Submitted by Dalton Yoshio Hirata (dyhirata@msn.com) on 2012-11-29T01:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-11-29T12:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-29T12:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / This work intends to analyze, from the perspective of the 'rent seeking' theory, the historical evolution of the legislation and case law about the tax on profits, capital gains and income earned by corporations established abroad. The hypothesis is that this legislation and its many interpretations reflect rent seeking interests by both some government sectors as well as the private sector. Accordingly, the theory of rent seeking is analyzed and its relation to the theory of 'patrimonialismo' in Brazil is demonstrated. Afterwards, the theory is applied to the proposed tax theme. To reach this objective, this work analyzes the evolution of the legislation until the last relevant law: Provisional Measure No. 2158-35 / 01. The main controversies will be identified as well as possible economic (rent seeking) interests in the various interpretations of the rules in question. Afterwards, this works verifies in the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the Supreme Federal Court (STF) and the Administrative Tax Court (CARF) the evolution of courts’ understanding about the various interpretations. It will be analyzed if any consensus could be obtained and which economic interests would be affected by the course taken by the case law on the theme. In this context, the analysis of legislative and jurisprudential evolution will address the following controversial issues: (1) characterization of the Brazilian rules as CFC rules (antiavoidance feature), (2) taxation of a deemed profit distribution or of the own Brazilian company profits; (3) the constitutionality of Article 43, paragraph 2, of the National Tax Code, and Article 74 of the Provisional Measure No. 2158-35/01; and (4) the compatibility of this regime with the Treaties on Double Taxation. Finally, a conclusion will be made from the findings, regarding how the changing tax rules in question may represent a rent seeking situation without public benefits that may unduly benefit both the public and the private sectors. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar, pela ótica da teoria do rent seeking, a evolução da legislação e da jurisprudência administrativa e judicial acerca do regime da tributação dos lucros, ganhos de capital e rendimentos auferidos por sociedades controladas e coligadas no exterior. Observar-se-á a hipótese da legislação e das suas diversas interpretações refletirem interesses predominantemente de apropriação de renda, tanto por parte da Administração Pública quanto dos agentes privados. Nesse sentido, após uma exposição da teoria do rent seeking e da sua relação com a teoria do patrimonialismo no Brasil, ela será aplicada no tema tributário proposto. Para tanto, verificar-se-á a evolução da legislação até o último diploma normativo relevante sobre o tema: a Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01. Neste momento, serão identificadas as principais controvérsias e os possíveis interesses nas diversas interpretações dadas às regras em questão, associando-os com os diversos problemas de rent seeking observáveis. A seguir, verificar-se-á, nas decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), e do Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (CARF) qual a evolução do entendimento dos tribunais a respeito das referidas interpretações, verificando se algum consenso foi atingido e quais interesses estariam atingidos pelo rumo tomado pela jurisprudência sobre o tema. Neste contexto, a análise da evolução legislativa e jurisprudencial abordará os seguintes pontos controversos: (1) caracterização das regras brasileiras como CFC rules (característica antielisiva); (2) tributação de distribuição ficta ou de lucro da própria controladora ou coligada no Brasil; (3) constitucionalidade do artigo 43, parágrafo 2º, do Código Tributário Nacional, bem como do artigo 74 da Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01; e (4) a compatibilização com os Tratados contra a Dupla Tributação. Por fim, far-se-á uma conclusão, a partir dos resultados verificados, a respeito de como a evolução das regras tributárias em questão pode representar uma apropriação de renda sem benefícios públicos que pode favorecer indevidamente tanto o setor público como o privado.

No description available.

Le Marché intérieur s’est constitué en vue d’établir une concurrence libre et de répartir les ressources de la manière la plus efficiente possible. Impliquant l’abolition des frontières intérieures, l’action communautaire a conduit à harmoniser ou au moins à rapprocher de nombreux domaines. Même la fiscalité directe, compétence réservée des Etats membres, a fini par être placée sous la surveillance des Traités par le biais des libertés fondamentales et du principe de non-discrimination. Ce dernier a permis une certaine intégration fiscale au niveau européen en vue d’une neutralisation de la fiscalité sur les mouvements de personnes, de biens, de services et de capitaux. Cette oeuvre, essentiellement prétorienne, a cependant montré ses limites au plan de la cohérence de la politique fiscale, le juge ne pouvant faire un choix quant à la forme de neutralité qu’il conviendrait de choisir : neutralité aux importations de capitaux, neutralité aux exportations de capitaux ou une autre. En effet, les Traités établissent indéniablement un objectif de neutralité à destination des Etats. Emanant des textes européens cette neutralité abstraite est fondamentale afin de réaliser les objectifs économiques de l’Union. Cependant, en l’absence d’harmonisation fiscale il est nécessaire de faire un choix pour une forme de neutralité afin de concilier imposition, efficience économique et allocation efficace des ressources. A l’aune des principes qui structurent la construction de l’Europe, il convient désormais de dessiner les contours d’une neutralité fonctionnelle capable de procéder à l’intégration des impôts directs des Etats membres dans un Marché commun. / The Internal Market was formed to establish free competition and allocate resources as efficiently as possible. Involving the abolition of internal borders, Community action led to harmonize or at least to bring together many areas. Although direct taxation powers have been reserved by member States, it was placed under the supervision of the Treaties by means of the fundamental freedoms and the principle of non-discrimination. The latter has led to some tax integration at the European level in order to neutralize taxation on the movement of people, goods, services and capital. This work, mainly performed by the ECJ, showed its limits in terms of consistency of fiscal policy, the judge cannot make a choice as to the form of neutrality that should be chosen: capital import neutrality, capital export neutrality or another form of neutrality. Indeed, the EC Treaty establishes an undeniable objective of neutrality toward member States. The abstract neutrality that is emanating from European texts is essential to achieve the economic objectives of the EU. However, in the absence of tax harmonization it is necessary to choose among the different standards of tax neutrality in order to reconcile taxation, economic efficiency and efficient allocation of resources. In the light of the principles that shape the European construction one should now draw the outlines of a functional neutrality able to perform the integration of direct taxes in a Common Market.

O fenômeno da globalização teve o condão de aproximar os diversos povos, cada um com seus interesses e culturas próprios. A existência de um consenso internacional na definição de princípios a serem seguidos quando das relações externas não consegue impedir, contudo, o surgimento de possíveis conflitos e divergências, tendo em vista a pluralidade cultural das diversas nações mundiais, fato que induziu a sociedade internacional a desenvolver meios que pudessem dirimir pacificamente as controvérsias, porventura, surgidas entre elas. A adoção dos meios para solução pacífica dos conflitos internacionais encontra-se incentivada pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (art. 4., incisos VI e VII) e sua utilização não importa qualquer renúncia ao exercício da soberania, nem tampouco à imunidade de jurisdição. Para que se tenha uma eficácia maior da submissão dos conflitos surgidos no âmbito externo aos meios admitidos para resolvê-los, é importante que os países envolvidos no litígio possuam orientação interna no sentido de privilegiar o Direito Internacional frente à sua legislação infraconstitucional doméstica. A eventual primazia do direito interno pode resultar na inocuidade da adoção dos meios pacíficos de solução de controvérsias internacionais, uma vez que as autoridades dos países litigantes poderão se esquivar do cumprimento do acordo ou decisão alegando uma possível contrariedade com os ditames legais domésticos. Nesse contexto, a seara tributária tem despertado constantes divergências internacionais. As diferentes interpretações conferidas pelas diversas nações, dentre elas o Brasil, quando da aplicação dos tratados por elas firmados e que tenham vertente fiscal, em especial aqueles que visam evitar a dupla imposição fiscal da renda, ou garantir o livre trânsito de bens, pessoas e serviços, acaba trazendo grande insegurança àqueles investidores que possuem operações conectadas a dois ou mais sistemas tributários diferentes. Assim, ganham cada vez mais corpo, os debates em torno da extensão dos mecanismos pacíficos para resolução de divergências, também ao âmbito de aplicação de todo e qualquer tratado que verse sobre a matéria tributária. Tal fato propicia a busca de uma possível uniformização dos métodos hermenêuticos aplicáveis àqueles fatos geradores tributáveis que se encontrem vinculados a dois ou mais entes soberanos. É nesse contexto que se apresenta o presente estudo, o qual aborda a possibilidade de a República Federativa do Brasil submeter ao procedimento arbitral aquelas controvérsias de cunho tributário que eventualmente decorram da interpretação divergente das convenções internacionais das quais seja parte e que tratem de matéria fiscal. / The phenomenon of globalization had the power to bring together different peoples, each with their own interests and cultures. However, in view of the cultural diversity of different peoples around the world, the existence of an international consensus in establishing the principles to be followed when external relations are formed cannot prevent the emergence of external conflicts and disagreements. This led the international society to develop mechanisms that could peacefully settle the controversies that may eventually arise. The adoption of such mechanisms is encouraged by the Brazilian Constitution, whose article 4, sections VI and VII, advocates the pursuit of peace and peaceful settlement of disputes. Its use does not lead to the renunciation of the exercise of sovereignty nor to the immunity of jurisdiction. Meanwhile, in order to achieve greater efficacy in the submission of disputes arising outside of the means allowed to solve them, it is important that countries involved in the disputes have consolidated internal orientation towards favouring international law over their domestic infra-constitutional legislation. The primacy of the domestic law may result in the ineffectiveness of adopting peaceful means for solving international controversies since authorities of the countries engaged in the dispute may avoid compliance with the agreement or decision on the grounds of some contradiction with the domestic law procedures. In this context, the taxation arena has been constantly attracting international disagreement. The different interpretations conferred by various nations, including Brazil, in applying taxation-related treaties signed by themselves, particularly those attempting to avoid double income taxation or to guarantee the free flow of goods, people and services, bring a high level of insecurity to investors possessing operations connected to two or more distinct tax systems. As a result, the debates regarding the extension of the peaceful mechanisms to the solution of divergences take shape, including those related to the application of any treaty which speaks to the subject of taxation. This favors the search for the standardization of the hermeneutical methods applicable to those tax events which are linked to two or more sovereign entities. This is the context surrounding the current study, which addresses the possibility of the Federative Republic of Brazil to refer tax-related disputes, caused by divergent interpretation of the international conventions of which it is a member, to the arbitral proceedings.

Den ständigt ökande internationaliseringen leder till framkomsten av allt fler multinationella företag med verksamheter inom flera länder. En konsekvens av den ökade globaliseringen är att den internationella skatteflykten allt jämt ökat, då internationella koncerner väljer att flytta delar av vinsten till länder med mer förmånliga skattesatser. Ett sätt för de multinationella företagen att minimera den världsomfattande skatten är genom internprissättning. Internprissättning är det pris som koncernen sätter på sina interna transaktioner mellan koncernbolagen. Som en reaktion på den ökade skatteflykten utformade Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) riktlinjer för att vägleda regleringen av internprissättning. Syftet med riktlinjerna är att främja en harmonisering bland medlemsländerna för att minska antal konflikter mellan nationella lagstiftningar ur ett internationellt perspektiv och för att minska uppkomsten av dubbelbeskattning. Den grundprincip riktlinjerna utgår ifrån kallas för armlängdsprincipen. Armlängdsprincipen innebär att det koncerninterna priset ska motsvara det pris två oberoende företag hade fått betala för motsvarande transaktion. För att uppnå en ökad transparens och likformighet, anför även OECD:s riktlinjer hur de interna transaktionerna ska dokumenteras. Ett sätt att dokumentera transaktionerna på är genom att upprätta en land-för-land-rapport, vars syfte är att tillhandahålla skattemyndigheter viktig information och underlag för bedömning av koncerners prissättningar. Syftet med studien är att jämföra reglerna kring internprissättning i Sverige, Japan och Ryssland. I studien jämför vi skattelagstiftningarna för att undersöka vilka skillnader det finns inom de tre länderna med hänseende till internprissättning. Studien syftar även till att utreda om och i så fall varför ländernas skattelagstiftningar skiljer sig åt. För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomförde vi en komparativ analys, med ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt, där vi jämförde och analyserade studiens empiriska material. Det empiriska materialet består av ländernas nationella skattelagstiftning gällande internprissättning. I studiens analytiska skeende belyste vi de olikheter men även likheter vi kunde se vid jämförelsen. Dessa likheter och olikheter kopplade vi till den teoretiska referensram som vi i studien tagit fram för att på ett kvalitativt sätt kunna ge en förståelse för varför det finns skillnader, men även likheter, mellan de tre länderna. Slutsatsen som kan dras från studien är att det råder en frivillig harmonisering kring regleringen av internprissättning utifrån OECD:s riktlinjer inom de tre studerade länderna då vi funnit ytterst få skillnader mellan skattelagstiftningarna. Detta trots att OECD:s riktlinjer inte är tvingande på något sätt och trots att Ryssland inte är ett medlemsland i OECD, något som däremot både Sverige och Japan är. De skillnader som vi har kunnat se i den komparativa analysen har vi kunnat förklara genom att se till Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner och ländernas index inom respektive dimension. Skillnaderna har även kunnat förklaras genom att kopplas till ländernas kontinentala samt kommunistiska tradition. De likheter vi sett har vi däremot gett förståelse för genom att studera dem ur ett mimetiskt perspektiv av isomorfa processer, exempelvis utifrån Rysslands tillämpning av OECD:s riktlinjer. Studien bidrar med en fördjupad förståelse för OECD:s harmoniseringsarbete gällande internprissättning, samt en förståelse för hur regleringen ser ut inom de tre länderna och vilka skillnader det finns mellan dem. / The ever increasing internationalization leads to the emergence of increasingly multinational companies with operations in several countries. One consequence of the increased globalization is that international tax evasion has increased ever since international groups choose to move parts of profits to countries with more favorable tax rates. One way for the multinational companies to minimize the worldwide tax is through transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is the price which multinational companies uses for its internal transactions between its subsidiaries. As a response to the increased tax evasion, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) designed guidelines to guide the regulation of transfer pricing. The aim of the guidelines is to promote harmonization among member states in order to reduce the number of conflicts between national laws from an international perspective and to reduce the occurrence of double taxation. The basic principle of the guidelines is called the arm's length principle. The arm's length principle states that the intra-group price should correspond to the price that two independent companies has to pay for the corresponding transaction. In order to achieve increased transparency and uniformity, the OECD guidelines also cite how internal transactions are to be documented. One way of documenting the transactions is by establishing a country-by-country report, whose purpose is to provide tax authorities with important information and basis for assessing transfer prices. The aim of the study is to compare the rules for transfer pricing in Sweden, Japan, and Russia. In the study, we compare tax laws to investigate the differences between the three countries in terms of transfer pricing. The study also aims at investigating why the tax laws of the countries differ. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study we conducted a comparative analysis, with a qualitative approach, where we compared and analyzed the empirical material of the study. The empirical material consists of the countries' national tax laws concerning transfer pricing. In the analytical stages of the study we highlighted the differences, but also the similarities, we could see in comparison. These similarities and differences were linked to the theoretical framework that we developed in the study to qualitatively provide an understanding of why there are differences, but also similarities, between the three countries. The conclusion that can be derived from the study is that there is a non-compulsory harmonization regarding the regulation of transfer pricing based on OECD's guidelines in the three studied countries where we found very few differences between the tax laws. This despite the fact that the OECD's Guidelines are not compelling in any way. Also so, even though Russia is not a member state in the OECD, which, on the other hand, both Sweden and Japan is. We have been able to explain the differences we have seen in the comparative analysis by looking at Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the countries' cultural dimension indices. The differences have also been explained by the continental and communistic tradition of the countries. However, the similarities we have seen have been understood by studying them from a mimetic perspective of isomorphic processes, for example Russia's application of the OECD guidelines. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of OECD's work towards harmonization of transfer pricing, as well as a sense of how the three countries regulate transfer pricing and what differences there are between them.

O fenômeno da globalização teve o condão de aproximar os diversos povos, cada um com seus interesses e culturas próprios. A existência de um consenso internacional na definição de princípios a serem seguidos quando das relações externas não consegue impedir, contudo, o surgimento de possíveis conflitos e divergências, tendo em vista a pluralidade cultural das diversas nações mundiais, fato que induziu a sociedade internacional a desenvolver meios que pudessem dirimir pacificamente as controvérsias, porventura, surgidas entre elas. A adoção dos meios para solução pacífica dos conflitos internacionais encontra-se incentivada pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (art. 4., incisos VI e VII) e sua utilização não importa qualquer renúncia ao exercício da soberania, nem tampouco à imunidade de jurisdição. Para que se tenha uma eficácia maior da submissão dos conflitos surgidos no âmbito externo aos meios admitidos para resolvê-los, é importante que os países envolvidos no litígio possuam orientação interna no sentido de privilegiar o Direito Internacional frente à sua legislação infraconstitucional doméstica. A eventual primazia do direito interno pode resultar na inocuidade da adoção dos meios pacíficos de solução de controvérsias internacionais, uma vez que as autoridades dos países litigantes poderão se esquivar do cumprimento do acordo ou decisão alegando uma possível contrariedade com os ditames legais domésticos. Nesse contexto, a seara tributária tem despertado constantes divergências internacionais. As diferentes interpretações conferidas pelas diversas nações, dentre elas o Brasil, quando da aplicação dos tratados por elas firmados e que tenham vertente fiscal, em especial aqueles que visam evitar a dupla imposição fiscal da renda, ou garantir o livre trânsito de bens, pessoas e serviços, acaba trazendo grande insegurança àqueles investidores que possuem operações conectadas a dois ou mais sistemas tributários diferentes. Assim, ganham cada vez mais corpo, os debates em torno da extensão dos mecanismos pacíficos para resolução de divergências, também ao âmbito de aplicação de todo e qualquer tratado que verse sobre a matéria tributária. Tal fato propicia a busca de uma possível uniformização dos métodos hermenêuticos aplicáveis àqueles fatos geradores tributáveis que se encontrem vinculados a dois ou mais entes soberanos. É nesse contexto que se apresenta o presente estudo, o qual aborda a possibilidade de a República Federativa do Brasil submeter ao procedimento arbitral aquelas controvérsias de cunho tributário que eventualmente decorram da interpretação divergente das convenções internacionais das quais seja parte e que tratem de matéria fiscal. / The phenomenon of globalization had the power to bring together different peoples, each with their own interests and cultures. However, in view of the cultural diversity of different peoples around the world, the existence of an international consensus in establishing the principles to be followed when external relations are formed cannot prevent the emergence of external conflicts and disagreements. This led the international society to develop mechanisms that could peacefully settle the controversies that may eventually arise. The adoption of such mechanisms is encouraged by the Brazilian Constitution, whose article 4, sections VI and VII, advocates the pursuit of peace and peaceful settlement of disputes. Its use does not lead to the renunciation of the exercise of sovereignty nor to the immunity of jurisdiction. Meanwhile, in order to achieve greater efficacy in the submission of disputes arising outside of the means allowed to solve them, it is important that countries involved in the disputes have consolidated internal orientation towards favouring international law over their domestic infra-constitutional legislation. The primacy of the domestic law may result in the ineffectiveness of adopting peaceful means for solving international controversies since authorities of the countries engaged in the dispute may avoid compliance with the agreement or decision on the grounds of some contradiction with the domestic law procedures. In this context, the taxation arena has been constantly attracting international disagreement. The different interpretations conferred by various nations, including Brazil, in applying taxation-related treaties signed by themselves, particularly those attempting to avoid double income taxation or to guarantee the free flow of goods, people and services, bring a high level of insecurity to investors possessing operations connected to two or more distinct tax systems. As a result, the debates regarding the extension of the peaceful mechanisms to the solution of divergences take shape, including those related to the application of any treaty which speaks to the subject of taxation. This favors the search for the standardization of the hermeneutical methods applicable to those tax events which are linked to two or more sovereign entities. This is the context surrounding the current study, which addresses the possibility of the Federative Republic of Brazil to refer tax-related disputes, caused by divergent interpretation of the international conventions of which it is a member, to the arbitral proceedings.

Avec la mondialisation, les groupes de sociétés ont multiplié les transactions internationales et, de fait, les phénomènes d'optimisation fiscale internationale. La nécessité de fixer des prix de transfert « objectifs » afin de permettre une juste répartition de la manne fiscale entre les États s'est très vite imposée. La remise en cause des prix de transfert conduit à une double imposition économique.Aujourd'hui, le principe de pleine concurrence est la norme internationale utilisée comme norme de référence pour la fixation de prix de transfert « objectifs ». Toutefois, cette norme est perfectible. Aussi, la communauté internationale cherche et expérimente des alternatives à la norme du prix du marché. Dès lors, les réglementations étatiques et internationales sont amenées à repenser la problématique des prix de transfert dans sa dimension économique et non plus dans un but exclusivement fiscal.L'évolution majeure de ces dernières années est la nouvelle approche de la relation administration fiscale/entreprise. L'entreprise doit fixer ses prix de transfert en accord avec l'administration pour réduire le risque de double imposition économique. Le souci d'assurer une juste répartition des recettes fiscales entre les États et de garantir la sécurité juridique au développement du commerce mondial, constituent les défis de demain. / As a result of globalization, multinational companies have increased their international transactions, and in consequence, international tax planning. The need to determine "objective" transfer pricing in order to ensure the fair allocation of tax revenue between States quickly became a global necessity. However, the readjustment of transfer pricing as carried out by tax administrations leads to double taxation.At present, the arm's length principle is the international standard used as a reference norm to determine "objective" transfer pricing. However, this standard is perfectible and so the international community has been looking for and trying out alternatives to the norm of arm's length pricing. Consequently, both domestic and international rules and regulations need to be reassessed with regard to the problems of transfer pricing so that transfer pricing issues can be addressed not only from the perspective of tax revenue but also taking into account their overall economic dimension.The major evolution over last few years is the new approach to the tax administration/company relationship. The company must determine its transfer pricing in agreement with the tax administration in order to reduce the risk of economic double taxation. This aims to make sure that a fair share of income tax is apportioned between States and also guarantees a secure legal framework for the future allowing international trade to continue to develop and rise to meet the challenges that lie ahead.

La coopération internationale par l’échange de renseignements fiscaux, question classique si bien que marginale, s’est renouvelé dans l’acuité pour devenir l’une des matières les plus sensibles du droit fiscal international contemporain. Malgré tous les efforts politiques et juridiques déployés ces dernières années, et leurs véritables avancées sur le plan de la technique juridique et de l’efficience administrative, il y a raisons de craindre qu’elle rencontre encore des différents limites pour fonctionner efficacement au niveau planétaire. Cette thèse s’occupe d’identifier l’existence d’un régime juridique général des échanges de renseignements fiscaux, assez homogène en matière de contenu et d’application, en contemplation des principaux modèles normatifs non communautaires disponibles à l’actualité, y compris ceux automatiques. Ensuite, la thèse examine la portée de ce régime général, afin d’encadrer les limites à l’échange de renseignements fiscaux et de proposer solutions juridiques pour les dépasser. / International co-operation through the exchange of tax information, a classical but marginal issue, has been renewed to become one of the most sensitive subjects of international tax law. Despite all the political and legal efforts made in recent years, and despite the fact that these efforts are real advances in legal technology and administrative efficiency, there are reasons to believe that international tax co-operation still faces different limitations to operate in a worldwide level. This thesis aims to identify the existence of a general legal regime for the exchange of tax information, fairly homogenous in terms of content and application, in view of the main non-EU normative models available nowadays, including those of automatic exchange. Afterwards, the thesis examines the scope of this general regime in order to frame limits to the exchange of tax information and to propose legal solutions to overcome them.