Bicycle leader brands have shift production overseas to reduce the cost of labor and to implement new technologies at lower cost. Bike manufacturer both in Asia and Europe employ a traditional way of production  based on economics of scale that aims cost per unit reduction. Where MRP systems and forecasting are part of their day basis operations. This traditional way of operation offers room for innovation that must be seen as a business opportunity. Thus, alternative management approaches can strengthen strategic goals and improve responsiveness and flexibility. Bicycle brands producing locally should implement alternative management systems to remain competitive, to take the maximum advantage of their location, to improve customer service and to cut operational cost. The course of action followed was a market analys is to understand the nature of the bicyclemarket within European Union. Similarly, a Business Process Reengineering was conducted to identify with the current operational processes and opportunities within the bicycle industry. Based on the Business Process Engineering, an alternative business model was presented. The main proposed solution to improve the current operational processes:  (a) Implementation of Just-­‐in-­‐time management system and relocation of assembly facilities.  (b) Benchmark IKEA core methods, designing products for supply chain and that customer assemble  the future themselves. (c) Benchmark Dell Computer business model of customization and supply chain. Finally, the fundaments for an alternative business concept were established regarding bicycle design concept, strategy planning and production system design.

<p>This thesis presents an in-depth investigation into the opportunities of optimizing the performance (throughput) of fuzzing on Java Virtual Machine (JVM)-based languages. The study identifies five main areas for potential optimization, each of which contributes to the performance bottlenecks in the existing state-of-the-art Java fuzzer, Jazzer.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Firstly, the use of coverage probes is recognized as costly due to the native method call, including call frame generation and destruction, while it only performs a simple byte increment. Secondly, the probes may become exhausted, which subsequently cease to generate signals for new interesting inputs, while the associated costs persist. Thirdly, the scanning of the coverage map is expensive, particularly for targets with a large loaded bytecode. Given that test inputs can only execute a portion of these, the probes for most bytecodes are scanned repeatedly without generating any signals, indicating a need for a more structured coverage map design to skip the code probes effectively. Lastly, exception handling in JVM is costly as it automatically fills in the stack trace whenever an exception object is created, even when most targets don't utilize this information. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The study then designs and implements optimization techniques for these opportunities. We believe we provide the optimal solution for the first opportunity, while better optimizations could be proposed for the second, third, and fourth. The collective improvement brought about by these implementations is on average 138% and up to 441% in throughput. This work, thus, offers valuable insights into enhancing the efficiency of fuzz testing in JVM languages and paves the way for further research in optimizing other areas of JVM-based-language fuzzing performance.</p>

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In this era of globalisation and fierce competition amongst businesses, there is a need to improve advanced operations management philosophies such as just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to enhance business performance. Literature review shows that there is no mechanism so far to identify key JIT drivers relevant to a given organisation and its production processes, and their impact on enterprise performance. The research carried out here therefore involved the development of a generic performance measurement model to identify and capture the influence of JIT practices on enterprise performance. A conceptual performance measurement model, which was designed based on comprehensive literature review and informal interviews/discussions with both academic researchers and industry practitioners describes the link between JIT drivers (Xi) and measurable performance (Y). This mathematically determined model is aimed at assisting managers in the systematic identification of the influence of key JIT drivers on enterprise performance using a multidimensional tool such as the extended balanced scorecard. The case study approach was selected as the most suitable methodology for testing and validating the conceptual model in JIT enabled production plant and was applied to the production process of Denso Manufacturing (UK) Ltd., a global automotive component manufacturer. A novel eight-step implementation procedure was designed to collect data, which were analysed and validated by design of experiments, linear mathematical modelling, computer based dynamic simulation and analytic hierarchy process tool. The performance measurement model was then successfully applied to a non-automotive component production plant (Risane Ltd.). In conclusion, the performance measurement model can now be suitably applied to JIT enabled manufacturing environments using relevant organisation specific JIT drivers and key performance indicators to optimise system performance. The contribution to knowledge is an innovative, user friendly, robust and multidimensional performance measurement model enabling industry practitioners to optimise JIT processes with substantial performance enhancement. The model could also be applied by future researchers to other operations management philosophies and industries, and at a higher level could be developed into a self-optimising software package, which will enable rapid determination of the key control parameters needed to optimise process performance just in time.

Les langages de programmation typés dynamiquement tels que JavaScript et Python repoussent la vérification de typage jusqu’au moment de l’exécution. Afin d’optimiser la performance de ces langages, les implémentations de machines virtuelles pour langages dynamiques doivent tenter d’éliminer les tests de typage dynamiques redondants. Cela se fait habituellement en utilisant une analyse d’inférence de types. Cependant, les analyses de ce genre sont souvent coûteuses et impliquent des compromis entre le temps de compilation et la précision des résultats obtenus. Ceci a conduit à la conception d’architectures de VM de plus en plus complexes. Nous proposons le versionnement paresseux de blocs de base, une technique de compilation à la volée simple qui élimine efficacement les tests de typage dynamiques redondants sur les chemins d’exécution critiques. Cette nouvelle approche génère paresseusement des versions spécialisées des blocs de base tout en propageant de l’information de typage contextualisée. Notre technique ne nécessite pas l’utilisation d’analyses de programme coûteuses, n’est pas contrainte par les limitations de précision des analyses d’inférence de types traditionnelles et évite la complexité des techniques d’optimisation spéculatives. Trois extensions sont apportées au versionnement de blocs de base afin de lui donner des capacités d’optimisation interprocédurale. Une première extension lui donne la possibilité de joindre des informations de typage aux propriétés des objets et aux variables globales. Puis, la spécialisation de points d’entrée lui permet de passer de l’information de typage des fonctions appellantes aux fonctions appellées. Finalement, la spécialisation des continuations d’appels permet de transmettre le type des valeurs de retour des fonctions appellées aux appellants sans coût dynamique. Nous démontrons empiriquement que ces extensions permettent au versionnement de blocs de base d’éliminer plus de tests de typage dynamiques que toute analyse d’inférence de typage statique. / Dynamically typed programming languages such as JavaScript and Python defer type checking to run time. In order to maximize performance, dynamic language virtual machine implementations must attempt to eliminate redundant dynamic type checks. This is typically done using type inference analysis. However, type inference analyses are often costly and involve tradeoffs between compilation time and resulting precision. This has lead to the creation of increasingly complex multi-tiered VM architectures. We introduce lazy basic block versioning, a simple just-in-time compilation technique which effectively removes redundant type checks from critical code paths. This novel approach lazily generates type-specialized versions of basic blocks on the fly while propagating context-dependent type information. This does not require the use of costly program analyses, is not restricted by the precision limitations of traditional type analyses and avoids the implementation complexity of speculative optimization techniques. Three extensions are made to the basic block versioning technique in order to give it interprocedural optimization capabilities. Typed object shapes give it the ability to attach type information to object properties and global variables. Entry point specialization allows it to pass type information from callers to callees, and call continuation specialization makes it possible to pass return value type information back to callers without dynamic overhead. We empirically demonstrate that these extensions enable basic block versioning to exceed the capabilities of static whole-program type analyses.

Utgångspunkten i examensarbetet är flödesmässiga förbättringar. Vid kontakt med fallföretaget presenterades en för företaget viktig produkt. Värdeflödeskedjan för denna produkt går genom flera värdeadderande processer, samt flera icke värdeadderande aktiviteter, vilka företaget önskar kartlägga. Dessa aktiviteter utgörs både av icke värdeskapande, men nödvändiga, aktiviteter, likväl som rena slöserier. Därmed är studiens syfte: Att kartlägga det interna flöde produkten följer, i syfte att identifiera och minimera icke värdeskapande aktiviteter, för att slutligen utifrån teorin utforma förslag på flödesmässig effektivisering och förbättring För att besvara syftet har två frågeställningar formulerats: ”Hur ser värdeflödet för aktuell produkt ut i nuläget, samt vilka slöserier kan identifieras?” samt, baserat på den första: ”Vilka aktiviteter kan uteslutas utan att kundens förväntningar påverkas negativt samt vilka förslag kan ges utifrån teorin för att effektivisera och förbättra flödet?” Frågeställningarna har besvarats genom analys av empiriskt material insamlat genom dokumentstudier, intervjuer samt observationer. Studiens resultat går i linje med de centrala teorierna inom konceptet Lean, vilket anammats och praktiseras av verksamheter av vitt skilda karaktärer. Utifrån den genomförda värdeflödesanalysen för aktuell produkt identifierades slöserier i det logistiska flödet, vilka analyseras och avhandlas. Utifrån den genomförda värdeflödesanalysen har förslag på önskat framtida läge formulerats och illustrerats med grund i befintlig processgruppering och - indelning, i vilken slöserierna minimerats. Utifrån studiens empiriska material och resultat skönjas ett utbildningsbehov i organisationen. Genom att öka den teoretiska och praktiska förståelsen för centrala delar, begrepp och verktyg inom konceptet Lean kan förbättringar inom företagets internlogistik uppnås, och i förlängningen, enligt teorin, för hela företaget. Arbetets flödesövergripande perspektiv medför vissa begränsningar. De ingående värdeadderande processerna har inte analyserats djupare än till deras flödesmässiga påverkan i form av takt och cykeltid, då detta är av processteknisk karaktär.

Logistikens vikt för företag blir allt större. En mängd faktorer i företagens omvärld tvingar företag att följa med i utvecklingen för att behålla sin konkurrenskraft. Den ständiga förändringen som sker inom logistikområdet präglas av en mängd tidstypiska trender. Företag med en betydande logistik tvingas därför ta ställning till dessa trender, som på olika sätt sätter avtryck i organisationer då de väljer att implementera tillhörande arbetssätt och metoder från trenderna. Studien undersöker hur företag påverkas av logistiska trender. Detta sker genom att beskriva hur de ser på utvecklingen inom logistik och de trender som utvecklas inom området, samt att se till hur trenderna har satt spår i företagens verksamheter. Supply Chain Management spelar en central roll för uppsatsen, då den statuerar exempel på en logistisk trend, tillsammans med Lean Production och Just-In-Time. Studien är genomförd genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer hos företag som ser logistik som viktig för deras verksamhet, antingen ur en kostnadssynpunkt eller ur en konkurrenssynpunkt. Den intervjuade representanten för respektive företag är antingen ansvarig för verksamhetens logistik eller en logistikfunktion. Studiens slutsatser är att de företag som intervjuats alla kommer i kontakt med trender inom logistik. Sättet en trend förs in i organisationen sker främst genom nyanställningar av personal med teoretisk eller praktisk bakgrund från andra verksamheter, eller genom att inspireras av andra företag. För att det ska vara aktuellt för företag att införa delar av en trend som Just-In-Time, Lean Production eller Supply Chain Management krävs det att dessa genererar en effektivisering av verksamheten, främst genom ekonomiska besparingar. Supply Chain Management har gjort avtryck hos studiens företag i det avseendet att det finns ett stort fokus på att utveckla samarbetet med sina leverantörer samt att det finns en strävan efter att öka företagets kundfokus och därmed sätta kunden i centrum för verksamheten. / The importance of logistics to companies is growing. A number of factors in business environment forces companies to keep up with changes to remain competitive. The constant changes that occur in the logistics area are characterized by a variety of contemporary trends. Companies with a major logistics are therefore forced to consider these trends, which in various ways puts a mark on the organizations where they choose to implement the related procedures and methods of trends. This study examines how businesses are affected by logistical trends. This is done by describing how they view the developments in logistics and the trends that develop in the area, and to see how trends have left traces in the activities of businesses. Supply Chain Management plays a central role for the study, as it sets an example of a logistic trend, along with Lean Production and Just-In-Time. The study was conducted by ten semi-structured interviews with companies who see logistics as important to their business, either from a cost perspective or from a competitive standpoint. The interviewed representative of the respective companies are either responsible for the businesses logistics or a logistics function. The conclusions of the study are that the companies interviewed all come in contact with trends in logistics. The way a trend is brought into the organization is done primarily through the hiring of staff with practical or theoretical background from other activities, or to be inspired by other companies. For it to be appropriate for companies to implement the elements of a trend such as Just-In-Time, Lean Production or Supply Chain Management, it is required that they generate corporate efficiency, mainly through financial savings. Supply Chain Management has made an important impact in the study’s companies in the sense that there is a major focus on developing cooperation with its suppliers and that there is a desire to increase its customer focus and thus put the customer at the center of activity.

My thesis deals with register allocation. During this phase, the compiler has to assign variables of the source program, in an arbitrary big number, to actual registers of the processor, in a limited number k. Recent works, for instance the thesis of F. Bouchez and S. Hack, have shown that it is possible to split in two different decoupled step this phase: the spill - store the variables into memory to release registers - followed by the registers assignment. These works demonstrate the feasibility of this decoupling relying on a theoretic framework and some assumptions. In particular, it is sufficient to ensure after the spill step that the number of variables simultaneously live is below k.My thesis follows these works by showing how to apply this kind of approach when real-world constraints come in play: instructions encoding, ABI (application binary interface), register aliasing. Different approaches are proposed. They allow either to ignore these problems or to directly tackle them into the theoretic framework. The hypothesis of the models and the proposed solutions are evaluated and validated using a thorough experimental study with the compiler of STMicroelectronics. Finally, all these works have been done with the constraints of modern compilers in mind, the JIT (just-in-time) compilation, where the compilation time et the memory footprint of the compiler are key factors. We strive to offer solutions that cope with these criteria or improve the result until a given budget is reached. We, in particular, used the SSA (static single assignment) form to define algorithm like tree scan that generalizes linear scan based approaches proposed for JIT compilation.

This dissertation presents a comprehensive and comparative progress in sequencing approaches of mixed-model just-in-time (JIT) sequencing problem together with discrete apportioment problem (DAP). The goal of JIT sequencing problem (JITSP) is to keep the rate of usage of parts as constant as possible along the assembly lines, and the goal of DAP is to divide a given integer number of delegates proportionally among the states or the parties according to their population or votes. Furthermore, the supply chain logistics problem is also reported in here with some real life applications.The single-level JITSP, known as the product rate variation problem (PRVP), is pseudo-polynomially solvable. The total PRVP minimizes sum deviation and the bottleneck PRVP minimizes the maximum deviation between the actual production and the ideal production. The assignment approach solves total PRVP whereas the perfect matching works for bottleneck PRVP solving the problem in pseudo-polynomial time. The multi-level JITSP, known as the output rate variation problem (ORVP), is NP-hard in most of the cases. However, some sequencing heuristics and dynamic programming are devised for near optimal solutions. And the pegging assumption reduces the ORVP into weighted case of PRVP. In this dissertation, the total PRVP with square and absolute deviations are considered and mean-based divisor methods are devised for the equitably efficient solution. The simultaneous dealing to the PRVP and DAP establishes the interlink between the production sequencing problem and integer seat allocating problem. The new upper bottlenecks are investigated and the problems are solved comparatively. The bottleneck PRVP instances for small deviations and cyclic sequences for total PRVP are shown to be optimal. The bicriterion sequencing is discussed with Pareto optimal solutions.The production sequencing problem is simultaneously dealt with supply chain logistics to balance overall supply chain system. The cross-docking supply chain logistics problem is formulated with a proposition to be solved. The real-world applications of JITSP and supply chain are listed and some open problems are pointed out as the closing of the dissertation.

This thesis deals with the management of the production process, focusing on unproductive activities. It comprises analysis of the current situation in the company Teva Czech Industries s.r.o. (the TCI) and suggestions for improvement measures. The first chapter presents theoretical basis for processing work. PMT methods, namely MTM and MOST, lean production with a focus on 5S, TPM and Kaizen are described. The second chapter is focused on the company TCI, core business, organization structure and analyzes the current status. It’s focused primarily on the process of critical non-manufacturing operations and the changeover cleaning process. The third chapter, following the analytical part consists of the proposed recommendations. The fourth chapter deals with the final evaluation.