Orientador: Silvio Donizetti Oliveira Gallo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gallina_SimoneFreitasdaSilva_D.pdf: 969677 bytes, checksum: 22240c73270e5fee8ca7f955ad5702cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A presente tese tem como proposta apresentar a contribuição de Gilles Deleuze sobre a aprendizagem abordada a partir da invenção de problemas e da criação de conceitos. Com isso pretendemos mostrar que a aprendizagem não se constitui meramente numa passagem ou transição natural e um estado de não saber para um estado de saber. Antes, a aprendizagem se dá num contexto de experimentação, em que o aprender equivale ao pensar e este somente surge por uma coação exercida pelos acontecimentos portadores de signos. Para essa tarefa foi preciso percorrer as linhas que constituíram e constituem o traçado do pensamento, as quais partem da interpretação de Deleuze da imagem tradicional do pensamento como recognição. Também foi preciso percorrer os deslocamentos da sua elaboração de uma imagem original do pensamento, a imagem de um traçado de linhas de forças no qual o passado, enquanto duração, sempre atual, emerge como futuro. Esse movimento que dá origem ao pensar e, portanto, ao aprender, tem como seus elementos os signos, os acontecimentos, a experiência enquanto elaboração de problemas e de invenção das suas soluções / Abstract: The present thesis has as proposal to present the contribution of Gilles Deleuze about the learning approached from the invention of problems and the creation of concepts. With this we intend to show that learning does not merely constitute a passage or natural transition from the state of knowledge. Before, learning occurs in the context of experimentation, in which learning equals thinking, and it only appears by coercion exercised by events carried with signs. For this task it was necessary to go through the lines that constituted and constitute the trace of thought, which part from Deleuze¿s interpretation of the traditional image of thought as recognition. It was also necessary to cover the displacements of its elaboration of an original image of thought, an image of a stroke of power lines in which the past, as duration, always current, emerges as future. This movement gives origin to thought, and therefore, as learning, has as its elements the signs, the happenings, the experience while elaboration of problems and the inventions of its solutions / Doutorado / Filosofia e História da Educação / Doutor em Educação

The relationship between patent protection, incentives to innovate, the generation of innovations, and the accrual of benefits from innovation was investigated. The study was based on an analysis of research and development, patenting, productivity and output data for Italy. In 1979, Italy made significant changes in its patent law to conform with European Economic Community standards. Previously, the Italian law had provided weak protection of intellectual property, which includes product or process innovations, publications, and art. Economic theory predicts that, under certain conditions, such a change should increase the amount of resources devoted to innovation. Furthermore, an increase in successful innovative activity is expected to lead to increases in the growth of per capita gross domestic product. / Master of Arts

Since the nineteenth century the Two Part Inventions have become standard repertoire for piano students. However, piano teachers have often failed to give serious consideration to the suitable selection of Inventions for study. Piano students have commonly formed a dislike for Bach's piano music because of an ungratifying initial experience. There is little material written in English dealing with the Two Part Inventions. Those studies of the Inventions which do exist consist mainly of brief articles in periodicals and limited discussions in piano literature books. Therefore, there seemed to be a need for a systematic collection of pedagogical ideas concerning the Two Part Inventions. In addition, it was felt that an analysis of the problems in each piece and a subsequent graded list of the Inventions would be a step toward a more intelligent and more knowledgeable approach in the teaching of these compositions.

Le droit des brevets a pour objet l’appropriation d’enseignements techniques nouveaux afin d’encourager le développement de la recherche dans le domaine de la technique. Ainsi, la technicité constitue une condition fondamentale de l’apparition du droit de brevet. Cependant, la définition de ce qu’est la technique en droit des brevets exige, au préalable, de déterminer quelle est sa fonction normative. Cette fonction varie selon la conception de la propriété retenue. L’approche matérialiste de la propriété en fait une limite à l’appropriation tandis que l’approche idéaliste en fait un critère d’appropriation de la chose. Selon la première approche, la propriété ne concerne que des choses corporelles et des droits. L’invention est alors confondue avec une chose corporelle dont elle autorise la réalisation. La technicité est le critère de la corporéité, c’est une limite à l’appropriation. Cette approche se traduit par l’établissement d’un domaine de la brevetabilité défini par une énumération des choses non appropriables et par une appréciation de la technicité au niveau d’une chose corporelle que la réalisation de l’invention permet. Selon la seconde approche, qui emporte notre conviction, la propriété peut porter sur des choses corporelles et sur des choses incorporelles. La technicité constitue un critère de l’appropriation. Cette approche se traduit par la suppression du domaine de la brevetabilité et par une appréciation de la technicité au niveau de la chose incorporelle de l’invention. / The object of patent law is the appropriation of novel technical teachings in order to support technological development. Thus, the technicality is a fundamental condition of the patent right appearance. However, the definition of what technique is in patent law demands, at first, to fix what its normative function is. This function varies depending on the property conception retained. The materialist approach of property views it as a limit to appropriation, while the idealist views it as a criterion of appropriation.According to the first approach, the property only concerns corporal things and rights. Then the invention is mixed up with a corporal thing that its realization allowed. The technicality is the criterion of corporality, it is a limit to the appropriation. This approach is realized by the establishment of the domain of patentability, which is defined by a list of objects that are not appropriable and by the assessment of the technicality of the invention at the latest stage of realization the invention allows.According to the second approach, which we are defending, the property can concern either corporal or incorporal things. Then the invention is an incorporal thing. The technicality is a criterion of the appropriation. This approach is realized by the suppression of the domain of patentability and by the assessment of the technicality of the invention at the non-tangible stage.

The primary objective of the thesis will be to focus on patent protection of software under the European Patent Convention, by analyzing the different approaches that the European Patent Office has taken into consideration since the mid-1980s. These approaches are derived from the different decisions that emanate from the Technical Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office. The thesis will examine the most relevant decisions illustrating the juridical tendencies and basis that have been utilized to decide over the patentability of computer programs. The analysis will conclude with the latest approach taken by the Technical Board of the European Patent Office. The study will examine the patentability requirements of inventions in general established within the European Patent Convention. Sources that will be utilized to carry out this research will include case law, legislation, specialized legal commentary; journals and books. The present study sustains that computer programs may be patented as long as they comply with all the general requirements of an invention prescribed under the European Patent Convention together with the condition established by case law called the technical character requirement. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the Technical Boards of Appeal are not bound by previous case law, the current position could keep evolving as it relies on the stance of  the European Patent Office on patentability of computer programs which is seems to be influenced by the changes in the technological world

Fondée en 1666, «Renouvelée» par un règlement royal en 1699, devenue une institution de la monarchie absolue, l'Académie Royale des Sciences réunit les meilleurs savants du XVIIIe siècle. Etre un acteur majeur dans le champ de la technique n'allait pas de soi pour une Académie des sciences. Cette thèse analyse les raisons et les modalités de cette présence et en mesure la place. De l'examen des inventions aux études techniques, en passant par les expertises et les descriptions des arts, une nouvelle pensée apparaît caractérisée par l'émergence du régime de la technologie de la pensée opératoire. Dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle ce régime de pensée s'installe et se caractérise par une nouvelle relation entre sciences et techniques. Délaissant progressivement les techniques des métiers réglés pour se tourner vers les techniques nouvelles pour en rechercher les principes, les causes de leur fonctionnement plutôt que de le décrire, l'Académie applique les méthodes de la science moderne à la technique. Cette pensée technique se diffuse, elle est partagée et enseignée dans des lieux nouveaux. De là, l'enseignement des techniques va quitter le mode de la transmission et de l'apprentissage pour entrer dans un modèle spécifiquement français de la formation scientifique des ingénieurs. Dans cette période des liens particuliers unissent l'Académie aux écoles des armes savantes, ainsi qu'à une école de « mathématiques pratiques ». Les savants qui ont pris le contrôle d'une technique devenant scientifique vont, alors, céder la place à des ingénieurs qui deviennent aussi des scientifiques. / As an institution of the absolute French Monarchy first founded in 1666 and later "renewed' by royal decree in 1699, the "Académie Royale des Sciences" brings together the best scientific minds of the Eighteenth Century. Becoming a major player in the technical field did not represent an obvious task for a scientific Academy. The present thesis analyzes how and why such an action came to be while measuring its importance. Starting with an examination of inventions and moving on to technical studies, taking into consideration technical assessments as well as the descriptions of currently employed techniques, we see the emergence of a new type of operational thinking characterized by the rule of technology. Once established during the first half of the 18th century, such a conceptual régime enables a new relationship to develop between science and techniques. Progressively abandoning the current techniques with the aim of studying new techniques and uncovering the principles and causes of their functioning rather than merely describing the latter, the Academy thus began to apply the methods of early modem science to techniques. Gaining currency in ever wider circles, this way of thinking was both taught and shared in new places. Hence technical training moves from transmission and apprenticeship to a specifically French way of training engineers scientifically. During this period special links are established between the Academy and military engineering schools as well as with a school of "practical mathematics” founded in Reims. Those scientists who first endowed technical thinking with a scientific outlook will in tum give way to engineers who become scientists.

1 ABSTRACT SPECIFIC OF PATENT LAW IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY This thesis scopes on particularities of patent law with regard to pharmaceuticals. It describes the basics of patent law while focusing mainly on international treaties, in particular on systems established by EPC and TRIPS. The patent system in USA and in the Czech Republic is also noted. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. In the first chapter named sources of law international institutions, treaties and situation in European union, USA and Czech Republic are described here. This chapter also deals with basic legal instruments such as patent, corporate invention or utility model. The next chapter is focused on individual conditions that need to be met in order to grant a certain patent - the most basic are novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability. The following chapter deals with problems associated with costly development of new drugs and the need of companies to get the longest possible protection for their inventions. A special chapter addresses exceptions to the stiff patent regulation. Described in the next chapter is the compulsory license, a legal instrument not very particular in the Czech Republic but relevant in some developing countries used in order to secure better availability of drugs to society. Other...

Nos últimos anos, a discussão a respeito do patenteamento de invenções de segundo uso tem gerado muitas discussões técnicas e acadêmicas. Dentre as partes divergentes, destacam-se o Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, autarquia responsável pela concessão de patentes favorável ao instituto -, e a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária ANVISA, agência cuja função é anuir previamente na concessão de patentes relacionadas à área farmacêutica - contrária a este tipo de privilégio de invenção. Na doutrina não é diferente. Alguns autores defendem a completa possibilidade de concessão dessas patentes, ao passo que outros apontam, desde o não preenchimento dos requisitos legais, até a incidência direta em impedimentos legais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é examinar tais requisitos e restrições e verificar se essas patentes podem ou não ser concedidas. Para tanto, analisaremos a história do sistema de patentes, sua natureza e funções. Em seguida, discorreremos sobre os aspectos constitucionais, concorrenciais e internacionais do sistema. Logo após, examinaremos os requisitos gerais da concessão de patentes e os impedimentos legais, a regulação do tema no Brasil, a doutrina contrária ao instituto e a possibilidade do patenteamento de segundos usos à luz dos requisitos e impedimentos legais. Abordaremos, ainda, projetos de lei, jurisprudência, direito comparado e discutiremos se os novos usos constituem ou não contrafação de patentes anteriores ainda em vigor. Em conclusão, questionaremos se as patentes de segundo uso atendem às funções do sistema de patentes. Nossa proposta é discutir a questão de forma técnica e desprovida de ideologias, procurando contribuir para a discussão do tema sob à luz dos sistema de patentes, que, em nosso entendimento, possui todas as ferramentas necessárias para o correto balanceamento dos interesses envolvidos e, caso corretamente aplicado, pode não só impedir eventuais abusos oriundos das patentes de segundo uso, como também transformá-las em um instrumento de incentivo tecnológico / Over the last years, the patentability of second use inventions has stirred extensive technical and academic debates. Conflicting parties include the Brazilian Industrial Property Institute - INPI (the Brazilian body in charge of granting patents), which advocates the patentability of second use inventions, and the National Public Health Agency - ANVISA (the regulatory agency in charge of giving prior consent to granting of patents in the pharmaceutical area), which stands against such privilege. And this also goes for legal writings. Some scholars defend that second use inventions are generally patentable, while others allege that second use inventions do not meet legal requirements and are even subject to legal impairments. This work examines these requirements and impairments to check whether second use inventions are patentable or not. To that end, this work will address the history of the patent system, its nature and functions. It will then turn to the constitutional, competition and international aspects underlying this system. Subsequently, this work will examine the general requirements and legal impairments attaching to patents, how this issue is regulated in Brazil, the legal writings contrary to such patentability, and the possibility of obtaining \"second use invention\" patents vis-à-vis the existing requirements and legal impairments. We will also look into bills, past court rulings and comparative law to discuss whether new uses should be viewed as a counterfeit to past patents still in force. In conclusion, we will question whether second use patents meet the patent system objectives. Our proposal is to give a technical and unbiased contribution to this matter and to the patent system as a whole, which apparently has the tools necessary for proper balancing of the interests involved and, if adequately applied, may not only avoid the abuse of second use patents but also turn them into a valuable instrument to foster technological improvements.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCorreaLeite.pdf: 4258776 bytes, checksum: 1288e988b2b7a9e62e596fbf2b778cd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present thesis studies the current transformations of the statute of politics that are underway. Therefore, it develops an interdisciplinary study, aiming at elucidating the conditions that enabled, in certain moments of the trajectory of human kind, the emergence, flourishing and suppression of relations that can be considered politic relations. Hence, it establishes a base: in each period formulates, from its anthropologic conceptions, what considers as human possibilities or limits for political action. To prove this hypothesis, the thesis analyzes the evolution of the conceptions of nature and/or human condition in modernity and how they are related to the different discourses on politics. The research discusses four key moments in the history of political practices: a) the preceding period to the formation of leaderships and the meaning of the formation of the State. It shows that, with the passage from nomadic to sedentary life, living conditions of human kind suffered a worsening, and that humans lost their autonomy from the members of the community, as well as the lost, for the huge majority, of their capacity of interfering in the course of their social group. It questions, the meaning that is usually given to the formation of civilization, showing that it represented the suppression of wisdoms and practices that prevented the formation of power. 2) The Greek invention of politics. It shows that the inhabitants of Greeks poleis invented a new social practice crystallized into specific institutions. In these ones, the power was shared within a community of citizens. As a result of this experience, the Greeks produced new ways of knowledge, a new vision of the world, systematized in philosophy. This political practice succumbed, as the axis of ancient civilization moved from poleis to empires and the system of fragmented sovereignties of the Middle Ages. 3) The modern invention of politics. From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, the idea that human beings can try to mould their personal destiny, modify institutions, contain the unjustices and being actors of their own destiny, grows strongly, leading to the American and French Revolution. In the scenario of modern territorial state, defined by sovereignty, we witness the irruption of the constituent power of masses in revolutionary processes, the rescue and redefinition of citizenship and the incorporation of democratic practices by liberal regimes, which will increasingly mark the development of capitalistic society. This is based on the comprehension of the universe and humanity that is offered by experimental science. A contradictory dynamics is established, by the industrial capitalism, between the capitalistic economic sphere, which tries to impose its own legality in every field, and the political sphere, which tries to contain the totalizing vocation of the process of capital accumulation. 4) the crisis of modern politics, analyzing the tendencies leading to suppression of politics, by the undermine basis of the national state, as well as by the rise of the tendencies of mechanization and increasing systemic determination of human existence. Undertaken this diagnosis, we finalize trying to trail possible tendencies leading to a new invention of politics. Registering a series of new political phenomena, that go beyond national frameworks and shape a movement for global justice, we focus on World Social Forum, that appears as the exemplar institution of a new kind of political practices, organized in a very different way from the former existing institutions: horizontal international organization, formation of affinity networks and groups, rejection of representation, valorization of diversity. We find new coordinates of theoretical reflection supporting these practices. And we show how they do refer to what some analysts have called global civil society, a controversial category, but useful to show those new links that have been established and how they have a considerable effect on political actions of a new kind. / Esta tese estuda as transformações hoje em curso no estatuto da política. Para isso, desenvolve um estudo interdisciplinar visando elucidar as condições que permitiram, em alguns momentos da trajetória de nossa espécie, o surgimento, florescimento e supressão de relações que podem ser consideradas políticas. Estabelece para isso um fundamento: cada época formula, a partir de suas concepções antropológicas, o que considera possibilidades e limites humanos para a ação política. Para demonstrar esta hipótese, a tese examina a evolução das concepções de natureza e/ou condição humanas na modernidade e como elas se relacionam com os diferentes discursos sobre a política. A pesquisa discute, a seguir, quatro momentos-chave na história das práticas políticas: 1) o período anterior à formação das chefias e o significado da formação do estado. Ela mostra que, com a passagem do nomadismo para o sedentarismo, nossa espécie conheceu uma queda na sua condição de vida e a perda da autonomia dos membros da comunidade, bem como a perda, para a imensa maioria, de sua condição de interferir nos rumos do seu grupo social. Ela questiona, assim, o significado normalmente atribuído à formação da civilização, mostrando que ela representou a supressão do saberes e práticas que impediam a formação do poder. 2) a invenção grega da política. Ela mostra que os habitantes das fileis gregas inventaram uma prática social nova, cristalizada em instituições específicas. Nelas, o poder era partilhado no interior de uma comunidade de cidadãos. Como resultado desta vivência, os gregos produziram uma nova maneira do ser humano compreender e se colocar perante a sociedade e o cosmos, novas formas de conhecimento, uma nova visão de mundo, sistematizada na filosofia. Esta prática política sucumbiu na medida em que o eixo da civilização antiga se deslocou das fileis para os impérios e o sistema de soberanias fragmentadas na Idade Média. 3) a invenção moderna da política. Do Renascimento ao Iluminismo, a idéia de que os seres humanos podem tentar moldar seu destino pessoal, modificar as instituições, conter o arbítrio e serem sujeitos do seu destino vai ganhando peso, culminando nas Revoluções Americana e Francesa. Tendo como cenário o estado territorial moderno, definido pela soberania, presenciamos a irrupção do poder constituinte das massas nos processos revolucionários, o resgate e a redefinição da cidadania e a incorporação de práticas democráticas pelos regimes liberais, que marcarão crescentemente o desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista. Isso se apóia na compreensão do universo e da humanidade oferecida pela ciência experimental. Uma dinâmica contraditória se instaura, com o capitalismo industrial, entre a esfera econômica capitalista, que busca impor sua legalidade em todos os campos, e a esfera política, que busca conter a vocação totalizadora do processo de acumulação de capitais. 4) a crise da política moderna, examinando as tendências que apontam no sentido de sua supressão, tanto pelo solapamento das bases estado nacional, quanto pelo crescimento das tendências de mecanização e determinação sistêmica crescente da existência humana. Empreendido este diagnóstico, finalizamos procurando rastrear o que podem ser as tendências que apontam n o sentido de uma nova invenção da política. Registrando uma série de fenômenos políticos novos, que extravasam os marcos nacionais e configuram um movimento por justiça global, focalizamos o Fórum Social Mundial, que aparece como a instituição exemplar de um novo tipo de prática política, organizado em forma muito distinta das anteriormente existentes: organização internacional horizontal, formação de redes e grupos de afinidade, recusa da representação, valorização da diversidade. Localizamos novas coordenadas de reflexão teórica embasando estas práticas. E mostramos como elas remetem ao que alguns têm chamado de sociedade civil global, uma categoria discutível, mas operativa para evidenciar nos novos vínculos que vem sendo estabelecidos e como eles incidem sobre ações políticas de um tipo até há pouco inexistente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCorreaLeite.pdf: 4258776 bytes, checksum: 1288e988b2b7a9e62e596fbf2b778cd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present thesis studies the current transformations of the statute of politics that are underway. Therefore, it develops an interdisciplinary study, aiming at elucidating the conditions that enabled, in certain moments of the trajectory of human kind, the emergence, flourishing and suppression of relations that can be considered politic relations. Hence, it establishes a base: in each period formulates, from its anthropologic conceptions, what considers as human possibilities or limits for political action. To prove this hypothesis, the thesis analyzes the evolution of the conceptions of nature and/or human condition in modernity and how they are related to the different discourses on politics. The research discusses four key moments in the history of political practices: a) the preceding period to the formation of leaderships and the meaning of the formation of the State. It shows that, with the passage from nomadic to sedentary life, living conditions of human kind suffered a worsening, and that humans lost their autonomy from the members of the community, as well as the lost, for the huge majority, of their capacity of interfering in the course of their social group. It questions, the meaning that is usually given to the formation of civilization, showing that it represented the suppression of wisdoms and practices that prevented the formation of power. 2) The Greek invention of politics. It shows that the inhabitants of Greeks poleis invented a new social practice crystallized into specific institutions. In these ones, the power was shared within a community of citizens. As a result of this experience, the Greeks produced new ways of knowledge, a new vision of the world, systematized in philosophy. This political practice succumbed, as the axis of ancient civilization moved from poleis to empires and the system of fragmented sovereignties of the Middle Ages. 3) The modern invention of politics. From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, the idea that human beings can try to mould their personal destiny, modify institutions, contain the unjustices and being actors of their own destiny, grows strongly, leading to the American and French Revolution. In the scenario of modern territorial state, defined by sovereignty, we witness the irruption of the constituent power of masses in revolutionary processes, the rescue and redefinition of citizenship and the incorporation of democratic practices by liberal regimes, which will increasingly mark the development of capitalistic society. This is based on the comprehension of the universe and humanity that is offered by experimental science. A contradictory dynamics is established, by the industrial capitalism, between the capitalistic economic sphere, which tries to impose its own legality in every field, and the political sphere, which tries to contain the totalizing vocation of the process of capital accumulation. 4) the crisis of modern politics, analyzing the tendencies leading to suppression of politics, by the undermine basis of the national state, as well as by the rise of the tendencies of mechanization and increasing systemic determination of human existence. Undertaken this diagnosis, we finalize trying to trail possible tendencies leading to a new invention of politics. Registering a series of new political phenomena, that go beyond national frameworks and shape a movement for global justice, we focus on World Social Forum, that appears as the exemplar institution of a new kind of political practices, organized in a very different way from the former existing institutions: horizontal international organization, formation of affinity networks and groups, rejection of representation, valorization of diversity. We find new coordinates of theoretical reflection supporting these practices. And we show how they do refer to what some analysts have called global civil society, a controversial category, but useful to show those new links that have been established and how they have a considerable effect on political actions of a new kind. / Esta tese estuda as transformações hoje em curso no estatuto da política. Para isso, desenvolve um estudo interdisciplinar visando elucidar as condições que permitiram, em alguns momentos da trajetória de nossa espécie, o surgimento, florescimento e supressão de relações que podem ser consideradas políticas. Estabelece para isso um fundamento: cada época formula, a partir de suas concepções antropológicas, o que considera possibilidades e limites humanos para a ação política. Para demonstrar esta hipótese, a tese examina a evolução das concepções de natureza e/ou condição humanas na modernidade e como elas se relacionam com os diferentes discursos sobre a política. A pesquisa discute, a seguir, quatro momentos-chave na história das práticas políticas: 1) o período anterior à formação das chefias e o significado da formação do estado. Ela mostra que, com a passagem do nomadismo para o sedentarismo, nossa espécie conheceu uma queda na sua condição de vida e a perda da autonomia dos membros da comunidade, bem como a perda, para a imensa maioria, de sua condição de interferir nos rumos do seu grupo social. Ela questiona, assim, o significado normalmente atribuído à formação da civilização, mostrando que ela representou a supressão do saberes e práticas que impediam a formação do poder. 2) a invenção grega da política. Ela mostra que os habitantes das fileis gregas inventaram uma prática social nova, cristalizada em instituições específicas. Nelas, o poder era partilhado no interior de uma comunidade de cidadãos. Como resultado desta vivência, os gregos produziram uma nova maneira do ser humano compreender e se colocar perante a sociedade e o cosmos, novas formas de conhecimento, uma nova visão de mundo, sistematizada na filosofia. Esta prática política sucumbiu na medida em que o eixo da civilização antiga se deslocou das fileis para os impérios e o sistema de soberanias fragmentadas na Idade Média. 3) a invenção moderna da política. Do Renascimento ao Iluminismo, a idéia de que os seres humanos podem tentar moldar seu destino pessoal, modificar as instituições, conter o arbítrio e serem sujeitos do seu destino vai ganhando peso, culminando nas Revoluções Americana e Francesa. Tendo como cenário o estado territorial moderno, definido pela soberania, presenciamos a irrupção do poder constituinte das massas nos processos revolucionários, o resgate e a redefinição da cidadania e a incorporação de práticas democráticas pelos regimes liberais, que marcarão crescentemente o desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista. Isso se apóia na compreensão do universo e da humanidade oferecida pela ciência experimental. Uma dinâmica contraditória se instaura, com o capitalismo industrial, entre a esfera econômica capitalista, que busca impor sua legalidade em todos os campos, e a esfera política, que busca conter a vocação totalizadora do processo de acumulação de capitais. 4) a crise da política moderna, examinando as tendências que apontam no sentido de sua supressão, tanto pelo solapamento das bases estado nacional, quanto pelo crescimento das tendências de mecanização e determinação sistêmica crescente da existência humana. Empreendido este diagnóstico, finalizamos procurando rastrear o que podem ser as tendências que apontam n o sentido de uma nova invenção da política. Registrando uma série de fenômenos políticos novos, que extravasam os marcos nacionais e configuram um movimento por justiça global, focalizamos o Fórum Social Mundial, que aparece como a instituição exemplar de um novo tipo de prática política, organizado em forma muito distinta das anteriormente existentes: organização internacional horizontal, formação de redes e grupos de afinidade, recusa da representação, valorização da diversidade. Localizamos novas coordenadas de reflexão teórica embasando estas práticas. E mostramos como elas remetem ao que alguns têm chamado de sociedade civil global, uma categoria discutível, mas operativa para evidenciar nos novos vínculos que vem sendo estabelecidos e como eles incidem sobre ações políticas de um tipo até há pouco inexistente.