Not long after the release of his first novel, Everything is Illuminated, critics and authors alike began showering Jonathan Safran Foer with both praise and disparagement for his postmodern style. Yet, this large body of criticism ignores the theoretical work taking place within Foer's fiction. This thesis attempts to fill this gap by highlighting specific aspects of Foer's theoretical work as it relates to the creation of meaning in a text and to explore what this work might imply for the broader literary community. Much of Foer's work toys with the capacity of language to express meaning, indulging in the playfulness of language throughout his work to highlight the place where at written language blurs the line between word and flesh, or language and experience. In this playfulness, Foer seems to assert that meaning is created in the space between language and experience through the act of metaphor. This theory of metaphor places the individual, the author, and the critic all in a creative position and the narrative content of Foer's works examines how this creative power is used by individuals to create a world of meaning out of experiences that seem to have none. In this way, Foer argues that the creative act of metaphor is a redemptive act—an act of saving one's self from the void. Such a conclusion can be applied to all who use the word to create, particularly authors and critics, wherein the creative act as well as the interpretive act become acts of redemption.

Cette étude propose d’explorer les œuvres de Jonathan Safran Foer, Daniel Mendelsohn, et Art Spiegelman, à travers la notion de trace, principe fondateur de l’esthétique et de l’éthique des écritures de l’après-Shoah. L’expérience lacunaire de ces « générations d’après » implique la présence d’une « postmémoire », dont le caractère « différé » sollicite le travail de l’imagination et informe la démarche créatrice de ces artistes et écrivains de l’après, qui reconstruisent le passé de leurs familles. Ces récits de la hantise sont marqués par une « mémoire trouée », et découlent souvent d’une rupture de la filiation, donc d’une défaillance de la transmission. Engagés dans une quête de savoir, narrateurs et protagonistes interrogent l’événement à partir de traces matérielles, ainsi qu’au travers de retours, réels et imaginaires, sur les lieux de l’origine. Ces récits sont composés de matériaux hétérogènes qui créent des ruptures visuelles, et sont informés par divers dérèglements temporels : désordres, disruptions chronologiques, latence et répétition – tous symptomatiques de l’après-coup du trauma. Ces textes postmémoriels posent enfin la question de l’éthique de la représentation. Performativité de la langue, fictionnalisation de l’Histoire, et enjeux de la transmission sont au cœur de ces œuvres en devenir, et interrogent l’éthique de la responsabilité de leurs auteurs, entre passation et travail de deuil. / This study explores the works of Jonathan Safran Foer, Daniel Mendelsohn, and Art Spiegelman through the notion of trace, the founding principle of the aesthetics and ethics of post-Holocaust writing. The incomplete knowledge of these “post-Holocaust generations” implies the presence of a “postmemory”, the “deferred” nature of which requires the imagination to be put to work and informs the creative approach of these post-Holocaust artists and writers, reconstructing their family’s past. These haunting narratives are marked by a “memory shot through with holes” and are often the result of a break in the bond of filiation, and therefore a hiatus of transmission. Having embarked on a quest for knowledge, narrators and protagonists examine the event through material traces, as well as real or imaginary returns to their places of origin. These narratives are made up of heterogeneous elements which create visual ruptures and are informed by various temporal disruptions: disorders, chronological breaks, latency and repetition – all symptomatic of the deferred action of trauma. Finally, these postmemorial texts raise the issue of the ethics of representation. The performativity of language, the fictionalization of History, and the issue of transmission are at the heart of these works in the making, and ethically question their authors’ responsibility, between transfer and the work of mourning.

Submitted by PPG Letras (letraspg@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-12T13:20:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_ Bianca Diniz.pdf: 716191 bytes, checksum: 1e337af72b240add4a0a1811a204dcbc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-19T11:43:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_ Bianca Diniz.pdf: 716191 bytes, checksum: 1e337af72b240add4a0a1811a204dcbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T11:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_ Bianca Diniz.pdf: 716191 bytes, checksum: 1e337af72b240add4a0a1811a204dcbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Some historians agree that the terrorist attacks of September 11 marked the beginning of the 21st century. If the twentieth century was marked by two world wars, the 21st century was no better than its predecessor in terms of horror and violence. Consequently, art couldn?t fail to be contaminated by all of this. Thus the postmodern literature emerges, which resumes past tragedies in order to shed a new light on the catastrophes of the present. One of the most representative works of this new literary movement in the 21st century is Extremely loud and incredibly close, Jonathan Safran Foer? second novel, published for the first time in 2005. In order to clarify the relationship between Literature, History and traumatic events, this work aims to examine the way in which the North American author represents these facts and their subjective consequences in the novel Extremely loud and incredibly close, based on concepts of psychology, history and literary theory. / Alguns historiadores apontam que os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro marcaram o in?cio do s?culo XXI. Se o s?culo XX foi marcado por duas guerras mundiais, o s?culo XXI n?o deixa nada a desejar em termos de horror e viol?ncia quando comparado a seu antecessor. Consequentemente, a arte n?o poderia deixar de ser contaminada por tudo isso. Assim, surge a literatura p?s-moderna, que retoma trag?dias passadas a fim de lan?ar uma nova luz nas cat?strofes do presente. Uma das obras representativas desse novo movimento liter?rio no s?culo XXI ? Extremely loud and incredibly close ? em portugu?s, Extremamente alto e incrivelmente perto ?, segundo romance do escritor Jonathan Safran Foer, publicado pela primeira vez em 2005. Com o objetivo de elucidar a rela??o entre a Literatura, a Hist?ria e os eventos traum?ticos, este trabalho busca examinar a maneira como o autor norte-americano realiza a representa??o desses acontecimentos e suas consequ?ncias subjetivas no romance Extremamente alto e incrivelmente perto, tendo como base conceitos da psicologia, da hist?ria e da teoria da literatura.

Located on the interstice between Media Studies and Literary Theory, my dissertation explores the emerging genre of photo-fiction -- literary works that incorporate photographic images into the manuscripts -- and its impact on the commemoration of traumatic historical events. I argue that the way we represent and remember historical traumas is dependent on the media in which images emanating from these events are produced and circulated; put differently, the context of these images shapes our engagement with them. By examining literary works that incorporate photographs into their printed text, I explore textual and visual representations of historical trauma (such as the two World Wars, the Balkan wars of the Nineties, and 9/11). The authors whose works I analyze (Jonathan Safran Foer, Aleksandar Hemon, W.G. Sebald) grant photography a new status: the inserted images transcend traditional “authentification strategies” and draw attention to the convergence of realism and indexicality featured by these photographs. These authors’ employment of photographs from various media (television, internet, printed press, encyclopedias and archives) questions not only the technical qualities of each medium but the veracity and accuracy of evidence. Photography’s capacity to secure and store information is put radically into question, not only because the new contexts of these images, but because of the manipulations and reconfigurations the movement between media has brought about. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s concept of the literary montage, I suggest that literature provides an apt arena to examine the reception to images. By literary montage I mean the opening up of a new dimension in which visual and verbal elements are juxtaposed, and the disjunctions and gaps between them encourage readers to become active participants in the creation of narrative. Photo-fiction’s interplay between images and texts therefore not only sheds light on the mechanics of representation, but demand from its audience to reflect on the way we interpret and respond to historical traumas in a society saturated with images.

Located on the interstice between Media Studies and Literary Theory, my dissertation explores the emerging genre of photo-fiction -- literary works that incorporate photographic images into the manuscripts -- and its impact on the commemoration of traumatic historical events. I argue that the way we represent and remember historical traumas is dependent on the media in which images emanating from these events are produced and circulated; put differently, the context of these images shapes our engagement with them. By examining literary works that incorporate photographs into their printed text, I explore textual and visual representations of historical trauma (such as the two World Wars, the Balkan wars of the Nineties, and 9/11). The authors whose works I analyze (Jonathan Safran Foer, Aleksandar Hemon, W.G. Sebald) grant photography a new status: the inserted images transcend traditional “authentification strategies” and draw attention to the convergence of realism and indexicality featured by these photographs. These authors’ employment of photographs from various media (television, internet, printed press, encyclopedias and archives) questions not only the technical qualities of each medium but the veracity and accuracy of evidence. Photography’s capacity to secure and store information is put radically into question, not only because the new contexts of these images, but because of the manipulations and reconfigurations the movement between media has brought about. Drawing on Walter Benjamin’s concept of the literary montage, I suggest that literature provides an apt arena to examine the reception to images. By literary montage I mean the opening up of a new dimension in which visual and verbal elements are juxtaposed, and the disjunctions and gaps between them encourage readers to become active participants in the creation of narrative. Photo-fiction’s interplay between images and texts therefore not only sheds light on the mechanics of representation, but demand from its audience to reflect on the way we interpret and respond to historical traumas in a society saturated with images.

Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close stands out from the nationalistic-toned American “9/11 novels”. It depicts the story of a young boy and his grandparents who are left with the aftermath of losing a loved one in the attack on the twin towers. However, the complexity of the three main characters and the depth of their individual and common traumas make the novel go beyond the usual nationalistic 9/11 narrative and focus on the personal and, consequently, the national trauma.  This essay analyses the possibility of coping with and recovering from trauma through communication. Dominick LaCapra’s trauma theory notions of “working through” and “acting out”, as well as other traumatic memory research highlight the necessity of utterance in order to overcome trauma and to attempt an existence beyond it. In the instance of the three traumatized characters of the novel, the confessional language is entangled, broken and sometimes muted. This makes the recovery difficult in the case of the grandparents, almost impossible for the character of Grandpa. When it comes to the young boy, Oskar Schell, a more successful communication seems to open up the possibility of mental healing. These personal traumas are a reflection of a broader American trauma where an obsessive “rememoration” of the September 11 events and one-sided, revenge loaded public discourse do not seem to facilitate the national healing process. On all these levels, personal and community, the need and the difficult attempt to communicate the trauma of 9/11 does not necessarily grant recovery from it, but it facilitates a desired “working though” process.

La pregunta sobre com s’ha de representar l’Holocaust és i ha estat una qüestió problemàtica i essencial en els Estudis de l’Holocaust. Certs acadèmics i intel•lectuals han negat la possibilitat de representació de l’horror del genocidi dels jueus europeus, i en especial, s’ha negat l’ús de la ficció literària i cinematogràfica. Aquesta tesi analitza les tres etapes de recepció de l’Holocaust i els seus discursos acadèmics predominants. L’inicial silenci i la invisibilitat social del genocidi, en la que es formula el dictum adornià sobre la irrepresentabilitat del genocidi dels jueus europeus. Més endavant, l’Holocaust es fa socialment visible, i l’aparició d’obres de ficció controvertides obliguen a plantejar-se certs “límits de representació”. I contemporàniament, quan la ficció sobre l’Holocaust s’ha popularitzat i globalitzat, arribant a formar part de l’entreteniment i del consum mediàtic. En aquest context, en el que les representacions de ficció del genocidi dels jueus europeus ja formen part de la nostra cultura, l’estudi de cas es centra en l’anàlisi narratològica del llibre Everything is Illuminated (2002) de Jonathan Safran Foer, amb l’objectiu de presentar una opció de ficció de l’Holocaust. / La pregunta sobre cómo se debe representar el Holocausto es y ha sido una cuestión problemática y esencial en los Estudios del Holocausto. Ciertos académicos e intelectuales han negado la posibilidad de representación del horror del genocidio de los judíos europeos, y en especial, se ha negado el uso de la ficción literaria y cinematográfica. Esta tesis analiza las tres etapas de recepción del Holocausto y sus discursos académicos predominantes. El inicial silencio e invisibilidad social del genocidio, en el que se formula el dictum adorniano sobre la irrepresentabilidad del genocidio de los judíos europeos. Más adelante, el Holocausto se hace socialmente visible, y la aparición de obras de ficción controvertidas obligan a plantearse ciertos “límites de representación”. Y contemporáneamente, cuando la ficción sobre Holocausto se ha popularizado y globalizado, llegando a formar parte del entretenimiento y del consumo mediático. En este contexto, en el que las representaciones de ficción del genocidio de los judíos europeos ya forman parte de nuestra cultura, el caso de estudio se centra en el análisis narratológico del libro Everything is Illuminated (2002) de Jonathan Safran Foer, con el objetivo de presentar una opción de ficción del Holocausto. / The question of how the Holocaust should be represented is and has been a problematic and essential question in Holocaust Studies. Certain academics and intellectuals have denied the possibility of representation, and very specially, have denied the use of literary and cinematographic fiction. This thesis analyses the three stages of reception of the Holocaust and their predominant academic discourses. The initial silence and social invisibility of the genocide, in which the Adornian dictum is formulated on the unrepresentability of the genocide of European Jews. Later, the Holocaust is made socially visible, and the emergence of controversial works of fiction force us to consider the option of certain “limits of representation”. And, recently, in which fiction about the Holocaust has become popularized and globalized, and become part of the entertainment and consumer mass media. In this context, in which fictional representations of the genocide of European Jews are now part of our culture, this case study focuses on the narratological analysis of the book, Everything is Illuminated (2002), by Jonathan Safran Foer, in order to present a fictional choice of the Holocaust.

This paper delves into the realms of tragedy, memory and representation. Drawing upon the phenomenon of the Phantom Limb and extending it towards a theory of Phantom Bodies, various artworks - literary, theatrical and visual - are examined. After the conflagration of the terrorist attack, how are these absences grieved over and remembered through artistic representation? The essay examines this question by positioning itself amongst the scarred landscapes of post-September 11 New York and suicide bombings in Israel (2000-2006). Furthermore, it investigates whether humanity can be restored in the aftermath of an event in which certain individuals have sought to eradicate it. The fragmentation of the affected body in these scenarios is understood as further complicating processes of grief and remembrance. Artists who reject political polemic and engage with the dimensions of human loss are seen to have discovered means of referring to the absence caused by the act of terrorism. Three such recurring representations present themselves: ash and remnants, presence/absence and memory building. Phantom Bodies are perceived as simultaneously functioning as a reminder of the event itself, insisting upon the response of bearing witness, and as a symbol of the overwhelming power of humanity. Challenges arise when individuals or sections of the affected society deem these artworks to be inappropriate or explicit. Works considered include: Neil LaBute's play The Mercy Seat, Sigalit Landau's art installation The Country, Jonathan Safran Foer's Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, Spike Lee's 25th Hour, Daniel Libeskind's architectural plans for the World Trade Center site, Eric Fischl's sculpture 'Tumbling Woman', Honor Molloy's autodelete://beginning dump of physical memory and A.B.Yehoshua's A Woman in Jerusalem. The accompanying play, Tales of Ash: A diptych for the theatre, is set in Melbourne, New York and Tel Aviv and deals with life in the face of and after terror. It veers between naturalism, poetic monologue and the epic. Tales of Ash contains two plays. The first centres on Mia, a young sculptor living in New York, who loses both her lover and her creativity on September 11. Upon returning to her home in Melbourne, she finds familial bonds still entwined with guilt and family trauma. The second play revolves around Ilana and Benny, two people living in Tel Aviv, who find themselves suddenly thrust together after a devastating bombing. As they attempt to resume rhythms of life, in the face of all the inherent ferocity of a modern existence in Israel, the struggle between The Ash Woman and The Ash Takers escalates.