrio externo (geração de divisas necessárias para financiar importações ou pagamento da dívida externa). Tais equilíbrios nem sempre se verificam simultaneamente, e têm importantes impactos distributivos na economia de modo que: moeda supervalorizada pode ser compatível com abastecimento interno satisfatório, mas desequilíbrio externo grave; um caso como esse, por exemplo, é marcado por forte transferência de renda dos produtores para os consumidores nacionais. A hipótese central deste trabalho é que a maior parte do crescimento da agricultura brasileira, nos últimos trinta anos, pode ser atribuída a dois fatores gerais relacionados a dois tipos de choques sobre a agricultura: de demanda - originado a partir do mercado doméstico (renda) e, também, do mercado externo (taxa de câmbio) e de oferta - relacionado à produtividade do setor agrícola. Ao longo do tempo tanto a produtividade agrícola como a demanda agregada apresentaram tendência crescente; assim, entende-se que se os choques positivos (tendentes a aumentar a produção) de oferta predominarem em relação ao choque positivos de demanda (idem), a agricultura estará cumprindo com folga seu papel. Através da revisão da literatura, é realizado um levantamento sobre a participação da agricultura no equilíbrio macroeconômico do país, cujo interesse é caracterizar os cenários macro e microeconômicos da agricultura. Finalmente, estabelece-se um modelo econométrico, baseado na metodologia de Blanchard e Quah (1989), a fim de se verificar e mensurar os impactos do comportamento das variáveis macroeconômicas e microeconômicas sobre o crescimento da agricultura. Os resultados indicam que tanto os choques de oferta, como os choques de demanda, afetam permanentemente preço e produto agrícolas. As estimativas realizadas permitem concluir que a expansão do produto agrícola é explicado, em grande proporção, pelos aumentos de produtividade. A integração aos mercados internacionais foi essencial para assegurar a lucratividade e adoção contínua de novas tecnologias, que levaram a ganhos de produtividade. / The main objective of this work is to measure and to test empirically the importance of the supply and demand shocks in the vigorous growth of Brazilian agriculture in the last thirty years. We hypothesize that Brazilian agriculture has its performance not only related to the microeconomic factors - such as technology and specific market conditions and governmental support - but also macroeconomic factors: (a) fiscal policies, monetary/credit policies and exchange rate systems and; (b) events of ample economic repercussion in national and international environment. The conjunction of these factors of distinct natures may be either favorable or unfavorable to agriculture; thus, for example, the yield gain de to a new technology can be more than offset by a appreciation of exchange rate. Then, special methods are necessary to estimate the effects of each variable. Historically, the Brazilian agriculture has had a relevant role in Brazil’s economic growth. Agriculture had to grow in accordance to the growth of the economy so that internal balance (level of prices and raw material supply) and external balance (generation of foreign currency) are not severely disrupted. For instance, an overvalued currency can be compatible with satisfactory internal supply at the cost of serious external disequilibria with a strong transference of income from producers to consumers. The central hypothesis of this work is that most of the growth of Brazilian agriculture, in last the thirty years, can be attributed to two general factors related the two types of shocks on agriculture: demand - originated from domestic market (income) and, also, of the external market (exchange rate) and supply - related to the productivity of the agricultural sector. It is understood that if the positive supply shocks (tending to increase production) predominate compared to the demand positive shocks (they idem), agriculture will have fulfilled its role. An econometrical model, based in the methodology of Blanchard e Quah (1989), is defined in order to verify and to measure the impacts of the macroeconomic and microeconomic variables on the growth of agriculture. The results indicate that supply shocks and demand shocks permanently affect agricultural price and output. The expansion of the agricultural output is largely explained by productivity increases. The integration to the international markets was essential to assure the profitability and continuous adoption of new technologies that had taken the productivity profits.

O presente estudo visa a discutir a influência do sistema de quotas tarifárias sobre as exportações agroindustriais brasileiras. Para tanto, descreve o funcionamento e as características das quotas tarifárias e aponta algumas inconsistências em relação aos princípios de não-discriminação e transparência, do sistema GATT/OMC, e perante o compromisso de acesso mínimo e corrente proposto no Acordo sobre Agricultura da Rodada Uruguai (AARU). Por meio de ilustrações gráficas, o presente trabalho demonstra os fatores condicionantes e os efeitos sobre o bem-estar, desvio de renda e possíveis impactos sobre a demanda por importação. Cabe salientar que as ilustrações gráficas desta pesquisa são caracterizadas como seu instrumental metodológico, enquanto a teoria microeconômica e a economia internacional compõem seu arcabouço teórico. Além disso, foram escolhidos como mais importantes, 32 produtos agroindustriais da pauta exportadora brasileira, o que resultou na análise de 352 dentre 1.425 quotas tarifárias, compreendendo 26 dos 43 países que impõem este sistema às suas importações. Os resultados apontaram para uma interferência do sistema de quotas tarifárias sobre a exportação agroindustrial brasileira. Não puderam demonstrar, porém, de forma conclusiva, os efeitos esperados de uma política de liberalização comercial, por caracterizarem-se de forma muito diferenciada, país a país e produto a produto. No entanto, pode-se verificar a influência política e social sobre a administração das quotas tarifárias, seu assentamento legal e institucional frente aos acordos de comércio internacional, suas formas de discriminação, a falta de transparência no uso do sistema e a indicação de que as quotas tarifárias são um instrumento de grande ajuda no controle da oferta doméstica, sendo fundamentais na manutenção de políticas de subsídios e apoio interno. Verificou-se também que as quotas tarifárias influenciam, principalmente, as exportações brasileiras de açúcar, carnes, milho, cacau, tabaco e algodão, para os principais mercados mundiais. Dadas estas nuances, o presente trabalho oferece algumas sugestões aos negociadores brasileiros no que tange ao tratamento conferido ao sistema de quotas tarifárias, para que se consiga maior acesso para produtos agroindustriais brasileiros no mercado internacional. / The present study aims at discussing the influence of the tariff-rate quota system on Brazilian agricultural exports. The text describes the characteristics of the tariff-rate quota system and points to its inconsistencies with the principles of non-discrimination and transparency prescribed by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the minimum and current access compromises established in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). The present study utilizes graphic illustrations to demonstrate the possible effects of tariff-rate quotas on general welfare, income diversion, and import demand. While graphic illustrations constitute the methodological instruments of the study, the theoretical analysis is drawn from microeconomics and international economics. The study focuses on 32 products that were identified as the most important Brazilian agricultural exports. This resulted in the investigation of 352 out of the total 1,425 tariff-rate quotas, and involved 26 of the 43 countries that impose this type of instrument on their imports. The results point to the interference of the tariff-rate quota system on Brazilian agricultural exports. However, given that the tariff-rate quota mechanisms vary considerable from product to product, and from country to country, the results are not conclusive in regards to the effects of adopting trade liberalization policies. The study verifies the influence of political and social factors on the administration of tariff-rate quotas, their legal and institutional standing in international trade agreements, the types of discrimination they perpetuate, their lack of transparency, and the fundamental role they play in the control of domestic supply and maintenance of domestic support policies. Furthermore, the study verified that tariff-rate quotas have a greater influence on Brazil’s exports of sugar, meats, corn, cocoa, tobacco, and cotton. Given these nuances, the present study provides Brazilian negotiators with suggestions regarding the treatment of the tariff-rate quota system in order to grant greater access for Brazil’s agricultural products in the international market.

Date May 31, 2011 Course Name: Masters Thesis in Marketing, 4FE02E, 15 hp, Spring 2011 LinnaeusUniversity,Växjö,Sweden Program Masters in Marketing Authors: Rubaiyat Raihan 840812 Shah Azeem 761210 Tutor: Engelbert Weiss Examiner: Sarah Philipson Title of the Paper: The specificities of market entry strategies into a developing country Problem Statement: “What are the specificities of market entry strategies into a developing country?” Purpose: To understand the market entry strategy of high tech product like energy efficiency light for the developing country taking into consideration the aspects discussed under problem discussion. Delimitation: In our thesis paper, we are only discussed about the energy saving industry and more specific the light manufactures. Also, our paper is discussed only about the market entry strategies and entry barrier, not to measure the effect of it. Methodology: The project is based on primary data retrieved in connection with the theoretical framework. A qualitative approach of research and questionnaire has been considered to reach the desirable result. Conclusion: After investigating the factors of energy efficiency light industry, we can conclude that it will be a good idea for a company to expand their business in developing country as the industry and the countries have a lot of potential to offer. An Investment entry mode (Joint Venture) has been suggested. Suggestion for Further Research: This research was focused on market entry strategy and entry barriers of energy efficiency light manufacturer, not the effect of entry barriers. Therefore, the next step should be to make in order to examine the effect of the barriers discussed in this research. Key Words: International market entry strategies, energy efficiency light industry, entry modes and entry barriers.

The following piece will highlight the correlations found between foreign market exits and reentries. The developed tables, figures and conceptual model will graphically display in details the stages a Multinational Corporation (MNC) would go through during the course of a market exit up until the reentry. Moreover, the paper will elaborate how many firms have failed to understand the magnitude of a well-executed market withdrawal. Furthermore, the paper will indicate the correlations found between underlying reason & quality of exit; quality of exit & ease of reentry, and “time out” & reentry.

Under greatly improvement in manufacturing quality and R¡®D capacity, Taiwanese Machine Tool Industry gradually emerging on the international and saturated domestic market in recent years. Also, domestic market is gradually saturated; machine tool manufacturer is forced to move out of Taiwan. It also caused Taiwan tool industry to internationalize and step into the phase of international market management. Most enterprise scale of Taiwan machine tool industry belong to small and medium-sized ones. Under limited resource, it is a critical issue to allocate the resource efficiently and to control the key success factors of international marketing management. This research use publicly listed machine tool industry companies in Taiwan to be the study object. First, besides collecting related literatures in domestic and overseas, this research also used questionnaire and interviewees to study the key success factors of Taiwanese Machine Tool Industry international market management, by conclude the following four factors, which were entire environment, industrial structure, business competitive advantages and international market strategy. Secondly, the AHP (Analysis Hierarchy Process) will be used as analysis method to evaluate the importance of key success factors in Taiwanese Machine Tool Industry international market management. Finally, the results showed that the most important five factors of the key success factors in Taiwanese Machine Tool Industry international market management were: 1) Enterprise's brand/Business goodwill; 2) Tax reduction policy; 3) Global marketing networks management; 4) Key components of self-control and 5) The impact of the international environment. The weight ratio of factors could provide the Taiwanese Machine Tool Industry as the index for operating in foreign markets

Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation of Taiwan¡¦s Enterprises. With their flexible and efficiency manufacturing characteristics, SMEs are the most contributors for Taiwan¡¦s economic growth. In the past, most Taiwanese firms focus on OEM or ODM business. But in recent years, the growing wages caused manufacturing cost raise and Taiwanese firms faced the threat of severe global manufacturing competition. The situation has become increasingly difficult for many companies in Taiwan to stay in business. To build an own brand becomes an important strategy for Taiwan companies. This study explores the international branding strategy of Taiwanese enterprise. A qualitative case study approach was employed in this study to study six Taiwanese firms which attempt to build their brands in the international market. The result shows that (1) In order to quickly respond to environmental needs, the integration of internal resources (evaluate core capability) and the analyzation of external environment (market size) are required. (2) Entry mode: In order to lower the risk, Taiwanese firms prefer to cooperate with local companies instead of foreign direct investment, unless the market size is big enough. (3) Operational strategy: Unlike other global brand, Taiwan brand developed a unique business model. (4) International organization: Headquarter and branch must coordinate and build two-way communication to deliver a consistent brand value.

The thesis goal – analysis of main difficulties of stocks supply to Lithuanian plants and presentation of possible solutions acording to the experience and practice of supply management in foreign countries. The main goal of stocks supply is to satisfy the needs of engineering by materials supply at the same time getting the greatest economical benefit. In the analytical part of the thesis the author briefly discusses the conception and the goals of stocks supply, analyses the management of materials flow and the control of the main subjects of stocks supply in Lithuanian and foreign countries. There are also described the peculiarities of purchasing in international market. The project part of the work presents the research of main aspects of stocks supply in Lithuanian firms. The author analyses the impact to the stocks prices of Lithuania’s entry to European Union. According to the results of the analysis performed, the author proposes the plan of choosing the most qualified suppliers, practicing the Electronic data interchange, using experience of foreign countries which working in international market. There are also given the possibilities of supply management in E – commerce and the strategy of making of purchasing management teams.

SUMMARY The education and training of entrepreneurship is a new thing in Lithuania. It includes knowledge, skill development, and individual qualities corresponding student’s age and logic level. Primary, secondary, and vocational training schools develop entrepreneurship and learning by doing. Because of entrepreneurship, the cooperation between training institutions and business enterprises, teachers’ training, encouragement of business initiatives at universities takes place. The work’s research problem consists of questions like entrepreneurship conception, aspects, and growth potential. The objective of this research is to show secondary schools students and teacher’s attitude towards entrepreneurship education competence. To achieve this objective and to reveal problematic aspects, different scientific pedagogical, psychological, and other issues were used. The research is made to evaluate the importance of entrepreneurship education from the secondary schools students and teacher’s viewpoint; to develop the ways of entrepreneurship teaching, to explore education abilities of the entrepreneurship competences; to determine the necessary qualities and skills for entrepreneurship competence and give recommendations. The work reveals the essence of entrepreneurship competence: entrepreneurship is not only the creation of your business, but the growth of your qualities as well. Entrepreneurship competences are influenced by the growth of certain natural and acquired... [to full text]