Kasmet pasaulyje nuo infekcinių ligų miršta milijonai žmonių. Ironiška, kad dauguma šių ligų yra išgydomos šiuolaikiniais vaistais, tačiau dauguma žmonių neturi priėjimo prie šių vaistų, ypač besivystančiose šalyse. Šią problemą įtakoja daugelis faktorių, tačiau dažnai vaistų prieinamumas būna apribojamas dėl aukštų vaistų kainų, kurios dažnai būna stiprios intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugos pasekmė. Šiame darbe analizuojama vaistų prieinamumo problema intelektinės nuosavybės ir žmogaus teisių kontekste. Ieškoma atsakymo į klausimą, ar išradimų, susijusių su vaistų gamyba, patentinė apsauga, nepažeidžia žmogaus teisių į sveikatos priežiūrą. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas Sutarčiai dėl intelektinės nuosavybės teisių prekyboje (TRIPS Sutartis) ir jos daromai įtakai vaistų prieinamumui. Ši sutartis susilaukė didelės kritikos dėl nesugebėjimo išlaikyti pusiausvyros tarp patentinės apsaugos ir vaistų prieinamumo. Išanalizavus problemą, buvo nustatyta, kad egzistuoja paradoksalus ryšys tarp patentų teisės ir vaistų prieinamumo. Patentų teisės suteikiama apsauga veda prie patentuotų vaistų prieinamumo apribojimų dėl išaugusių jų kainų, todėl egzistuoja riba, kurią pasiekus yra tikslinga apriboti išradimų, susijusių su vaistų gamyba, patentinę apsaugą, siekiant užtikrinti vaistų prieinamumą visuomenei. Patento savininko teisės gali būti apribotos pasinaudojant TRIPS Sutartyje įtvirtintomis priemonėmis, tokiomis kaip priverstinis licencijavimas ar lygiagretus importas, o įvykus žmogaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Each year millions of people die from infecious diseases. Ironically, mosto f these diseases are curable with modern medicines, but most people don‘t have access to these drugs, especially in developing countries. The are many reasons for the lack of access to medicines, but in many cases the high price of drugs is a barrier to needed medicines and the unaffordable prices are often the result of strong intellectual property protection. This paper analyses the problem of access to medicines in the context of human rights and intellectual property. It tries to answer the question whether patents for pharmaceutical inventions infringe on the human right to health. Particular attention is paid to the Agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property (TRIPS Agreement) and the impact it has on access to medicines. TRIPS is widely criticized for failing to maintain a balance between patent protection and access to medicines. Previously in many countries patents for pharmaceutical inventions were not allowed or they were limited but after TRIPS everything changed. The Agreement widened the scope of patentability and included pharmaceutical inventions. Now patent protection has to be granted for any inventions, whether product or processes, in all fields of technology under the conditions that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application Analysis shows that a paradoxical relationship exists between patent law and access to medicines... [to full text]

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-11T20:15:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Alves Lima - 2017.pdf: 1715140 bytes, checksum: 001fef1bb24d58a2ed8a84ea441e8d3b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T14:32:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Alves Lima - 2017.pdf: 1715140 bytes, checksum: 001fef1bb24d58a2ed8a84ea441e8d3b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T14:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Alves Lima - 2017.pdf: 1715140 bytes, checksum: 001fef1bb24d58a2ed8a84ea441e8d3b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation investigates the status of autobiographical writing for Nikola Tesla (1856- 1943). Not the dawn of the twentieth century, this Serbian-American inventor threw himself into the autobiographical enterprise. In it is present Tesla's eagerness for recognition as a "great inventor" who he believed to be. Its trajectory was characterized by the passage of the glorious moment that it experienced in the scientific community to the process of ostracism in which it was. His decline was not only financial or professional, but especially existential, since his time was what made sense to his life. Convinced of the excellence of his work, Nikola Tesla built an autobiography project, conceived as a concept of perception of the importance of his inventions to the world. For him, only the ideal inventors, who participate that the class of "exceptionally privileged class" would guard the world from eminent destruction. The autobiography was used as a model for Tesla to transform a conception of people, altering the existing world and turning it into an ideal place where its actualization is not more serious through writing, but through its inventions, its main purpose would consist of Safeguard a humanity from the catastrophe. The autobiographical writing was perceived by Nikola Tesla as a resource to transform the existing world, and to resurface as an ideal inventor. / Essa dissertação investiga o estatuto da escrita autobiográfica para Nikola Tesla (1856-1943). No alvorecer do século XX, esse inventor sérvio-estadunidense se lançou ao empreendimento autobiográfico. Nele é presente a ânsia de Tesla por um reconhecimento enquanto o “grande inventor” que acreditava ser. Sua trajetória foi caracterizada pela passagem do momento glorioso que experimentou na comunidade científica ao processo de ostracismo no qual se encontrava, no momento da escrita. Seu declínio não foi apenas financeiro ou profissional, mas sobretudo existencial, já que seu ofício era o que fornecia sentido para sua vida. Convicto da excelência de seu trabalho, Nikola Tesla construiu um projeto autobiográfico destinado a alterar as concepções correntes responsáveis por impossibilitar a percepção da importância de suas invenções para o mundo. Para ele, só os inventores ideais, que participavam do que denomina de “ classe excepcionalmente privilegiada” resguardaria o mundo da destruição eminente. A autobiografia foi utilizada como meio para Tesla transformar a concepção das pessoas, alterando o mundo existente e o transformando em um lugar ideal aonde sua atuação não mais seria por meio da escrita, mas sim através de suas invenções, cuja principal finalidade consistiria em resguardar a humanidade da catástrofe. A escrita autobiográfica foi percebida por Nikola Tesla como recurso para ele transformar o mundo existente, e ressurgir enquanto um inventor ideal

Do firms with higher levels of innovation output, measured by patent counts and citations, enjoy lower costs of funds? The process to develop and apply for patents involves valuable resources. Thus, applying for a patent is a credible signal that the underlying invention is valuable. This value is validated to some degree when the patent is granted. In addition, patents contain detailed information about the firm's inventions and provide collateral value as they can be sold and licensed. The number of citations a firm receives act as a proxy for high-quality inventions, active networking, and pioneering. These attributes are expected to attract investors and reduce the cost of funds. Univariate and cross-sectional regression analyses of a sample consisting of 404,595 firm-years, involving firms from twenty-eight countries spanning from 1976 to 2012, demonstrate a significant negative association between innovation output and the cost of funds. The evidence suggests that the marginal benefit of innovation diminishes as innovation output increases. The results are robust to different measures of the cost of equity and the cost of debt. The negative association between the cost of equity and innovation output is economically larger for younger and smaller firms. The long-term level of innovation seems to be more important to shareholders than short-term changes of innovation. In addition, shareholders demonstrate an ability to discern between low and high-quality innovations, as they require lower rates of returns when initial patents exhibit a high quality. Shareholders place more value on innovation output when firms operate in countries with legal systems that are more effective in controlling self-dealing practices, in countries that have higher economic freedom, and in countries that have more developed financial markets. The correlation between the cost of debt and innovation output is predominantly derived by larger, more mature, and more leveraged firms. Innovation output and the cost of debt are not correlated for low levels of innovation; however, medium and high levels of innovation output relative to peer firms are associated with lower costs of bonds. The findings suggest that the effect of innovation on the cost of debt is stronger in countries with more developed financial markets and in countries characterized by higher levels of economic freedom. Practices that control for self-dealing do not affect the association between innovation output and the cost of debt.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel do Carmo da Motta Filho.pdf: 7629432 bytes, checksum: f91d64baf618c3a534322239478f7c38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-13 / In quotidian life we can identify the bubbling of interactions from guys in spaces they frequent. The way they act, take on roles and develop their activities is influenced by the context on which they take part in and in which compose daily practices that constitute the ordinary life of them. It should be remembered this situation is not always consciously remembered by them, because this includes a line of anodyne events that integrate the lived and experienced in the spaces. From this point of view we constituted the investigation for master s thesis: The being-together in quotidian life in Parque Alvorada Jorge Backes: tactics and gimmicks . For supporting the investigation we elaborated the following questions of research: Which quotidian inventions of the guys with and in the space of the Park? Which the ethic of esthetics present in the manners of doing of the guys in relation to the rules of utilization of the Park and those that characterize one link to another? Which the educational principle of tactics, gimmicks, quotidian inventions and interactions between in quotidian of the guys? The research had as its aim: recognize the pratices of utilization of the Park in the guys s quotidian, with attention to the elements that characterize a lower educational process in established interactions by guys on that place. Supported in ethnographic assumptions, we performed the incursions in field, guided by observation and notes in a writing pad and a field diary, with photographic register, together with the research for documents that helped us in the understanding of locus of research. In material analysis we established effort to gather practices and quotidian experiences with the work done by the painter Georges Seurat in respect of the habits of utilization by the users from Great Island of Jatte on XIX century in Paris, together with authors who offer technical and methodological support of investigation, such as, Michel de Certeau (1994); Michel Maffesoli (1998; 2001; 2004; 2005; 2007; 2009; 2010); Marc Augé (2012),Georges Balandier and Silvio Gallo (2002). In this way, in research, we showed the characteristics of the utilization practices of the guys which reinvented the spaces, turned them in qualified and significant places: interact in the construction of elements they share and (re)link them to a group which they build their subjectivity, at the same time they subjective other through a smaller education process, which the guys operate deterritorialization from prescription of spaces and plates that ends by establishing new ways of doing and expands the repertory of tactics and gimmicks to be added in new connections. / Na vida cotidiana podemos identificar o borbulhar das interações dos sujeitos nos espaços que frequentam. A forma com que atuam, assumem papéis e desenvolvem suas atividades é influenciada pelo contexto do qual fazem parte e no qual se compõem as práticas cotidianas que constituem a vida ordinária dos sujeitos. Convém lembrar que essa circunstância nem sempre é percebida conscientemente por eles, pois, inclui uma rede de acontecimentos anódinos que integram o vivido e experimentado nos espaços. Foi a partir dessa percepção que constituímos a investigação para a dissertação de mestrado: O estar-junto na vida cotidiana no Parque Alvorada Jorge Backes: táticas e astúcias . Para dar suporte à investigação elaboramos as seguintes questões de pesquisa: quais as invenções cotidianas dos sujeitos com e nos espaços do Parque? Qual a ética da estética presente nas maneiras de fazer dos sujeitos em relação às normas de utilização do Parque e aquelas que caracterizam um elo com o Outro? Qual o princípio educativo das táticas, astúcias, invenções cotidianas e interações no cotidiano dos sujeitos? A pesquisa teve como objetivo: conhecer as práticas de utilização do Parque no cotidiano dos sujeitos, com atenção aos elementos que caracterizam um processo educativo menor nas interações estabelecidas pelos sujeitos naquele lugar. Apoiados em pressupostos etnográficos, realizamos as incursões em campo, pautadas na observação e anotações em um Caderno de Notas e um Diário de Campo, com registro fotográfico, juntamente com a busca por documentos que nos auxiliassem na compreensão do lócus da pesquisa. Na análise do material estabelecemos esforço para coligar as práticas e vivências cotidianas com o trabalho realizado pelo pintor Georges Seurat a respeito dos hábitos de utilização dos frequentadores da ilha da Grande Jatte do século XIX em Paris, juntamente com autores que oferecem aporte teórico-metodológico da investigação, tais como, Michel de Certeau (1994); Michel Maffesoli (1998; 2001; 2004; 2005; 2007; 2009; 2010); Marc Augé (2012), Georges Balandier (1999) e Silvio Gallo (2002). Dessa forma, na pesquisa, apresentamos as características das práticas de utilização dos sujeitos que reinventam os espaços, os transformam em lugares qualificados e significativos: interagem na construção de elementos que compartilham e que os (re)ligam a um grupo no qual constroem sua subjetividade, ao mesmo tempo em que subjetivam outros por meio de um processo de educação menor, no qual os sujeitos operam a desterritorialização das prescrições dos espaços e placas que acaba por instituir novas maneiras de fazer e amplia o repertório de táticas e astúcias à serem acionadas em novas conexões.

<p>Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.</p>

Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.

La tesi ha ad oggetto le forme di tutela dei diritti di proprietà industriale sulle invenzioni aventi ad oggetto piante. La prima parte del lavoro è dedicata ad un’analisi delle linee evolutive degli strumenti specifici di protezione delle nuove varietà vegetali introdotti, dapprima, nell’ordinamento giuridico statunitense e, qualche tempo dopo, in quelli dei Paesi aderenti alla Convenzione UPOV. L’autore pone a confronto le suddette discipline ad hoc con la normativa brevettuale classica, evidenziandone le differenze sia sul piano dei rispettivi requisiti d’accesso che su quello del contenuto e della portata della tutela. Viene, dunque, valutato l’impatto prodotto dall’avvento delle moderne biotecnologie sui sistemi normativi vigenti in Europa e negli Stati Uniti in materia di protezione dell’innovazione conseguita in campo agricolo. Attraverso lo studio dei principali arresti giurisprudenziali e delle iniziative legislative succedutisi negli ultimi anni, vengono delineati i tratti caratteristici degli approcci adottati, rispettivamente, oltre-Atlantico e nel vecchio continente al fine di fornire risposta alle questioni determinate dalla rivoluzione biotecnologica, con particolare riguardo ai problemi di interfaccia fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale che quest’ultima ha determinato. L’autore ritiene che le vie seguite negli Stati Uniti ed in Europa, per quanto diverse tra loro sul piano formale, non siano poi così distanti nella sostanza e, de jure condendo, suggerisce di ridefinire in Europa le interrelazioni fra tutela varietale e tutela brevettuale, abrogando il divieto di brevettazione delle nuove varietà vegetali, vero elemento differenziale fra il contesto normativo europeo e quello statunitense. / Intellectual property rights on plant-related inventions are the subject matter of this thesis. In the first part of this work, the author analyzes the evolution of the specific means of protection for new plant varieties first introduced in the United States of America and then in the member States of the UPOV Convention. The author makes a comparison between these ad hoc means of protection and the patent protection, by pointing out the differences in respect to the conditions for protection and the scope of protection. After that, an assessment of the impact of modern biotechnology on the existent European and American plant-related invention systems of protection is made. The author investigates the approaches which were chosen in Europe and in the United States of America in order to address the issues related to the biotechnological revolution, with particular focus on the interface problems between plant variety protection and patent protection, by means of a study of the principal case law and regulatory interventions adopted during the last years. The author believes that American and European approaches are not so different in substance and, de jure condendo, suggests redefining the relationship between plant variety protection and patent protection in Europe through the elimination of the ban on patent protection for plant varieties, which is the real differential factor between European and American normative contexts.

Innovation comprises the processes of invention and commercialization. While the importance of innovation, especially commercialization, has been widely recognized, existing studies have largely overlooked the commercialization process. By examining the determinants of uses and nonuses of patented inventions from firms at the levels of technology, organization, and project/invention, this study attempts to help fill a critical gap in the literature. In doing so, it enriches theoretical understandings of innovation and, in particular, builds on the evolutionary explanation of technology development, the Teecian framework on profiting from innovation, Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), the Knowledge-Based View (KBV), and open innovation and innovation network perspectives. It also reveals an empirical reality of commercial use and strategic nonuse of patents. The study is based on a novel dataset constructed from multiple sources: inventor surveys, the United States Patent and Trademark Office online database, and COMPUSTAT, among others. After examining the factors affecting overall propensity to commercialize patented inventions, this study explores the factors that affect the organizational paths of commercialization. The empirical estimation indicates that technological uncertainty and a strong internal position of complementary assets raise the propensity for internal commercialization. The study argues that openness of innovation processes and network relationships should affect the choice of commercialization paths. Consistent with the hypotheses, empirical estimations show that external industrial knowledge increases the propensity of internal commercialization. The study also indicates that collaboration has diverging effects on the choice of commercialization paths. While collaboration with firms in vertical relationships tends to favor internal commercialization, collaboration with firms in horizontal relationships tends to favor external commercialization (licensing, start-up). Finally, the study reports findings on the strategic use of patents and then tests hypotheses about the factors driving strategic nonuse. It concludes that a significant portion of U.S. patents are indeed filed for strategic reasons. It also finds that characteristics of technology and firms are significantly associated with different strategies. In particular, firms are more likely to use a patent for strategic defensive purposes when they have larger amounts of assets. The study concludes with discussing managerial and policy implications.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer un des impacts de l'esclavage sur l'histoire des peuples africains et leurs descendants. Comment ce fait a pu façonner la vie spirituelle des diasporas des Amériques, et en particulier du Brésil, et de quelle manière ces différentes populations ont su dialoguer entre elles, mais aussi s'approprier et transformer les valeurs culturelles des peuples qui les ont soumis. Tout en s'adaptant à ces nouveaux contextes, elles ont préservé leurs mémoires spirituelles en créant des intermédiaires cultuels comme l'entité du Seja Hundê, Candomblé jeje de Bahia, le vudum Lebabimibome, qui fusionne le singe et le Messager des religions ancestrales fon et yorouba Eshu-Legba. Par l'adoption de cette nouvelle manifestation religieuse, elles ont également su recycler l'image utilisée par les colonisateurs à l'encontre des Africains, associé à des singes et décrit comme un chaînon manquant entre l'homme et l'animal, ainsi des individus ont pu échapper à l'esclavage en refusant l'usage de parole. Aussi, par la ruse des singes des contes populaires, l'histoire sociale des esclaves et des libres subalternes vivant dans cette société est racontée ce qui constitue une archive de l'époque. / This dissertation aims to show how the enslavement of African peoples on the African continent and in the Americas has deeply influenced the spiritual and intellectual lives of Africans both on the continent and in the diaspora, particularly in Brazil. African peoples learned from the beginning how to dialogue with other Africans ethnicities and how to assess the cultural values being imposed by those people who dominated them. They could transform those values to their needs. Also they managed to safeguard their ancestral spiritual heritage, creating a vudu, known as Lebabimibome, merged with the Messenger of the Fon/Yoruba religion Eshu-Legba, and with a monkey. In this way they wittingly illustrated the European idea that Africans were the missing link between men and monkeys. Some Africans strategically accepted this image and used it to escape slavery by refusing to use spoken words in their relationship with Europeans and Native Americans. By using the monkey's guile, as described in these animal tales, the oral tradition could integrate the hermeneutical aspect of Eshu-Legba to translate the social history of the enslaved and subaltern peoples within these fables which function as archives in Brazilian society. / O objetivo desta tese é de demonstrar um dos impactos da escravidão na historia de povos africanos e afrodescendentes, de como este fato marcou a vida espiritual e intelectual das diasporas nas Américas, e da brasileira em especial Também, teatamos mostrar como estas populações souberam dialogar primeiramente entre elas e em seguida apropriar-se e transformar e transformar os valores culturais dos povos que os subjugaram Ao mesmo tempo que adaptavam aos novos contextos, estas populações souberam preservar suas memorias espirituais e conseguiram criar intermediarios sagrados como aquele do Seja Hundê, Candomblé Jeje da Bahia, o vudum Lebabimibome, hibrido do Messageiro das religiões ancestrais fon e ioruba Exu-Legba e de um macaco Pela adoção desta nova manifestação religiosa, esses povos souberam estrategicament reciclar ao mesmo tempo uma velha idéia construida pelos colonizadores sobre os africanos, que os associavam aos macacos, que eles eram o elo que ligava o homem ao animal, mas para poder escapar à escravidão certos grupos africanos utilizaram a mimica como meio de comunicação com os estrangeiros; por outro lado pelas artimanhas dos macacos dos contos populares, a vida social dos escravos e dos livres subalternos desta sociedade é também contada, transformando-os em arquivos de suas épocas

L’étude fournit un panorama exhaustif de la facture du piano dans les provinces belges. Elle s’étend de 1761, année de la première référence écrite au piano, à 1851, date jalon marquée par l’industrialisation progressive des techniques et la standardisation des modèles. Entre ces deux dates, le dépouillement des almanachs permet de dénombrer plus d’une centaine de facteurs, majoritairement actifs à Bruxelles. Ils possèdent, suivant les registres des patentables, de petits ateliers. L’examen des instruments conservés montre que la production est de qualité. Elle relève à part entière de l’artisanat et est centrée sur les modèles domestiques – pianos carrés et pianos droits. En 1850, elle avoisine 1 750 instruments par an. Une cinquantaine de brevets d’invention liés au piano sont déposés. Ils témoignent, tout comme la participation croissante des facteurs aux expositions des produits de l’industrie, de la formidable énergie qui mobilise la facture du piano durant la période considérée. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished