Cancer is the second largest mortal disease in Sweden, and high efforts are made to develop the treatment of cancer. One of the main treatment methods is radiotherapy, which uses ionizing radiation to damage the cancerous cells. This has the chance of stopping the cell reproduction, and the goal is to reduce the tumor and stop the tumor growth. The most common forms of radiotherapy uses external beams to irradiate the tumor. In intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT, the beam fluences are optimized to give a highly conformal dose, i.e. a dose distribution which is restricted to the tumor and has low dose values outside of the tumor. A conformal dose is necessary to spare healthy tissue and sensitive organs, and thus keep the side-effects of the treatment at an acceptable level. The optimized beam shapes are created using a multileaf collimator, MLC. Finding the leaf positions and dose levels is formulated as a problem in the framework of mathematical optimization. Currently, one of the limitations in delivering conformal dose is due to patient movement during the treatment. In IMRT, the beams are delivered by consecutive segments, and the exact pairing of the segments with the patient position will have an impact on the delivered dose. This is called the interplay effect, and can cause both underdosage of the tumor and overdosage of the surrounding tissue. There are methods of mitigating the interplay effect. For example, the beam could be restricted to a single phase of the motion by repeatedly turning it on and off. This is known as gating. However, gating and many other interplay mitigation techniques lead to prolonged treatment times, which decreases the clinical throughput, causes higher patient discomfort and gives higher uncertainties in the delivered dose. This makes it desirable to find methods which avoid prolonged treatment times, while still giving highly conformal doses. Ideally, the best method would be to have a beam which follows any target movement. This idea is known as target tracking. In this thesis, an optimization method is suggested which includes the interplay effect in the treatment optimization. Two main treatment strategies are proposed. The method which is simplest to implement clinically is to create plans which are robust against uncertainties in the times for the patient motion. The resulting doses are found to give acceptable target covering where similar, conventional plans give a significant target underdose. To further increase the conformality of the doses, a non-robust method paired with gating technology is suggested. This method can effectively be seen as a target tracking method, and has the possibility to give highly conformal doses under acceptable treatment times.

The purpose of this study is to compare differences and similarities that can be found when working with picture books in a preschool inspired by Reggio Emilia versus a traditional preschool. The purpose also includes studying these different preschools views of the picture book as a tool for stimulating children’s language development and other skills the children may gain from using picture books. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four different preschool teachers as a method to obtain the teachers own opinions and approach of working with picture books. The result shows that the picture book played a central role in both kinds of preschools. The picture book is considered to stimulate the children’s language development, fantasy, subject knowledge and giving the children an opportunity to rest for a moment. The result also yielded that the preschools pedagogical orientation is affected by the individual teachers’ attitude. The teachers’ attitude and way of working with the picture book differs depending on how they think children obtains knowledge. Because of this it has been proved difficult to demonstrate any general differences in how the preschools work with the picture book since the individual teacher’s attitude is so important for the children’s meeting with pictures and text. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som visar sig i arbetet med bilderboken inom en Reggio Emilia- inspirerad förskoleverksamhet och en traditionell förskoleverksamhet. I syftet ingår också att studera hur dessa olika förskoleverksamheter ser på bilderboken som ett verktyg i att stimulera barns språkutveckling och vilka andra kunskaper bilderboken anses bidra med till barnen. Kvalitativ intervju användes som metod för att studera fyra förskollärares uppfattningar och synsätt kring sitt arbete med bilderboken. I resultatet framgick att bilderboken har en central roll i båda de studerade förskoleverksamheterna. Bilderboken anses stimulera barnens språkutveckling, fantasi, ämneskunskaper och ge barn möjlighet till en avslappnande stund. I resultatet framgick även att förskolornas pedagogiska inriktning påverkas av den enskilda pedagogens förhållningssätt. Pedagogers syn och arbete med bilderboken skiljer sig beroende på hur de själva anser att barnen erövrar kunskap. Det har därför visat sig svårt att påvisa generella skillnader mellan hur den Reggio Emilia- inspirerade förskolan arbetar med bilderboken gentemot den traditionella då den enskilda pedagogen förhållningssätt är så viktig för barnets möte med bild och text.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the intrinsic value (inner value) of drama for the youngest children (age 1-3) in pre-school. Besides that I have also tried to figure out if drama possible causes playing. By using action research as a method I have conducted an examination at one pre-school where I performed what I called ”drama experiences” with the children. Through my research I have found out the answer to and also gained a deeper understanding for my issue about how children act, react, interact and intra-act within drama. In literature I have used both the phenomenological perspective and the socio-cultural perspective and I have also studied contemporary research about the topic. Based on the results and analysis of my research I have established the potential of drama when it comes to the youngest childrens acting, reacting, interacting and intra-acting. This has also contributed to that I have been able to discern and identify the intrinsic value of drama and how it also can causes playing. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka dramats intrinsikala värde (egenvärde) för de yngsta barnen (1-3 år) i förskolan. Dessutom försökte jag ta reda på om drama möjligen kunde ge upphov till lek. Jag har genom att använda mig av aktionsforskning som metod genomfört en undersökning på en förskola där jag utfört vad jag kallar för ”dramaupplevelser” med barnen. Genom min undersökning har jag fått svar på och en fördjupad förståelse för min frågeställning om barns agerande, reagerande, interagerande och intra-agerande i drama. I litteraturen har jag använt såväl det fenomenologiska perspektivet som det sociokulturella perspektivet samtidigt som jag har studerat nutida forskning om ämnet. Utifrån resultat och analys av min undersökning har jag kunnat konstatera dramats potential när det gäller de yngsta barnens agerande, reagerande, interagerande och intra-agerande. Detta har också bidragit till att jag kunnat urskilja och identifiera dramats intrinsikala värde samt hur drama kan ge upphov till lek.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att granska barns maktroller i leken. Intervjuer har genomförts med åtta förskollärare i semistrukturerad form. Resultatet påvisade att makten är en stor del av barnens vardag. Slutsatsen är att det finns många olika roller i förskolan och att dessa varierar beroende på gruppkonstellationer och aktiviteter. Den främsta rollerna som utspelar sig i förskolan är ledarrollen som kan delas in i två kategorier, den positiva ledaren och den negativa ledaren. Antingen kan ledaren enligt undersökningens resultat vara en positivledare som för gruppen framåt, eller en negativledare som endast ser till sig själv och sina egna behov. Resultatet påvisade att den negativa ledaren oftast använder makt i form av våld och/eller i form av kränkande ordval i förskolan. De barn som i resultatet kallas för goda ledare styr leken genom att vara en positiv förebild med god kommunikativ förmåga samt genom att vara inbjudande, nytänkande och påhittig.

Syftet med studien är att definiera musikaliska redskap och plattformar för studenter i ämnet improvisation på eftergymnasial nivå. Mitt intresse för ämnet ligger i de positiva möjligheter improvisationen erbjuder vår undervisning och är utgångspunkten för detta arbete. Jag upplever att forskning som inriktar sig på improvisationsundervisningens didaktik för ensemble på högre nivå med fördel kan utökas från vad vi idag har att tillgå, därav utgår studien från ett didaktiskt perspektiv på undervisning.   För att söka svar på mina frågor har jag använt mig av den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun i mötet med mina informanter. De fyra utvalda musiklärarna har alla undervisat improvisation i ensembleformat, de flesta med inriktning mot rytmisk och improviserad musik.   I resultatet presenteras bland annat en syn hos de intervjuade musiklärarna som visar på vikten av ett personligt och ärligt musikutövande där den instrumentaltekniska färdigheten först får liv och mening då studenten har en konstnärlig åsikt att förmedla. Sedan diskuteras bland annat lärarnas kompetens som improvisationspedagoger i relation till Hanken och Johansens (1998) musikdidaktiska utgångspunkter, samt ämnets möjliga utveckling och framtida undervisningsstruktur. / The study aims to define musical tools and platforms for students in the subject of improvisation at the collegiate level. My interest in the subject, and starting point for this work, lies in the positive benefits of working with improvisation. I feel that research today, focused on teaching improvisation for ensemble at a higher level can be extended from what is currently available. I have therefore chosen didactics as my theoretical basis.   In search of answers to my questions, I am using the qualitative research interview method with my informants. The four selected informants have all been teaching improvisation in ensemble, most with a focus on rhythmic and improvised music.   The results are presented including a view of the interviewed music teachers on the importance of a personal and candid music performance in which instrumental technique emerges when the student has an artistic opinion to impart. Thereafter, the study will discuss the teachers' pedagogical skills as improvisation teachers in relation to Hanken and Johansen's (1998) music didactic viewpoints, and possible development and future educational structure for the subject of improvisation.

Every local church, although part of a greater denomination, finds itself in a unique context with unique ministerial needs. It is of the utmost importance for every local church to be contextual in its ministry, to eventually being effective in its ministry. To make this possible a Scriptural view of the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church, currently not existing, is a key factor. The primary goal of this research is to provide guidelines to churches to assure the contextualization of their calling and ministerial strategy. This is done by motivating the necessity thereof, and by providing Scriptural principles for the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church. The research is done according to the practical-theological methodology of Gerben Heitink (1 999). • The first part of the study consists of a hermeneutical process giving perspective on the current state of affairs in ministerial theory and practice, as well as providing Scriptural principles. Chapter 2 of the hermeneutical investigation wants to determine in what manner the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church is currently being recognized when a local church determines their specific calling and ministerial strategy. Furthermore a brief overview is given regarding the state of affairs in South Africa which has an effect on the climate in which ministry has to take place. This ensures the contextualization of the study. In Chapter 3 Scriptural principles are developed regarding the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church. In Chapter 2 a description is made of the situation that has to change and in Chapter 3 the principles are developed by which the change has to take place. The research in Chapter 3 focuses on the periscope of Acts 21:17-26 and related periscopes. • The second part of the study comprises of an empirical investigation of Afrikaans speaking reformed church members in Eastern Pretoria to determine how they view the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church. • The third part comprises the strategic perspective that integrates the research results of Chapters 2, 3, and 4 to develop a theory of practice. This practical theory provides guidelines to local churches to help them determine their specific calling and ministerial strategy in the light of the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church. The result of this study shows that the interplay between the unity of the church, the diversity of the church and the fulfilment of the calling of the church is a key factor in determining the specific calling and ministerial strategy of a local church to ensure their obedience to Gods calling. Beacons were developed in the light of the Scriptural interplay and presented as guidelines for the local church. The beacons are in short: 1 - Identifying the unique context; 2 - Ascertaining of the current interplay; 3 - Ascertaining of the Scriptural interplay; 4 - Breaking through traditions; 5 - Create balance in the interplay; 6 - Ensure unity in communal interest; 7 – ensure diversity, not in own interest; 8 - Accommodating each other. / Thesis (M.Th. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006

Syfte Vårt syfte är att utreda och analysera vad som karaktäriserar filmmusik samt klarlägga musikens betydelse för film. Forskningsfrågor På vilket sätt kan film och musik influera varandra och hur kan samspelet mellan dem se ut? Hur kan musik användas som ett verktyg för att påverka helhetsupplevelsen av film?   Metod Vår studie är av en kvalitativ karaktär grundad i ett växelspel mellan en induktiv och en deduktiv ansats. Empirisk data baseras på sju semistrukturerade intervjuer.   Slutsats I studien har vi kommit fram till att filmmusik har stor betydelse för kundens slutgiltiga upplevelse av en film. Filmmusik kan fungera i ett sätt att guida konsumenten genom filmen och ta till sig det uttryck som vill förmedlas. För att musiken ska få sin ultimata kraft bör det finnas en fin balansgång i samspelet mellan komponenterna. Det finns ingen mall att följa när det kommer till musiksättande i samband med film, sammanhanget är det som spelar roll. De båda medieformerna kan vid rätt balans sinsemellan höja och även dra fokus till varandra. / Purpose          Our purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse what characterises film music and what makes the music significant for film.   Research questions In what way can film and music influence each other and how can the interaction between the two take form? How can music be used as a tool to influence the general experience of the film? Method Our method in this study is based on a qualitative approach with an interplay between an inductive and deductive hypothesis. Empirical data is based on seven semi structured interviews.   Conclusion Our study has shown that film music has great impact on the customer's experience of a film. Film music can work as a way to guide the consumer through the movie and absorb the expression that is transmitted. For the music to reach its full potential there should be a balance in the interaction between the components. There is no specific right or wrong when it comes to putting music into films, it is the context that matters. With the right balance both forms of media can accentuate and market each other.

In this thesis, I adopt the anti-essentialist cultural paradigm to explore the complexity within the processes of both cultural-making and personal acculturation that may occur in an interweaving way within a local cultural arena (Holliday, 2011; 2013).More precisely, I contextualise this study in student group work as the specific cultural arena to investigate the cultural-making process towards group cohesiveness and individual group member's acculturation process. A conceptual framework is suggested after synthesising both the debates between the essentialist and the anti-essentialist cultural paradigms in the field of intercultural communication and the discussions on acculturation in the existing literature. I conceptually argue that culture is constituted by various salient aspects vis-à- vis cohesive thinking and behaviours that are always forming and re-forming. Personal acculturation can be explored through tracing the changes of an individual's cultural realities (Holliday, 2011; 2013). Both of them occur in parallel in a cultural arena (in this case, student group work).Through analysing in-depth, narrative data from 15 participants about their group work experiences, I fine-tune and enrich this conceptual framework with empirical evidence (i.e. the findings) to demonstrate complexity (i.e. uncertainty and fluidity) in the cultural-making process as well as the dynamics and unpredictability of personal acculturation (i.e. an individual presents different trends of the key aspects of acculturation). Furthermore, I also identify four types of personal acculturation trajectories by comparing all the participants' acculturation trajectories. Using this fine-tuned conceptual framework, the author of the thesis strengthens the potential links between the two separate, in parallel, but interrelated processes (e.g. cultural-making process and personal acculturation), which seem not to have been paid enough attention in the existing literature vis-à-vis the study of culture and (personal) acculturation. More importantly, the author argues that the links can be interpreted as an interplay in student group work asthe specific cultural arena.

The purpose with this study is to investigate how the intersubjectivity between the children and the pedagogue is displayed in large children groups in the hall. To investigate this, we have performed a qualitative study where observations and interviews have been made at three different preschools, and following questions was asked; How is the pedagogue dealing with obstacles and opportunities to co-operate together with children in large children groups in the hall. What strategies uses and develops the pedagogue in order to make the hall a place where interactions between children and pedagogues can be placed. The study takes into account Bronfenbrenner's developmental ecological system theory where is pinpointed, the relational and punctual perspective and the concept of intersubjectivity. Previous research shows that educators who is working in large children's groups experience their work as stressful and that they feel insufficient and unable to see each individual child. Research also shows that the younger children learn the best in interaction with a challenging teacher. The results of the study show that the educational work in the hall in large children's groups is first and foremost guided by the prerequisites of the educators. In order for there to be interaction between children and educators, it is necessary for teachers to work on the basis of certain strategies such as institutional arrangements. The results of the study also show that teachers' work in the hall is very vulnerable, as it is enough for an educator to be sick to cope with the conditions and thus affect the situation in the hall.

Thesis (M.Th. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.