Submitted in fulfilment of the Master's Degree in Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Introduction: The aim of this study was to establish the most reliable standard method for monitoring endotracheal tube cuff pressure in an intensive care unit. Methodology: The study was conducted at King Edward VIII Hospital ICU on adult patients undergoing prolonged intubation of more than 24 hours. Consent was obtained from the patient’s next of kin. The patient’s Pcuff for this study was recorded in two ways simultaneously for a period of 12 hours during the day. The principal investigator recorded the Pcuff thrice during the study period using the Posey cufflator®. Continuous recording was done using a pressure transducer connected to the Nihon Kohden BSM®. Factors causing changes in Pcuff were also documented. Results: Thirty-five critically ill adult patients were enrolled into the study. Nineteen (54.3%) of the subjects were male. Seventeen out of 35 subjects were studied for the entire 720 minute period. The mean time of study of the group was 667 minutes with the lowest period being 135 minutes for one patient. The group mean ± Standard deviation (SD) was 26.6 8.7 with a 95% confidence index of 9.2 – 44.0 and the median value was 25 for continuous readings. For the entire group, 13% of the time was spent in the low pressure range (< 20 cmH2O), while 23% was spent in the high pressure (> 30 cmH2O). A mean of 64% of the time was spent in the normal pressure range. Overall, the most frequently encountered events that caused pressure changes were body movement, coughing, head movement and suctioning accounting for 26.2%, 20.1%, 19.2% and 9.4% respectively. For intermittent readings, the mean ± SD of all patients for T0 was 25.3 ± 6.9; for T6 25.9 ± 8.7 and for T12 24.8 ± 3.8. The overall mean ± SD for all readings was 25.6 ± 7.1. For the entire group, 12% of the time was spent in the low pressure range (< 20 cmH2O), while 5% was spent in the high pressure (> 30 cmH2O). A mean of 83% of the time was spent in the normal pressure range. The correlation between intermittent pressure and the continuous reading at the same time was r = 0.87. iii Discussion: Continuous monitoring of Pcuff indicated that the endotracheal cuff pressure varies extensively during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients, such variation being noted both between patients and within an individual patient. In an attempt to compare intermittent and continuous monitoring of endotracheal cuff pressures, a good correlation between the two measurements was demonstrated. However, the variations in pressures noted for an individual patient would not have been detected if endotracheal cuff pressures were monitored intermittently. Hence, with continuous monitoring the pressure changes may be detected early. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring of cuff pressure during mechanical ventilation in intensive care units is thus recommended for all patients. If intermittent monitoring is performed, it should be more frequently than eight-hourly. It is recommended that a pressure range of 20-30 cmH2O still be used as the normal range. The role of self adjusting pressure devices, although needing further exploration, holds much promise. / DUT Postgraduate Development Services.

Tracheal intubation in critically ill patients is a high-risk procedure. The risk of complications increases with repeated or prolonged attempts, making expedient first attempt success the goal for airway management in these patients. Patient-related factors often make visualization of the airway and placement of the tracheal tube difficult. Physiologic derangements reduce the patient's tolerance for repeated or prolonged attempts at laryngoscopy and, as a result, hypoxaemia and haemodynamic deterioration are common complications. Operator-related factors such as experience, device selection, and pharmacologic choices affect the odds of a successful intubation on the first attempt. This review will discuss the 'difficult airway' in critically ill patients and highlight recent advances in airway management that have been shown to improve first attempt success and decrease adverse events associated with the intubation of critically ill patients.

Trata-se de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, cujo objetivo foi descrever o perfil dos pacientes e características da Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) bem como analisar as complicações dessa terapia e os fatores associados em pacientes adultos hospitalizados. O estudo constituiu-se de uma amostra de 214 pacientes internados, no período de 2008 e 2009, em um hospital universitário do Município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários e das fichas de avaliação nutricional, em um formulário elaborado para o estudo. Os resultados permitiram verificar que: 1 a-) em relação ao perfil dos pacientes e terapia nutricional enteral, houve predominância do sexo masculino (55,6%), com média de idade de 64,8 anos; internados em unidades de semi-intensiva e UTI (66,8%). b-) Referente à terapia nutricional enteral, a média de dias de nutrição enteral foi de 13,2 dias, e 43,5% dos pacientes receberam-na em até uma semana. Quanto à via de acesso enteral, predominaram as sondas nasoenterais (96,3%) e o método de administração contínuo da dieta (67,3%). 2-) em relação às complicações da TNE e os eventos observados - dos 214 pacientes da amostra, em 200 deles houve complicações durante o uso da nutrição enteral. Verificou-se a ocorrência de complicações: gastrointestinal (90,5%), metabólica (55,0%), mecânica (41,5%) e pulmonar (13,0%). Os eventos observados mais frequentes da complicação gastrointestinal foram: distensão abdominal (33,4%), constipação (17,5%) e alto volume residual gástrico (14,6%). Na complicação metabólica, o evento observado foi hiperglicemia (55,0%), com valor médio de 174,2 mg/dL. Os eventos observados predominantes da complicação mecânica foram: saída não programada da sonda enteral (70,5%), seguida de obstrução da sonda enteral (19,0%). Na complicação pulmonar, a aspiração pulmonar (13,0%) foi o evento observado. 5-) Quanto ao método de infusão houve associação significativa da infusão contínua com os seguintes eventos observados na complicação gastrointestinal: alto VRG (p=0,000), constipação (p=0,010), distensão abdominal (p=0,037). Na complicação mecânica, houve associação significativa com a infusão intermitente nos seguintes eventos: saída não programada da sonda enteral (p=0,005) e deslocamento da sonda enteral (p=0,040). 6-) Quanto à terapia medicamentosa, houve associação significativa da complicação metabólica (hiperglicemia) e o uso de sedativos/opioides (p=0,000) e drogas vasoativas (p=0,000). Este estudo demonstrou que as complicações coexistentes com a TNE são muito prevalentes nesta população (93,5%). Além disso, verificou-se que existe elevada ocorrência de eventos observados (617), sendo as complicações (400) que apresentaram intersecções significativas com outras variáveis acima descritas. Portanto, investigações das condições clínicas, as terapêuticas e os cuidados no uso da sonda enteral devem ser reiteradamente indicadas, sobretudo para os enfermeiros que são responsáveis pela administração e monitoramento da nutrição enteral. / This observational and retrospective study aimed to describe the profile of patients and the characteristics of the Enteral Nutrition Therapy (ENT), as well as to analyze the complications of this therapy and the associated factors in hospitalized adult patients. The study consisted of a sample of 214 patients, hospitalized between 2008 and 2009 at a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. Data were collected from medical records and of nutritional assessment sheets, using a form developed for the study. Results showed that: 1 a-) in relation to patient profiles and enteral nutrition therapy participants were predominantly male (55.6%), with an average age of 64.8 years, hospitalized in semi-intensive and intensive care units (66.8%); b-) Concerning enteral nutrition therapy, the average days of enteral nutrition was 13.2 days, and 43.5% of the patients received it for up to one week. As for the route of enteral access, nasoenteric feeding tube (96.3%) and continuous feeding administration (67.3%) were the most common. 2 -) regarding the complications of ENT and the observed events of the 214 patients of the sample, 200 had complications during the use of enteral nutrition. There was occurrence of gastrointestinal (90.5%), metabolic (55.0%), mechanical (41.5%) and pulmonary (13.0%) complications. The most frequently observed events among gastrointestinal complication were: abdominal distention (33.4%), constipation (17.5%) and high gastric residual volume (GRV) (14.6%). Among the metabolic complication, hyperglycemia (55.0%) was observed, with average of 174.2 mg/dL. The predominant events resulting from mechanical complication were unexpected withdrawal of enteral feeding tube (70.5%), followed by obstruction of enteral feeding tube (19.0%). As for pulmonary complication, pulmonary aspiration (13.0%) was the observed event. 5-) Concerning the method of infusion, there was significant association of continuous infusion with the following events observed in gastrointestinal complication: high GRV (p=0.000), constipation (p=0.010) and abdominal distension (p=0.037). Among the mechanical complication, there was significant association with intermittent infusion at the following events: unexpected withdrawal of enteral feeding tube (p=0.005) and displacement of enteral feeding tube (p=0.040). 6-) Regarding drug therapy, there was significant association of metabolic complication (hyperglycemia) and use of sedatives/opioids (p=0.000) and vasoactive drugs (p=0.000). This study evidenced that complications concomitant with ENT are very prevalent in this population (93.5%). Moreover, it was found that there is a high occurrence of observed events (617), with complications (400) presenting significant intersections with other variables described above. Therefore, research on the clinical conditions, treatments and care to the use of enteral feeding tubes should be constantly indicated, particularly for nurses who are responsible for the administration and monitoring of enteral nutrition.

INTRODUÇÃO: A presença da disfagia pós-extubação é bem documentada na literatura, com alta prevalência na maior parte dos estudos. No entanto, há relativamente poucos estudos que apresentam indicadores específicos referentes ao acompanhamento destes pacientes até o momento da alta hospitalar. O objetivo desta tese é determinar os indicadores de prognósticos da deglutição funcional em paciente submetidos à intubação orotraqueal prolongada (IOTp). MÉTODOS: Os fatores prognósticos analisados em 148 pacientes submetidos à IOTp incluíram a gravidade da disfagia no momento da avaliação fonoaudiológica inicial e no momento da resolução da disfagia/alta hospitalar; o tempo para iniciar a alimentação por via oral; a quantidade de tratamento individual; o número de intubações orotraqueais; o tempo de intubação e o tempo de permanência no hospital. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a idade: GI - 18 a 54 anos e GII >= 55 anos. As análises de correlação, regressão linear e estatística descritiva foram usadas para verificar estas variáveis. RESULTADOS: A variável que obteve valor prognóstico nos dois grupos e influenciou os resultados da deglutição funcional no momento da alta hospitalar foi a gravidade da disfagia na avaliação inicial. Os resultados do estudo indicam também uma tendência à significância para o indicador tempo para iniciar a alimentação por via oral, sugerindo que o grupo mais jovem inicia a alimentação por via oral mais cedo que o grupo mais velho. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos a respeito de indicadores de prognósticos em diferentes populações de pacientes disfágicos podem contribuir para o estabelecimento de procedimentos mais efetivos de avaliação, tratamento e gerenciamento da disfagia. Além disso, este estudo ressalta a importância da avaliação/classificação inicial da deglutição para a população de indivíduos submetidos à intubação orotraqueal prolongada. / INTRODUCTION: The development of post-extubation swallowing dysfunction is well documented in the literature with high prevalence in most studies. However, there are relatively few studies with specific outcomes that focus on the follow-up of these patients until hospital discharge. This thesis aims to determine prognostic indicators of swallowing functional outcomes in patients submitted to prolonged orotracheal intubation (OTIp). METHODS: The prognostic factors analyzed for 148 patients submitted to OTIp included dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment and at dysphagia resolution/hospital discharge, time to initiate oral feeding, amount of individual treatment, number of orotracheal intubation, intubation time and length of hospital stay. Patients were divided in two groups according to age: GI - 18 to 54 years and GII >= 55 years. Correlation analysis, linear regression and descriptive statistics were used to analyze these variables. RESULTS: The variable that had prognostic value and had an influence on the swallowing functional outcome at hospital discharge was the classification of dysphagia severity rate at the first swallowing assessment for both age groups. The results of the study also indicated a trend to significance regarding the time to initiate oral feeding, suggesting that younger adults initiated oral feeding earlier. CONCLUSION: Studies of prognostic indicators in different populations with dysphagia can contribute to the design of more effective procedures when evaluating, treating, and monitoring individuals with this type of disorder. Additionally, this study stresses the importance of the initial assessment ratings.

Innan anestesisjuksköterskan intuberar en patient i samband med operation verifieras den preoperativa bedömning, som ofta utförs av anestesiläkare. När endotrackealtuben inte placerats på rätt plats i trackea efter två till tre intubationsförsök med bästa möjliga förutsättningar, beskrivs den som svår. Anestesisjuksköterskan bör vara tydlig, respektfull och konkret i sin kommunikation, då detta främjar relationer och samarbete med kollegor i dessa situationer. Det är även viktigt att vara professionell och ta sitt personliga, etiska ansvar för att bevara sin kompetens inom anestesi. Anestesisjuksköterskan kan uppleva den svåra intubationen på olika sätt och syftet med denna studie var att belysa anestesisjuksköterskans erfarenheter vid svår intubation. En kvalitativ intervjustudie där sex anestesisjuksköterskor intervjuades och där innehållsanalys användes, utgjorde metod i denna studie. I resultatet framkom att; Anestesisjuksköterskan måste anpassa sig för att bevara kontrollen, som övergripande tema. Anestesisjuksköterskan ska ta kontroll när en svår intubation uppstår och sträva efter ett professionellt och flexibelt förhållningssätt gentemot patient och personal. Genom noggrann planering skapas säkerhet för patienten. En svår intubation kan bero på anatomiska svårigheter hos patienten, där anestesisjuksköterskan känner ett krav på sig att lyckas intubera. Detta kunde leda till glädje, besvikelse, förvirring eller stress. En välformulerad kommunikation från anestesisjuksköterskan är viktig för att övrig personal ska förstå vad som förmedlas. Det är även viktigt med ett fungerande samarbetet med övrig personal för att de ska få förståelse för vad en svår intubation innebär. Bra rutiner, riktlinjer och noggrann preoperativ bedömning leder till att anestesisjuksköterskan känner sig trygg och bättre förberedd på att lyckas intubera. Detta kan bidra till ökad patientsäkerhet. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot anestesisjukvård

Objetivo: trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura realizada com o objetivo de identificar os estudos primários que abordam os eventos adversos relacionados à sonda nasogástrica / nasoentérica (SNG/SNE) em pacientes adultos. Método: a busca foi realizada no mês de abril de 2017 nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE e Scopus. Para realizar a busca foram utilizadas palavras-chave e encontradas 1.020 citações. Destas, 988 artigos foram excluídos a partir da leitura de títulos e resumos. Em seguida, procedeu-se a leitura, na íntegra, de 32 artigos, dos quais 12 foram excluídos. Logo, um total de 20 artigos foram incluídos no estudo. Foi realizada, também, busca manual nas referências dos artigos incluídos com o intuito de encontrar estudos que não foram recuperados anteriormente nas bases de dados supracitadas. Foram obtidos 84 artigos, dos quais 30 foram excluídos, a partir da leitura de títulos e resumos. Dos 54 artigos recuperados, quatro foram excluídos após leitura na íntegra e um artigo durante a extração dos dados. Resultados: para esta revisão integrativa, foram incluídos um total de 69 artigos. Os dados foram analisados e posteriormente classificados em duas categorias principais que evidenciaram os eventos adversos relacionados ao uso de SNG/SNE: incidentes mecânicos (complicações respiratórias, complicações no esôfago ou faringe, obstrução da sonda, perfuração intestinal, perfuração intracraniana e saque não planejado da sonda) e outros incidentes (lesão por pressão relacionada à fixação e conexão errada). A maior parte dos artigos recuperados foi incluída na subcategoria \"complicações respiratórias\" devido ao posicionamento inadequado da extremidade distal da sonda no trato respiratório, o que resultou em pneumotórax e/ou óbito. Outros eventos adversos estavam relacionados à obstrução da sonda, perda da mobilidade das cordas vocais, perfuração intestinal com consequente infecção, lesão na pele e mucosas, e queimadura corporal devido à desconexão. Conclusão: os resultados sintetizados nesta revisão permitem que os profissionais da saúde, especialmente os da enfermagem, reflitam sobre a segurança dos pacientes em uso de SNG/SNE e que repensem a maneira como as sondas estão sendo manuseadas na prática clínica / Objective: an integrative literature review was developed to identify the primary studies on the adverse events related to nasogastric / nasoenteral tubes (NGT/NET) in adult patients. Method: the search was undertaken in April 2017 in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, EMBASE and Scopus. Keywords were used for the search and 1,020 citations were found. After reading titles and abstract, 988 of these articles were excluded. Next, 32 articles were fully read, 12 of which were excluded. Hence, in total, 20 articles were included in the study. In addition, a manual search was undertaken in the references of the included articles, aiming to find studies that had not been retrieved earlier in the abovementioned databases. Eighty-four articles were found, 30 of which were excluded after reading the titles and abstracts. Of the 54 retrieved articles, four were excluded after reading the full version and one article during the extraction of the data. Results: for this integrative review, in total, 69 articles were included. The data were analyzed and then classified in two main categories that evidenced the adverse events related to the use of NGT/NET: mechanic incidents (respiratory complications, esophageal or pharyngeal complications, tube obstruction, intestinal perforation, intracranial perforation and unplanned tube withdrawal) and other incidents (wrong connection and fixationrelated pressure ulcer). Most of the articles were included in the subcategory \"respiratory complications\" due to improper positioning of the distal end of the tube in the respiratory tract, resulting in pneumothorax and/or death. Other adverse events were related to tube obstruction, loss of vocal chord mobility, intestinal perforation with consequent infection, skin and mucous membrane ulcers, and body burns due to detachment. Conclusion: based on the results synthesized in this review, health professionals, especially in nursing, can reflect on the safety of patients using NGT/NET and reconsider the manipulation of the tubes in clinical practice

Introdução e Objetivos: A intubação orotraqueal (IOT) é utilizada no centro de tratamento intensivo (CTI) em pacientes graves que precisam de auxílio para manter a respiração. Quando prolongada é considerada um dos principais fatores de risco para disfagia orofaríngea (DOF). Nestes casos, o controle neurológico central e nervos periféricos estão intactos, mas as estruturas anatômicas responsáveis pela deglutição podem sofrer prejuízos. O tratamento para a DOF visa proteger as vias aéreas e garantir a nutrição. A terapia de reabilitação da deglutição, através de técnicas e exercícios orofaciais e vocais, parece ser benéfica em pacientes disfágicos. Sendo assim, essa pesquisa apresentou como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da fonoterapia em pacientes com DOF, pós-intubados e sem comorbidades neurológicas. Metodologia: Foram avaliados 240 pacientes, dos quais 40 (16,6%) apresentaram DOF. De acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, trinta e dois pacientes foram incluídos no estudo realizado de setembro de 2010 a dezembro 2012 no CTI de um hospital universitário. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: tratamento fonoaudiológico e controle, sendo que o primeiro (53%) recebeu orientações, técnicas terapêuticas, manobras de proteção de via aérea e de limpeza glótica, exercícios oromiofuncionais e vocais e introdução de dieta; o acompanhamento ocorreu durante 10 dias. Os dados da anamnese foram coletados do prontuário e o local de atendimento de todos os sujeitos foi à beira do leito. Os desfechos primários do estudo foram o tempo de permanência com sonda nasoentereral (SNE) e os níveis da escala FOIS. Resultados e Discussão: O grupo tratado permaneceu por menos tempo com SNE (mediana de 3 dias) em comparação ao grupo controle (mediana de 10 dias) (p< 0,001). No grupo controle houve o dobro de sujeitos com a SNE por ainda apresentarem DOF ao final do tempo de acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. O grupo tratado apresentou evolução significativa nos níveis da escala FOIS (entre 4 e 7) em relação ao controle (p=0,005). O grupo tratado apresentou evolução favorável nos níveis de gravidade pelo protocolo PARD (DOF moderada passou para leve). A consistência alimentar líquida (água) foi a que os pacientes mais apresentaram sinais clínicos de DOF. As doenças respiratórias foram as mais frequentes em ambos os grupos. Conclusões: Os achados desse estudo demonstram que o tratamento fonoaudiológico favorece a progressão mais rápida de alimentação por SNE para via oral em pacientes pós-intubados. Isto sugere que a Fonoaudiologia, na área de DOF, tem um papel importante dentro do plano de tratamento destes indivíduos, hipótese que deve ser confirmada por estudos adicionais. / Introduction: In intensive care units (ICU), orotracheal intubation (OTI) is used in severe patients who need assistance to maintain breathing. When OTI is prolonged, it is considered one of the main risk factors for oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD). In these cases, the central neurological control and peripheral nerves are intact, but the anatomical structures responsible for swallowing may suffer damages. Treatment of OPD aims to protect the airways and nutrition of individuals. Swallowing rehabilitation therapy, by means of orofacial and vocal techniques and exercises, seems to be beneficial to dysphagic patients. Thus, this research presented as objective to evaluate the efficacy of the speech therapy in patients with OPD, post-intubated and without neurological comorbidities. Material and Methods: The recruitment period of the study was from September 2010 to December 2012 in the ICU of a university hospital. Two hundred and forty patients were assessed, of whom 40 presented OPD (16.6%). According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thirty-two patients were included in the study. Patients were randomized in two groups: speech treatment and control, and the first (53%) received daily, for a maximum period of 10 days, assessment, guidance, therapeutic techniques, airway protection and glottal cleaning maneuvers, oromiofunctional and vocal exercises, as well as introduction of diet. Anamnesis data were collected from the patient’s medical records, and all individuals were seen on the hospital bedside. Primary study outcomes were length of stay with nasoenteric tube (NET) and levels on the FOIS scale. Results and Discussion: When compared to the control group (median of 10 days), NET permanence was shorter in the treated group (median of 3 days) (p<0.001). The control group there was twice the number of individuals with NET because they still presented OPD at the end of the speech therapy follow up. The treated group showed a significant evolution in levels on the FOIS scale (between 4 and 7) when compared to the control group (p=0.005). The treated group presented a favorable evolution in severity levels by the PARD (from moderate to mild OPD). Patients showed most clinical signs of OPD with liquid-consistency (water). Respiratory disorders were the most frequent in both groups. During treatment, in some cases it was not possible to complete the length of intervention. In the GT, interruption happened in 2 cases (11.8%) due to death, in 3 cases, (17.6%) due to reintubation, in one patient (5.9%) due to clinical worsening and in one patient (5.9%) due to withdrawal from treatment. In the GC, 4 (26.7%) patients were re-intubated. All these patients remained in the study for an intention-to-treat analysis (ITT). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that speech therapy favors a faster progression from NET feeding to oral feeding in post-intubated patients. His suggests that Speech Therapy in OPD area, has an important role in the treatment plan of these individuals, this hypothesis should be confirmed by additional studies.

Situated cognition argues that learning takes place in an embedded social and physical environment, and through a social process, reality takes on meaning. This dissertation investigated if a link exists between learners’ participation and advancement within a sociocultural community of practice as specifically evidenced by higher rates of tracheal intubations on live patients and scores on the national certifying examination by paramedics. During 2006, paramedic students taking the national certifying examination were asked to answer a post-examination questionnaire quantifying the number of intubations performed during training. For intubation experience, significant odds ratios (relative to none performed) were observed for 4 to 9 performed [OR = 1.66, 95% c.i. = (1.24, 2.23)] and 16 or more performed [OR = 1.76, 95% c.i. = (1.21, 2.56)]. The male to female odds ratio [OR = 1.25, 95% c.i. = (1.04, 1.52)] was significant. For age category, significant odds ratios (relative to 40 and over) were observed for 20 to 24 [OR = 1.70, 95% c.i. = (1.27, 2.28)] and 25 to 29 [OR = 1.32, 95% c.i. = (1.00, 1.73)]. For education, the bachelor’s degree to high school odds ratio [OR = 2.56. 95% c.i. = (1.95, 3.35)] was significant. For ethnicity, significant odds ratios (relative to African-Americans) were observed for whites [OR = 1.69, 95% c.i. = (1.04, 2.74)] and others [OR = 2.33, 95% c.i. = (1.15, 4.72)].The multivariable logistic regression model results suggest that the number of tracheal intubations, sex, ethnicity and education level are all associated with greater odds of passing the certifying examination. In addition to traditional classroom lectures and activities, paramedic students also learn in clinical situations with varying levels of supervision culminating in near independent practice. Theories of situated cognition provide insight into these clinical learning situations that break from traditional models. When context, content, and community merge, knowledge is generated in new and meaningful ways. By participating in communities of practice, knowledge is transferred, created, and altered along with the learner through active engagement with all the illstructured, dynamic, and unpredicted opportunities the ‘real world’ offers. The students’ exposure to live tracheal intubations during training serve as an example of situated learning environments and its influence can be observed through the national certifying examination. The findings provide guidance for paramedic educators in creating situative learning affordances and specifically, determining the number of tracheal intubations performed during paramedic training.

BACKGROUND Because the medical envirement continously progresses, all the people working in hospital or health department are concerned in the health issues. Although the Intergration Delivery System was used for management of respiratory care, but the medical quality still was suspected. Therefore, this study discusses what are the significantly related factors of plan or unplan extubation to elevate the quality of respiratory care. PURPOSE The purposes of this study are described bellow¡G 1.To predict the related factors of successful plan extubation. 2.To find the related factors of unplan extubation. 3.To discuss what are the causes of intubation. 4.To find the stand procedure of clinical path-way of ventilator weaning. MATERIAL This study collected data of ICU patient been used ventilator from october 2000 to october 2001. The method of analysis included Descriptive stastic analysis, Correlation, ANOVA, Stepwise regression, and Logistic regression. The data included characteristics of patient, clinical sign, ventilator setting, and the count of intubation days. RESULT 1.The plan extubation of conscious-clear patient is more successful than concious-unclear. 2.The successful extubation of CPPV mode is less than others. 3.Gender is a related factor of unplan extubation. 4.CO2 is postive correction with unplan extubation. 5.PSV mode is negative correction with unplan extubation. 6.CPPV mode is postive correction with unplan extubation. 7.Unplan extubation easily occurs in the early stage of intubation when the patient is unstable.

No description available.