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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Etudes moléculaires du canal potassique sensible a l'ATP : "gating", pathologie et optogénétique / Molecular studies of ATP-sensitive potassium channels : gating, pathology, and optogenetics

Reyes Mejia, Gina Catalina 23 September 2016 (has links)
Les canaux potassiques sensibles à l’ATP (KATP) sont des canaux omniprésents liant excitabilité et énergie cellulaire. Ils fonctionnent en captant le niveau relatif des nucléotides ATP et ADP à l’intérieur des cellules: Les premiers bloquant le canal et les derniers l’activant. De plus le phospholipide phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) est connu pour être un puissant régulateur des canaux KATP. Ceux-ci sont présents dans la plupart des tissus excitables et sont impliqués dans un grand nombre de fonctions physiologiques. L’objectif de ma thèse consiste à désigner un bloc dépendant de la lumière au niveau de ces KATP, afin de contrôler son activité optiquement tout en gardant ses propriétés natives. Cela a été accompli par la mutation de différents résidus en cystéine. Ce canal KATP complètement dépendant de la lumière, pourrait être utilisé pour réguler les actions de potentiels via la lumière afin de piloter différents aspects d’électrophysiologie cellulaire mais aussi de développer des applications de photo-traitements.J’ai également réalisé la cartographie fonctionnelle des résidus impliqués dans le gating du canal Kir6.2 sous le contrôle de protéines membranaires interagissant avec le domaine N-terminal. Cela a été réalisé par le design d’un canal artificiel Kir6.2 formé par la fusion du C-terminal d’un RCPG avec le N-terminal du canal. Des structures cristallographiques et des caractérisations fonctionnelles des canaux potassiques ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence de deux portes dans les domaines transmembranaires : le filtre de sélectivité et le « gate A » à l’interface cytoplasmique, et le troisième « gate » dans le domaine cytoplasmique du canal Kir connu sous le nom de « G loop gate ». Enfin j’ai caractérisé de mutations dans le gène ABCC9 codant pour SUR2A et associé au syndrome de Cantu (CS). Ces mutations sont localisées dans le domaine transmembranaire 0 (TMD0) de SUR2A, un domaine essentiel dans l’interaction entre Kir6.2 et SUR dans le complexe KATP. Les résultats suggèrent que les deux mutations cause une hyperactivité du canal via 2 mécanismes distincts : (1) Une diminution de la sensibilité de l’ATP affectant la modulation du PIP2, mais qui n’affecte pas l’activation par le Mg-ADP ou (2) aucun effets en réponse à l’ATP ou Mg-ADP, mais une sensibilité accrue au PIP2. Ces découvertes soulignent le rôle essentiel du TMD0 dans la modulation du « gating » de Kir6.2. En particulier, cela démontre qu’il y a un contrôle de la réponse du canal par des effecteurs intracellulaires qui se fixent sur Kir6.2, impliquant des interactions très liées entre Kir6.2 et la région TMD0. / ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are ubiquitous channels designed to couple excitability to cellular energy. They perform this function by sensing the relative levels of the intracellular nucleotides ATP and ADP; with ATP blocking the channel and ADP activating it. Additionally, the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is known to be a strong regulator of KATP channels. These channels are present in many excitable tissues and involved in many physiological functions. The aim of this thesis is to design a light dependent block of the KATP channel, in order to control its activity and have it under optical control while at the same time retaining its native properties. This was accomplished by mutating specific residues to cysteines. This light dependent blocked KATP channel, could be used to regulate action potentials with light to tune diverse aspects of cellular electrophysiology and potentially photo-pharmacology treatment. We also performed a functional mapping of the Kir6.2 channel gate(s) under the control of membrane proteins interacting with the N-terminal domain. This was performed by using a unique artificial gate Kir6.2 channel formed by fusing a GPCR C-terminus to the Kir6.2 N terminus. Crystallographic structures and functional characterizations of potassium channels demonstrated the presence of two gates in the transmembrane domains: the selectivity filter and the "A" gate at the cytoplasmic interface, and a third gate in the cytoplasmic domain of Kir channels known as the G loop gate. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that several gates could be involved suggesting a concerted mechanism. Finally, we characterized two single-point mutations in the ABCC9 gene encoding SUR2, that are associated with Cantu syndrome (CS). These mutations are localized in transmembrane domain 0 (TMD0) of SUR2A, an essential domain which mediates the interaction between Kir6.2 and SUR within the K-ATP channel complex. Results suggest that the two mutations cause KATP channel hyperactivity through two divergent mechanisms: (1) a decreased sensitivity to ATP inhibition and affecting the modulation by PIP2, and that does not affect activation by Mg-ADP or (2) any effect on the response to ATP and Mg-ADP, but more sensitive to activation by PIP2. These discoveries underline the essential role of TMD0 in the gating modulation of Kir6.2. They demonstrate in particular that it can control the response of the channel to intracellular effectors that bind to Kir6.2, implying tight interactions between Kir6.2 and the TMD0 region.
12

Efeitos do 2-nitrato-1,3-di(octanoxi)propano (NDOP) em aorta de camundongo C57BL/6.

Paula, Ricardo Bernardino de 23 November 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-20T11:58:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1664038 bytes, checksum: 10c74036755f7796ffefc80faf342151 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T11:58:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1664038 bytes, checksum: 10c74036755f7796ffefc80faf342151 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Organic nitrates have been used in cardiovascular disorders therapy because they work as nitric oxide (NO) donors. The present study aimed to characterize the 2-nitrate-1,3-dioctanoxypropan (NDOP), an organic nitrate synthesized from glycerin as a NO donor. The ability of NO release elicited by NDOP was evaluated in vascular smooth muscles cells (VSMC) from aorta and in vascular reactivity essays in thoracic aorta rings from C57BL/6 mice pre-contracted with phenylephrine. In addition, in vitro tolerance for NDOP and the acute pre-clinical toxicity to its oral administration (v.o.) (300 and 2000 mg/kg) were evaluated. The treatment with NDOP increased NO levels in VSMC when compared to cells stimulated with DAF probe only (53,20 ± 1,61 vs. 10,74 ± 0,86 a.u., n = 13 and 13, respectively, p < 0.05). The NO increase in VSMC was not inhibited by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor, L-NG-Nitroarginine (L-NNA, 100 μM) (52,80 ± 2,89 vs. 53,75 ± 2,18 a.u., n = 13 each). NDOP (10-8 – 10-3 M) induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect in aorta from mice (Emax = 102,6 ± 1,7% vs. 107,3 ± 7,5%, n = 8 and 6, respectively). Pre-incubation with NOS blocker, L-NAME (100 μM) did not change the vasorelaxant response in functional endothelium rings (Emax= 112,5 ± 7,4%, n = 7). However the vasorelaxant effect to NDOP in rings without functional endothelium was decreased by pre-treatment with NO scavenger, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO, 300 μM) (Emax= 75,7 ± 5,6%, n = 7, p < 0.05) and by PTIO + hydroxocobalamin (Emáx= 38,8 ± 4,6%, n = 4, p < 0.05). The soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) selective inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 μM), reduced the NDOP vasorelaxant response (Emáx = 22,2 ± 6,7%, n = 6, p < 0.05). When rings were contracted with modified Krebs solution by KCl 60 mM, NDOP maximum relaxation efficiency was attenuated (Emax = 80,4 ± 5,2%; n = 6, p < 0,05). The unspecified inhibition of potassium channels (K+) using Krebs depolarizing solution in addition to KCl 20 mM reduced the efficiency of relaxation induced by NDOP (Emax= 72,8 ± 3,4%; n = 6, p < 0.05). Specific blocking of BKca by TEA (1 mM), Kv by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 1 mM) or KATP by glybenclamide (GLIB, 10 μM) did not change the standard relaxing curve for NDOP. However, the pre-incubation with barium chloride (BaCl2, 30 μM), an inward-rectifier potassium channels (KIR) blocker reduced the relaxation effect induced by NDOP (Emax= 73,7 ± 5,7%, n = 6, p <0.05). In aorta rings pre-incubation with NDOP (10-4 M), the vasorelaxation induced by NDOP was reduced in rings with endothelium (Emax= 49,4 ± 3,5% vs. 102,6 ± 1,7%; n = 7 and 8, respectively, p < 0.05) and without endothelium (Emax= 44,1 ± 5,9% vs. Emax= 107.3 ± 7.5%, n = 6 and 6, respectively, p < 0.05). Oral administration of NDOP (300 and 2000 mg/kg) in female mice demonstrated that the compound present low pre-clinical acute toxicity and the DL50 was about 5000 mg/kg. The results demonstrate that NDOP acts as a NO donor in VSMC and produce vasorelaxation via NO-cGMP-PKG pathway and activation of KIR channels. However, although the low pre-clinical acute toxicity, NDOP demonstrate to induce vascular tolerance in vitro. / Nitratos orgânicos têm sido utilizados na terapia de desordens cardiovasculares pois são doadores de óxido nítrico (NO) e podem mimetizar o papel do NO endógeno. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar o 2-nitrato-1,3-di(octanoxi)propano (NDOP), um nitrato orgânico sintetizado a partir da glicerina, como um doador de NO. A capacidade de liberação de NO eliciada pelo NDOP foi avaliada em células de músculo liso vascular (CMLV) de artéria aorta e em ensaios de reatividade vascular em anéis de aorta torácica de camundongos (Mus musculus) C57BL/6 pré-contraidos com fenilefrina. Em adição, foi também avaliada a tolerância in vitro para o NDOP e a toxicidade aguda pré-clinica frente sua administração via oral (v.o.) (300 e 2000 mg/kg) em camundongos fêmeas. O tratamento com NDOP aumentou os níveis de NO nas CMLV quando comparado às células estimuladas apenas com a sonda DAF (53,20 ± 1,61 vs.10,74 ± 0,86 a.u., n = 13 e 13, respectivamente, p < 0,05). O aumento de NO nas CMLV não foi inibido pelo bloqueio da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) utilizando L-NG-Nitroarginina (L-NNA, 100 μM) (52,80 ± 2,89 vs. 53,75 ± 2,18 a.u., n = 13 e 13, respectivamente). O NDOP (10-8 – 10-3 M) induziu efeito vasorrelaxante em aorta torácica de camundongo C57BL/6 com e sem endotélio funcional de forma semelhante (Emáx = 102,6 ± 1,7% vs. 107,3 ± 7,5%, n = 8 e 6, respectivamente). A pré-incubação com o bloqueador da NOS, L-NAME (100 μM) não alterou a resposta vasorrelaxante em anéis com endotélio funcional (Emáx= 112,5 ± 7,4%, n = 7). Por outro lado, o efeito vasorrelaxante do NDOP em anéis sem endotélio funcional foi diminuído pelo pré-tratamento com o sequestrador de NO, 2-(4-fenil)-4,4,5,5-tetrametilimidazolina-1-oxi-3-óxido (PTIO, 300 μM) (Emáx= 75,7 ± 5,6%, n = 7, p < 0,05) e pelo PTIO juntamente com a hidroxicobalamina (Emáx= 38,8 ± 4,6%, n = 4, p < 0,05). O uso do 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-ona (ODQ, 10 μM), um inibidor seletivo da enzima ciclase de guanilil solúvel (CGs) reduziu a resposta vasorrelaxante do NDOP (Emáx = 22,2 ± 6.7%, n = 6, p < 0,05). Quando os anéis foram contraídos com a solução de Krebs modificada com KCl 60 mM, a eficiência máxima de relaxamento do NDOP foi atenuada (Emáx = 80,4 ± 5,2%; n = 6, p < 0,05). O bloqueio inespecífico dos canais para potássio (K+) com solução despolarizante de Krebs adicionada de KCl 20 mM reduziu a eficácia do relaxamento induzido pelo NDOP (Emáx = 72,8 ± 3,4%; n = 6, p < 0,05). O uso de TEA (1 mM), 4-aminopiridina (1 mM) e Glibenclamida (10 μM) para bloqueio dos canais BKCa, KV e KATP, respectivamente, não alterou o vasorrelaxamento induzido pelo NDOP. Entretanto, a pré-incubação dos anéis com cloreto de bário (BaCl2, 30 μM), inibidor dos canais para K+ retificadores de entrada (KIR) reduziu a eficiência de relaxamento induzido pelo NDOP (Emáx= 73,7 ± 5,7%, n = 6, p < 0,05). A pré-exposição dos anéis ao NDOP (10-4 M), durante 30 minutos, diminuiu o vasorrelaxamento induzido pelo composto em anéis com endotélio (Emáx= 49,4 ± 3,5% vs. 102,6 ± 1,7%; n = 7 e 8, respectivamente, p < 0,05) e sem endotélio vascular (Emáx= 44,1 ± 5,9% vs. Emáx= 107,3 ± 7,5%, n = 6 e 6, respectivamente, p < 0,05). A administração (v.o.) de 300 e 2000 mg/kg do NDOP em camundongos fêmeas demonstrou que o composto apresenta baixa toxicidade aguda pré-clínica e a DL50 foi aproximadamente 5000 mg/kg. Os resultados demonstram que NDOP atua como doador de NO em CMLV e que o vasorrelaxamento induzido pelo NDOP envolve a ativação dos canais para K+ do tipo KIR e a participação da CGs por meio da via NO-GMPc-PKG. Entretanto, apesar da baixa toxicidade aguda pré-clínica, o NDOP demostrou provocar tolerância vascular in vitro.
13

Estudos preliminares do efeito vasorrelaxante Do liofilizado do suco syzygium jambolanum em Ratos

Assis, Kívia Sales 26 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T13:53:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2546672 bytes, checksum: c5c0e26a4ec7b88d290cf26347b25d8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T13:53:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2546672 bytes, checksum: c5c0e26a4ec7b88d290cf26347b25d8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Various epidemiological studies have suggested an association between diets rich in polyphenols and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Syzygium jambulanum is rich in polyphenols, and thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects induced by lyophilized Syzygium jambulanum fruit juice (LSFSJ) using in vivo and in vitro techniques. LSFSJ presented a high polyphenols content (988.55 ± 5.41 mg of Gal Acid / 100g), and the presence of flavonoids and steroids. In normotensive rats, LSFSJ (5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 mg / kg, i.v.) induced hypotension and bradycardia at the maximal dose was observed. In superior mesenteric rat artery rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (FEN) (1 μM), LSFSJ (1 - 5000 μg / mL) induced concentration-dependent relaxation in the presence (MR = 105.3 ± 3.54% (EC50 = 1172.7 ± 116.1 μg / mL) and absence of endothelium (MR = 106.4 ± 4.5%, EC50 = 1506.5 ± 148.1 μg / mL). These data suggest that the LSFSJ-induced response appears independent from endothelium released factors. All subsequent experiments were performed in the absence of endothelium. The LSFSJ contraction response induced by depolarizing tyrode solution with 60 mM KCl (MR = 28.7 ± 2.8%) was significantly lower than the LSFSJ response in FEN induced contraction. To investigate the involvement of potassium channels, depolarizing tyrode solution with 20 mM KCl or TEA at different concentrations was used. The LSFSJ response in contraction induced by depolarizing tyrode solution with 20 mM KCl was significantly attenuated (MR = 75.9 ± 6.0). The LSFSJ-induced response was also significantly attenuated in the presence of TEA at concentrations of 1 mM (MR = 62.5 ± 9.8%); 3mM (MR = 40.9 ± 3.8%) and 5mM (MR = 10.3 ± 3.7%). To investigate potassium channel subtypes involved in the response, 4- aminopyridine, a selective blocker of KV channels, glibenclamide (10 μM), a selective blocker of KATP channels, BaCl2 (30 μM), a selective blocker of KIR and iberiotoxin channels 100 nM) or TEA (1mM), a selective blocker of BKCa channels were used. In the simultaneous presence of differing potassium channel blockers, we observed significant attenuation of the LSFSJ effect (MR = 23.9 ± 3.4%), this was also observed in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (MR = 33.6 ± 5.9%), and in the presence of BaCl2 or glibenclamide, we also observed an attenuation of the maximum effect respectively (MR = 73.5 ± 6.9%, MR = 72.3 ± 4.3%). However, incubation with iberiotoxin (MR = 94.2 ± 8.1%) did not promote alteration in the response produced by LSFSJ. Through calcium influx we also investigated the involvement of CaV channels in the JSJ-induced response; in which there were no changes in maximal effect. However, its potency was altered. Also, an activator of L-type CaV channels, the S (-) - Bay K 8644, was used; and demonstrated possible participation of these channels in the vasorelaxant effect of JSJ. In conclusion, JSJ causes hypotension and vasorelaxation in rats, and this vaso-relaxing effect mainly involves three subtypes of potassium channels: KV, KATP and KIR without ruling out possible participation of the channels for Ca2+. / Vários estudos epidemiológicos têm sugerido uma associação entre dietas ricas em polifenóis e um menor risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Dentre as frutas ricas em polifenóis encontra-se a Syzygium jambulanum. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos pelo liofilizado do suco da fruta Syzygium jambulanum (LSFSJ), utilizando técnicas in vivo e in vitro. O LSFSJ apresentou um alto teor de polifenóis (988,55 ± 5,41 mg de Ác. Gal/100g) e presença de flavonoides e esteroides. Em ratos normotensos, o LSFSJ (5; 10; 30, 50 e 100 mg/kg, i.v.) induziu hipotensão e observou-se uma bradicardia na dose máxima. Em anéis de artéria mesentérica superior de rato, pré-contraídos com fenilefrina (FEN) (1 μM), o LSFSJ (1 - 5000 μg/mL) induziu relaxamento dependente de concentração na presença (Emáx = 105,3 ± 3,54 %; CE50= 1172,7± 116,1 μg/mL) e ausência do endotélio (Emáx = 106,4 ± 4,5 %; CE50 = 1506,5 ± 148,1 μg/mL). Esses dados sugerem que a resposta induzida pelo LSFSJ parece ser independente dos fatores liberados pelo endotélio. Todos os experimentos seguintes foram realizados na ausência do endotélio. A resposta do LSFSJ na contração induzida por solução despolarizante de tyrode com 60 mM de KCl (Emáx = 28,7 ± 2,8 %) foi significativamente menor do que a resposta do LSFSJ na contração induzida por FEN. Para investigar o envolvimento dos canais para potássio foram utilizados solução despolarizante de tyrode com 20 mM de KCl ou TEA em diferentes concentrações. A resposta do LSFSJ na contração induzida por solução despolarizante de tyrode com 20 mM de KCl foi significativamente atenuada (Emáx = 75,9 ± 6,0). A resposta induzida pelo LSFSJ também foi significativamente atenuada na presença de TEA nas concentrações de 1 mM (Emáx= 62,5 ± 9,8 %); 3 mM (Emáx= 40,9 ± 3,8 %) e 5 mM (Emáx= 10,3 ± 3,7 %). Para investigar os subtipos de canais para potássio envolvidos na resposta foram utilizados: 4-aminopiridina, bloqueador seletivo dos canais KV, glibenclamida (10 μM), bloqueador seletivo dos canais KATP, BaCl2 (30 μM), bloqueador seletivo dos canais KIR e iberiotoxina (100 nM) ou TEA (1mM), bloqueador seletivo dos canais BKCa. Na presença dos diferentes bloqueadores dos canais para potássio, simultaneamente, observamos uma atenuação significativa do efeito do LSFSJ (Emáx = 23,9 ± 3,4 %), esse efeito também foi observado na presença de 4- aminopiridina (Emáx = 33,6 ± 5,9 %), na presença de BaCl2 ou glibenclamida também observamos uma atenuação do efeito máximo (Emáx = 73,5 ±6,9 %; Emáx = 72,3 ± 4,3 %) respectivamente. Contudo a incubação de iberiotoxina (Emáx = 94,2 ± 8,1 %) não promoveu alteração da resposta produzida pelo LSFSJ. Também investigamos o envolvimento dos canais CaV na resposta induzida pelo JSJ através do influxo de cálcio no qual não observamos alterações no efeito máximo contudo houve sua potencia foi alterada, além disso um ativador dos canais CaV do tipo-L, o S(-)-Bay K 8644, também foi utilizado o que demonstrou uma possível participação destes canais no efeito vasorrelaxante do JSJ. Em conclusão o JSJ causa hipotensão e vasorrelaxamento em ratos, e esse efeito vasorrelaxante envolve majoritariamente três subtipos de canais para potássio o KV, o KATP e o KIR sem descartar uma possível participação dos canais para Ca2+
14

Implication des canaux K+ dans les processus de réparation de l’épithélium respiratoire sain et fibrose kystique

Trinh, Nguyen Thu Ngan 07 1900 (has links)
La pathologie de la fibrose kystique (FK) est causée par des mutations du gène codant pour le canal Cl- CFTR. Au niveau respiratoire, cette dysfonction du transport transépithélial de Cl- occasionne une altération de la composition et du volume du liquide de surface des voies aériennes. Une accumulation de mucus déshydraté favorise alors la colonisation bactérienne et une réponse inflammatoire chronique, entraînant des lésions épithéliales sévères au niveau des voies aériennes et des alvéoles pouvant culminer en défaillance respiratoire. Le principal objectif de mon projet de maîtrise était d’étudier les processus de réparation de l’épithélium alvéolaire sain, l’épithélium bronchique sain et FK à l’aide d’un modèle in vitro de plaies mécaniques. Nos résultats démontrent la présence d’une boucle autocrine EGF/EGFR contrôlant les processus de migration cellulaire et de réparation des lésions mécaniques. D’autre part, nos expériences montrent que l’EGF stimule l’activité et l’expression des canaux K+ KATP, KvLQT1 et KCa3.1 des cellules épithéliales respiratoires. L’activation de ces canaux est cruciale pour les processus de réparation puisque la majeure partie de la réparation stimulée à l’EGF est abolie en présence d’inhibiteurs de ces canaux. Nous avons également observé que les cellules FK présentent un délai de réparation, probablement causé par un défaut de la réponse EGF/EGFR et une activité/expression réduite des canaux K+. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation des processus de réparation de l’épithélium sain et FK. De plus, ils ouvrent de nouvelles options thérapeutiques visant à promouvoir, à l’aide d’activateurs de canaux K+ et de facteurs de croissance, la régénération de l’épithélium respiratoire chez les patients atteints de FK. / The cystic fibrosis pathology (CF) is caused by mutations of the gene coding for the Cl- channel, CFTR. In the lungs, the dysfunction of transepithelial ion transport leads to an alteration of airway surface liquid volume and composition. Dehydrated mucus accumulation then favors chronic bacterial colonisation and inflammatory response, inducing severe epithelial injuries in the airways and the alveoli and then, respiratory failure. The main objective of my master degree project was to study normal alveolar, normal and CF bronchial epithelia repair processes using an in vitro model of mechanical wound-healing. Our results reveal the presence of an EGF/EGFR autocrine loop that controls cell migration and wound-healing. Our results show also that EGF signaling stimulate KATP, KvLQT1 and KCa3.1 K+ channel activity and expression in epithelial cells. K+ channel activation is crucial for repair processes since K+ channel inhibitors prevent most of EGF-stimulated wound-healing. We also observed that CF cells present delayed repair processes, probably caused by an EGF signaling defect and reduced K+ channel activity and expression. Our results allow us to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of normal and CF epithelial repair processes. Futhermore, our results open to new therapeutic options that promote, with K+ channel activators and growth factors, respiratory epithelium regeneration in CF patients.
15

Efeitos redox e protetores do pré-condicionamento isquêmico e da abertura do canal mitocondrial de potássio sensível a ATP contra morte celular por isquemia e reperfusão cardíaca / Redox and Protective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Against Cardiac Cell Death Promoted by Ischemia and Reperfusion

Facundo, Héberty di Tarso Fernandes 22 March 2007 (has links)
Eventos isquêmicos seguidos por reperfusão levam ao dano celular e mitocondrial devido à abertura do poro de transição de permeabilidade mitocondrial (TPM). Todavia, o pré-condicionamento evita o dano celular por isquemia e reperfusão. Esse efeito protetor é semelhante ao obtido pela abertura do canal mitocondrial de potássio sensível a ATP (mitoKATP). Aqui, nós mostramos os mecanismos de sinalização que ativam o mitoKATP durante o pré-condicionamento, o papel redox destes canais e seu conseqüente mecanismo protetor. Usando células cardíacas HL-1, nós demonstramos que aumentos em espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) observadas durante o pré-condicionamento não foram revertidos por antagonistas do mitoKATP, que significativamente evitaram a proteção pelo pré-condicionamento. Isso sugere que essas espécies são formadas anteriormente à abertura do canal. Consistente com essa hipótese, a adição de catalase a corações perfundidos de rato e a células HL-1 promove reversão dos efeitos benéficos do pré-condicionamento, mas não do diazóxido (um agonista do mitoKATP). Por outro lado, 2-mercaptopropionil glicina preveniu a cardioproteção em ambos os casos, sugerindo que este composto deve apresentar outros efeitos além de antioxidante. De fato, verificamos que agentes redutores tiólicos interferem na ativação do mitoKATP mediada pelo diazóxido em mitocôndrias isoladas de coração de rato. Examinando como o mitoKATP pode ser ativado durante o pré-condicionamento, constatamos que EROs endógenas e exógenas fortemente ativaram o mitoKATP, sugerindo que o moderado aumento nas EROs durante o pré-condicionamento pode ativar esse canal. Uma vez ativado, o canal preveniu as condições (captação de Ca2+ e formação de EROs) que favorecem a ocorrência de TPM em situação de isquemia. A atividade deste canal também leva à diminuição de EROs gerados fisiologicamente ou durante períodos de isquemia e reperfusão, evitando o dano celular conseqüente. Este fato não envolveu nenhum aumento nos sistemas de remoção de oxidantes. Por outro lado, a inibição da TPM, usando ciclosporina A, preveniu o estresse oxidativo somente durante a reperfusão, mas protegeu as células de maneira indistinguível da abertura do mitoKATP. Juntos, nossos resultados sugerem que o mitoKATP age como um sensor para as EROs que diminui a sua geração em resposta a níveis aumentados de oxidantes. Em conseqüência, estes canais regulam o balanço redox em condições fisiológicas e previnem o estresse oxidativo em condições patológicas, inibindo com isso a ocorrência de TPM e morte celular isquêmica. / Ischemia followed by reperfusion results in impairment of cellular and mitochondrial functionality due to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Nevertheless, preconditioning rescues cells from ischemic damage. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP) opening also prevents cardiac ischemic cell death. Here we show the signaling mechanisms that activate mitoKATP during preconditioning, the redox role of these channels and consequent protective mechanisms. Using cardiac HL-1 cells, we found that increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) observed during preconditioning were not inhibited by mitoKATP antagonists, although these drugs significantly avoided the protection afforded by preconditioning, suggesting their activation occurrs upstream of channel activity. Consistent with this, catalase addition to perfused rat hearts and HL-1 cells reversed the beneficial effects of preconditioning, but not of diazoxide (a mitoKATP agonist). On the other hand, 2-mercaptopropionylglycine prevented cardioprotection in both cases, suggesting this compound may present effects other than scavenging ROS. Indeed, thiol reducing agents impaired diazoxide-mediated activation of mitoKATP in isolated rat heart mitochondria. We found that endogenous or exogenous ROS strongly enhanced mitoKATP activity, suggesting that moderate increments in ROS release during preconditioning may activate mitoKATP. Furthermore, mitoKATP prevented conditions (Ca2+ uptake and ROS formation) that favor the opening of MPT pores under ischemic conditions. MitoKATP opening decreased ROS generation physiologically and during both ischemia and reperfusion, consequently avoiding cellular damage. This prevention does not involve an increase in oxidant removal systems. On the other hand, the inhibition of MPT, using cyclosporin A, prevented oxidative stress only during simulated reperfusion, but protected cells in a manner indistinguishable from mitoKATP opening. Collectively, our results suggest that mitoKATP acts as a ROS sensor that decreases mitochondrial ROS generation in response to enhanced local levels of oxidants. As a result, these channels regulate mitochondrial redox state under physiological conditions and prevent oxidative stress under pathological conditions, inhibiting MPT opening and ischemic cardiac damage.
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Vascular KATP Channel Modulation by S-Glutathionylation: A Novel Mechanism for Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress

Yang, Yang 29 April 2011 (has links)
The KATP channels play an important role in the membrane excitability and vascular tone regulation. Previous studies indicate that the function of KATP channels is disrupted in oxidative stress seen in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate S-glutathionylation to be a modulation mechanism underlying the oxidant-mediated vascular KATP channel inhibition, the molecular basis for the channel inhibition and the alleviation of the channel inhibition by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We found that an exposure of isolated mesenteric rings to H2O2 impaired the KATP channel-mediated vascular dilation. In whole-cell recordings and inside-out patches, micromolar H2O2 or diamide caused a strong inhibition of the vascular KATP channel (Kir6.1/SUR2B) in the presence, but not in the absence, of glutathione (GSH), indicating S-glutathionylation. By co-expressions of Kir6.1 or Kir6.2 with SUR2B subunits, we found that the oxidant sensitivity of the KATP channel relied on the Kir6.1 subunit. Systematic mutational analysis revealed three cysteine residues (Cys43, Cys120 and Cys176) to be important. Among them, Cys176 was prominent, contributing to >80% oxidant sensitivity. Biochemical pull-down assay with biotinylated glutathione ethyl ester (BioGEE) showed that mutations of Cys176 impaired the oxidant-induced incorporation of GSH to the Kir6.1 subunit. Simulation modeling of Kir6.1 S-glutathionylation revealed that after incorporation to residue 176, the GSH moiety occupied a space between slide helix and two transmembrane helices. This prevented the necessary conformational change of the inner helix for channel gating, and retained the channel in its closed state. VIP is a potent vasodilator, and is shown to have protective role against oxidative stress. We found that the channel was strongly augmented by VIP and the channel activation relied on PKA phosphorylation. These results therefore indicate that 1) the vascular KATP channel is strongly inhibited in oxidative stress, 2) S-glutathionylation underlies the oxidant-mediated KATP channel inhibition, 3) Cys176 in the Kir6.1 subunit is the major site for S-glutathionylation, and 4) the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel is activated in a PKA-dependent manner by VIP that has been previously shown to alleviate oxidative stress.
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Implication des canaux K+ dans les processus de réparation de l’épithélium respiratoire sain et fibrose kystique

Trinh, Nguyen Thu Ngan 07 1900 (has links)
La pathologie de la fibrose kystique (FK) est causée par des mutations du gène codant pour le canal Cl- CFTR. Au niveau respiratoire, cette dysfonction du transport transépithélial de Cl- occasionne une altération de la composition et du volume du liquide de surface des voies aériennes. Une accumulation de mucus déshydraté favorise alors la colonisation bactérienne et une réponse inflammatoire chronique, entraînant des lésions épithéliales sévères au niveau des voies aériennes et des alvéoles pouvant culminer en défaillance respiratoire. Le principal objectif de mon projet de maîtrise était d’étudier les processus de réparation de l’épithélium alvéolaire sain, l’épithélium bronchique sain et FK à l’aide d’un modèle in vitro de plaies mécaniques. Nos résultats démontrent la présence d’une boucle autocrine EGF/EGFR contrôlant les processus de migration cellulaire et de réparation des lésions mécaniques. D’autre part, nos expériences montrent que l’EGF stimule l’activité et l’expression des canaux K+ KATP, KvLQT1 et KCa3.1 des cellules épithéliales respiratoires. L’activation de ces canaux est cruciale pour les processus de réparation puisque la majeure partie de la réparation stimulée à l’EGF est abolie en présence d’inhibiteurs de ces canaux. Nous avons également observé que les cellules FK présentent un délai de réparation, probablement causé par un défaut de la réponse EGF/EGFR et une activité/expression réduite des canaux K+. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation des processus de réparation de l’épithélium sain et FK. De plus, ils ouvrent de nouvelles options thérapeutiques visant à promouvoir, à l’aide d’activateurs de canaux K+ et de facteurs de croissance, la régénération de l’épithélium respiratoire chez les patients atteints de FK. / The cystic fibrosis pathology (CF) is caused by mutations of the gene coding for the Cl- channel, CFTR. In the lungs, the dysfunction of transepithelial ion transport leads to an alteration of airway surface liquid volume and composition. Dehydrated mucus accumulation then favors chronic bacterial colonisation and inflammatory response, inducing severe epithelial injuries in the airways and the alveoli and then, respiratory failure. The main objective of my master degree project was to study normal alveolar, normal and CF bronchial epithelia repair processes using an in vitro model of mechanical wound-healing. Our results reveal the presence of an EGF/EGFR autocrine loop that controls cell migration and wound-healing. Our results show also that EGF signaling stimulate KATP, KvLQT1 and KCa3.1 K+ channel activity and expression in epithelial cells. K+ channel activation is crucial for repair processes since K+ channel inhibitors prevent most of EGF-stimulated wound-healing. We also observed that CF cells present delayed repair processes, probably caused by an EGF signaling defect and reduced K+ channel activity and expression. Our results allow us to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of normal and CF epithelial repair processes. Futhermore, our results open to new therapeutic options that promote, with K+ channel activators and growth factors, respiratory epithelium regeneration in CF patients.
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Mecanismos de sinalização endotelial envolvidos na atividade cardiovascular do α-terpineol / Endothelial signaling mechanisms involved in cardiovascular effect to α-terpineol in hypertensive rats.

Ribeiro, Thaís Pôrto 27 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4097090 bytes, checksum: 20afefc885332713d2591aa778f7c7c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The essential oils are volatile organic constituents found in aromatic plants, which present several monoterpenes, such a-terpineol. Studies have demonstrated some biologic activities such as hypotensive and vasorelaxant (Guedes et al., 2004). In the present work the cardiovascular effects of a-terpineol was investigated and the pharmacodynamics of this effect was characterized. Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were anaesthetized and polyethylene catheters were inserted into the low abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava for blood pressure measurements and administration of drugs. Isolated superior mesenteric rings (1-2 mm) were suspended by cotton threads for isometric tension recordings in Tyrode s solution (37°C, gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2), under 0.75g resting tension were measured by using pressure transducers, coupled to a computer set and CVMS software Miobath-4, WPI, Sarasota, EUA. In addition, the bioavailability of NO and eNOS, AKT and AMPK activity were quantified when exposing cells to α-terpineol in the cultured endothelial cells. In both SHR and normotensive rats, i.v. bolus injections of α-terpineol (1 20 mg/kg) decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a dose-related manner, WKY (-103, -399, -5211, -6212 mmHg, n=10) and SHR (-375, -577, -715, -844 mmHg, n=9) associated with tachycardia. However, hypotensive and tachycardic responses were significantly attenuated after L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.). The -terpineol demonstrated improves the baroreflex sensitivity. In intact isolated rat mesenteric rings -terpineol (10-12 10-5M) induced concentration-dependent relaxation of the contractions induced by phylephrine (10M) WKY Emax= 60  4 or SHR Emax= 53.7 ± 3, p<0.05, n=9). After endothelium removal the vasorelaxant elicited by -terpineol was significantly attenuated WKY [Emax= 20.5  1*] and SHR [Emax= 16.1 ± 3*, p<0.05, n=8]. Similar results were obtained in the presence of L-NAME 100M, a competitive antagonist of NOS, hydroxocobalamin 30 μM, a NO scavenger or ODQ 10μM, a selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase. In addition, in endothelial cells, a-terpineol increased eNOS activation and NO levels by phosphorylation of PI3K/ AKT and AMPK pathway. However, atropine (1ηM) or indometacin (10 μM) had no effect on the a-terpineol -induced vasorelaxation. Furthermore, vasorelaxation was significantly attenuated in the presence of 20 mM KCl a modulator K+ efflux or several blocking of potassium channels: 1mM 4-aminopirimidine, 10 M glibenclamide, 1 mM tetraethylammonium and carybdotoxin plus apamin (0.2uM). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that a-terpineol induced hypotensive effect, probably due to a decrease of peripheral vascular resistances, which seems to be mediated by endothelium derived relaxant factors, at least NO induced. These results suggest that vasorelaxant response, almost completely mediated by the endothelium, likely via NO release and activation eNOS by PI3K and AMPK with consequently activation of NO-cGMP pathway and potassium channels activation at least, KCa, KV, and KATP are involved in the vasorelaxant effect induced by a-terpineol. / Os óleos essenciais são componentes voláteis orgânicos encontrados em plantas aromáticas, que apresentam vários monoterpenos, como o α-terpineol. Estudos têm demonstrado algumas atividades biológicas, tais como hipotensivas e vasorelaxantes (Guedes et al., 2004). No presente trabalho, estudaram-se os efeitos cardiovasculares do α-terpineol e caracterizou-se a farmacodinâmica destes efeitos. Para isso foram utilizados ratos normotensos Wistar (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), empregando técnicas combinadas in vivo, in vitro, e cultivo de células endoteliais. Para determinar a medida direta da pressão arterial, foram implantados cateteres na artéria aorta e veia cava inferior para administração de drogas em ratos WKY e SHR. Adicionalmente, foram realizados estudos para avaliar a reatividade vascular, assim, animais foram sacrificados e a artéria mesentérica superior foi isolada. Os anéis foram mantidos em cubas com solução de Tyrode, e gaseificada com carbogênio. Os anéis foram fixados a um transdutor de força, o qual estava acoplado a um sistema de aquisição de dados (Miobath-4, WPI, Sarasota, EUA) a uma tensão de 0,75 g por 1h. Após este período as preparações, foram pré-contraídas com 10 μM de fenilefrina (FEN) e, em seguida, concentrações crescentes de a-terpineol (10-12-10-5 M) foram adicionadas cumulativamente. Adicionalmente, realizamos experimentos para quantificação da produção de NO e determinação da atividade da eNOS, AKT e AMPK em cultivo de células endoteliais, utilizando as técnicas de citometria de fluxo e western blotting. Assim, observamos que a-terpineol (1, 5, 10 e 20 mg/kg i.v., randomicamente) produziu uma hipotensão dose-dependente em ratos WKY (-103, -399, -5211, -6212 mmHg, n=10) e SHR (-375, -577, -715, -844 mmHg, n=9, respectivamente), associada a taquicardia. A resposta hipotensora foi atenuada significantemente, após o tratamento com L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v), sugerindo que esse efeito pode ser decorrente de uma diminuição da resistência periférica., α-terpineol demonstrou melhorar a sensibilidade do barorreflexo. A resposta vasorelaxante foi significativamente atenuada quando comparada aos anéis na presença (WKY Emax= 60  4 e SHR Emax= 53,7 ± 3, p<0,05, n=9) e na ausência do endotélio funcional [WKY Emáx= 20,5  1 e SHR Emáx=16,1 ± 3, p<0,05, n=8]. Em anéis pré-contraídos com FEN na presença de L-NAME (100 μM), Hidroxicobalamina (30 μM) e ODQ (10 μM), a resposta relaxante foi atenuada significantemente, sugerindo uma participação da via NO-GMPc. Adicionalmente, a-terpineol aumentou os níveis de produção de NO e a atividade da eNOS por fosforilar vias como a PI3K e AMPK. No entanto, na presença de atropina (1 mM) ou indometacina (10 uM), a resposta vasorelaxante de a-terpineol não foi alterada indicando que os receptores muscarínicos e metabólitos da enzima Ciclooxigenase parecem não estar envolvidos. KCl (20mM) foi capaz de atenuar o efeito de a-terpineol, e preparações com endotélio vascular incubados com glibenclamida (10 uM) e 4-aminopiridina (1 mM), tetraetilamônio (1 mM) e caribdotoxina + apamina (0,2 μM). Deste modo, concluímos que resposta vasorelaxante promovida pelo a-terpineol é dependente de endotélio e envolve a via L-Arginina-NO-GMPc por aumentar a fosforilação da eNOS por vias PI3K e AMPK, produção de NO e EDHF com participaçãode canais para potássio do tipo KCa, KV e KATP em SHR e WKY e estes efeitos são responsáveis por eventos in vivo.
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Participação dos canais para potássio nos efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos por um novo composto 1,3,4- oxadiazol. / Participation of potassium channels in cardiovascular effects induced by a novel compound 1,3,4-oxadiazole.

Reis, Milena Ramos 16 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1442527 bytes, checksum: 9d12b86569a24dac4080acc552110564 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It was observed the pharmacological effects of OXDINH, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative obtained by organic synthesis, on the cardiovascular system and the involvement of K+ channels in this response, were studied in rats using techniques combined in vivo and in vitro. In the superior mesenteric artery rings isolated from rats with functional endothelium, OXDINH (10-10 - 10-4 M) induced relaxation of contractions induced by phenylephrine (1 μM) (pD2 = 5.33 ± 0.16, Emax = 117.03 ± 6.49%, n = 7) concentration dependent manner and this effect was not attenuated after removal of the vascular endothelium (pD2 = 5.15 ± 0.09; Emáx = 108.58 ± 6.03%, n = 6). These results suggest that the response induced by vasorelaxant OXDINH seems to be independent of the vascular endothelium. Based on these initial observations, the subsequent experiments were performed with preparations without endothelium. In the preparations incubated with KCl 20mM, a modulator of the efflux of K+, the vasorelaxant effect induced OXDINH was changed (pD2 = 4.67 ± 0.08; Emáx = 57.71 ± 1.72%, n = 5), which is a characteristic of substances that act by activating K+ channels. This effect was corroborated after the use of tetraethylammonium (TEA) 3 mM (Emáx = 44.26 ± 2.41%) that this concentration does not selectively block K+ channels. In addition, the vasodilating effect OXDINH was significantly attenuated after incubation with 4- aminopyridine (1 mM) (Emáx = 61.17 ± 5.55%), glibenclamide (10 μM) (Emáx = 57.00 ± 4.07%), or BaCl2 (30 μM) (Emáx = 61.87 ± 7.52%), selective blockers of KV, KATP and KIR, respectively. By using TEA (1 mM), which at this concentration is more selective for the BKCa, vasodilatation was also found to be significantly attenuated (Emáx = 47.31 ± 5.75%), suggesting the involvement of these channels in this effect. Additionally, when OXDINH (10-5 and 10-4 M) was incubated in depolarizing medium nominally without Ca2+, CaCl2 induced contractions were not changed. However, these contractions were significantly attenuated concentration dependent manner when OXDINH (10-4 M) was incubated in saline without Ca2+ and nominally in the presence of phenylephrine (10μM). In non-anesthetized normotensive rats, OXDINH (1, 5 and 10 mg.kg-1 iv, randomly) produced hypotension accompanied by tachycardia. Interestingly, the highest dose (30 mg.kg-1) of OXDINH, the pressor and tachycardic response was, probably by a direct effect of the compound in the heart. In conclusion, these results suggest that the biological effects induced by OXDINH seem to directly involve the participation of K+ channels, probably by repolarization / hyperpolarization of the membrane and consequent closure of Cav, preventing the influx of Ca2+ through these channels. / Os efeitos farmacológicos de OXDINH, um derivado 1,3,4-oxadiazol obtido por síntese orgânica, sobre o sistema cardiovascular e a participação dos canais para K+ nesta resposta, foram estudados em ratos usando técnicas combinadas in vivo e in vitro. Em anéis de artéria mesentérica superior isolada de rato, com endotélio funcional, OXDINH (10-10 10-4 M) induziu relaxamento das contrações induzidas por fenilefrina (1 μM) (pD2 = 5,33 ± 0,16, Emáx= 117,03 ± 6.49 %, n = 7) de maneira dependente de concentração e esse efeito não foi atenuado após remoção do endotélio vascular (pD2=5,15 ± 0,09, Emáx= 108,58 ± 6.03 %, n = 6). Esses resultados sugerem que a resposta vasorelaxante induzida pela OXDINH parece ser independente do endotélio vascular. Baseado nessas observações iniciais, os experimentos subseqüentes foram realizados com preparações sem endotélio vascular. Em preparações incubadas com KCl 20 mM, um modulador do efluxo de K+, o efeito vasorelaxante induzido por OXDINH foi alterado (pD2= 4,67 ± 0,08, Emáx= 57,71 ± 1.72%, n = 5), sendo esta uma característicade substâncias que agem por ativar canais para K+. Este efeito foi corroborado após utilização de tetraetilamônio (TEA) 3 mM (Emáx= 44,26 ± 2.41%), que nesta concentração bloqueia não seletivamente os canais para K+. Além disso, o efeito vasodilatador do OXDINH foi significativamente atenuado após incubação com 4- aminopiridina 1 mM (Emáx= 61,17 ± 5,55%), glibenclamida 10 μM (Emáx= 57,00 ± 4,07%), ou BaCl2 30 μM (Emáx= 61,87 ± 7.52%), bloqueadores seletivos dos KV, KATP e KIR, respectivamente. Ao utilizar TEA 1 mM, que nesta concentração é mais seletivo para os BKCa, a vasodilatação também foi atenuada de modo significante (Emáx= 47,31 ± 5.75%), sugerindo a participação destes canais neste efeito. Adicionalmente, quando OXDINH (10-5 e 10-4M) foi incubado em meio despolarizante nominalmente sem Ca2+, as contrações induzidas por CaCl2 não foram alteradas. Porém, estas contrações foram significativamente atenuadas, de maneira dependente de concentração, quando OXDINH (10-4M) foi incubado em solução fisiológica nominalmente sem Ca2+ e na presença de fenilefrina (10μM). Em ratos normotensos não anestesiados, OXDINH (1; 5 e 10 mg.kg-1 i.v., randomicamente) produziu uma hipotensão acompanhada por taquicardia. Interessantemente, na maior dose administrada (30 mg.kg-1) de OXDINH, a resposta foi pressora e taquicárdica, provavelmente por um efeito direto do composto no coração. Em conclusão, esses resultados sugerem que os efeitos biológicos induzidos por OXDINH parecem envolver diretamente a participação de canais para K+, provavelmente pela repolarização/hiperpolarização da membrana e, consequente fechamento dos Cav, impedindo o influxo de Ca2+ através desses canais.
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Ação relaxante da fração de alcaloides totais obtida de Solanum paludosum Moric. envolve modulação positiva da via do óxido nítrico e dos canais de K+ em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato

Monteiro, Fábio de Souza 19 February 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2456836 bytes, checksum: 09d3f72dc7985812ae8e5dab865bed8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae), popularly known as "jurubeba roxa" in Brazil Northeast, is used as a substitute for Solanum paniculatum ( jurubeba-verdadeira ) in folk medicine to treat hypertension and gastrointestinal disorder. In previous studies performed by Monteiro (2009) with total alkaloid fraction obtained from the root bark of this species (FAT-SP) was shown that its presented spasmolytic activity on smooth muscle, being more potent on guinea pig ileum and rat aorta. On guinea pig ileum, the relaxing effect involved antimuscarinic activity, and on rat aorta the NO/GC pathways. As the fraction has constituted by glycoalkaloids and many are known to exhibit cytotoxic activity, this activity was assessed in longitudinal layer myocytes from guinea pig ileum. In this work, we found that FAT-SP has no cytotoxic activity in these cells even the highest concentration tested (750 μg/mL), then we proceeded with the investigation of the relaxant action mechanism of FAT-SP on guinea pig ileum and rat aorta until that concentration. FAT-SP showed a relaxant effect on guinea pig ileum resistant simultaneous blockade of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways with guanethidine and atropine, respectively, suggesting there is involvement of NANC pathway; L-NAME (NOS competitive inhibitor) reduced FAT-SP relaxing potency, which was reversed in the presence of L-arginine, the substrate for NOS, suggesting that NO may be via NANC neurotransmitter. However, no reduction of the relaxing potency in the presence of ODQ, selective inhibitor of GC soluble, suggesting no participation of the GC in the FAT-SP relaxant action mechanism on guinea pig ileum. In the other hand, K+ channels participation (BKCa and SKCa) was evidenced by FAT-SP relaxing potency reduction on CsCl 5 mM presence (K+ channels nonselective blocker), TEA+ 1 mM (BKCa selective blocker) or apamin 100 nM (SKCa selective blocker). On rat aorta, it was observed participation pathway NO/cGMP/PKG, as can be evidenced by FAT-SP relaxing potency reduction in L-NAME 3 x 10-4 or 10-4 M presence and by inhibitory effect reversibility in L-arginine presence, as well as relaxing potency reduction in Rp-8-Br-cGMP 3 x 10-5 M presence, PKG selective inhibitor. Also, it was shown endothelial calmodulin participation because FAT-SP relaxing potency was reduced in presence calmidazolium 10-5 M, endothelial calmodulin selective inhibitor. The channel K+ participation (KV, SKCa and KATP) was evidenced by experiments with TEA+ 10 mM (K+ channels nonselective blocker), 4-AP 1 mM (KV selective blocker), apamin 5 x 10-8 M, glibenclamide 10-5 M (KATP selective blocker). Further, was showed partial inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization induced by IP3 of RS, but not by caffeine (20 mM). Thus, FAT-SP relaxing effect involves NO, BKCa and SKCa participation, on guinea pig ileum and endothelial calmodulin, NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and K+ channels (KV, SKCa and KATP) on rat aorta. / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae), conhecida popularmente como jurubeba-roxa no Nordeste do Brasil, é utilizada como sucedânea de Solanum paniculatum ( jurubeba-verdadeira ) na medicina popular para tratamento de hipertensão e desordem gastrintestinal. Estudos anteriores, realizados por Monteiro (2009) com a fração de alcaloides totais obtida da casca da raiz desta espécie (FAT-SP) demonstraram que a mesma apresentou atividade espasmolítica em músculos lisos, sendo mais potente em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato. Em íleo de cobaia, o efeito relaxante envolve atividade antimuscarínica e, em aorta de rato, a participação da via NO/GC. Como a fração possui na sua composição glicoalcaloides e muitos destes são conhecidos por apresentar atividade citotóxica, avaliou-se esta atividade em miócitos da camada longitudinal do íleo de cobaia. Neste trabalho, observou-se que a FAT-SP não apresenta atividade citotóxica nessas células na concentração máxima testada (750 μg/mL), portanto prosseguiu-se com a investigação do mecanismo de ação relaxante da FAT-SP em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato até essa concentração. A FAT-SP apresentou um efeito relaxante em íleo de cobaia resistente ao bloqueio simultâneo das vias adrenérgica e colinérgica com guanetidina e atropina, respectivamente, sugerindo-se que há a participação da via NANC; o L-NAME (inibidor competitivo da NOS), reduziu a potência relaxante da FAT-SP, que foi revertida na presença da L-arginina, substrato para a NOS, sugerindo que o neurotransmissor da via NANC pode ser o NO. Porém, não houve redução da potência relaxante na presença de ODQ, inibidor seletivo da GC solúvel, o que sugere a não participação da GC no mecanismo de ação relaxante da FAT-SP em íleo de cobaia. Por outro lado, a participação dos canais de K+ (BKCa e SKCa) foi evidenciada pela redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 5 mM de CsCl (bloqueador não seletivo dos canais de K+), de 1 mM de TEA+ (bloqueador seletivo dos BKCa) ou 100 nM de apamina (bloqueador seletivo dos SKCa). Em aorta de rato, observou-se que há a participação da via NO/GMPc/PKG, como evidenciado pela redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 10-4 ou 3 x 10-4 M de L-NAME, e da reversibilidade do efeito inibidor na presença da L-arginina, bem como, da redução da potência relaxante na presença de 3 x 10-5 M de Rp-8-Br-cGMPS, inibidor seletivo da PKG. Ademais, foi demonstrado que há a participação da calmodulina endotelial, pois houve redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 10-5 M de calmidazolium, inibidor seletivo da calmodulina endotelial; participação dos canais de K+ (KV, SKCa e KATP) evidenciado pelos experimentos com 10 mM de TEA+ (bloqueador não seletivo dos canais de K+), 1 mM de 4-AP (bloqueador seletivo dos KV), 5 x 10-8 M de apamina e 10-5 M de glibenclamida (bloqueador seletivo dos KATP). Observou-se ainda a inibição parcial da mobilização do Ca2+ do RS induzida pelo IP3, mas não por cafeína (20 mM). Assim, o efeito relaxante da FAT-SP envolve a participação do NO e dos BKCa e SKCa em íleo de cobaia, e da calmodulina endotelial, bem como da via NO/GMPc/PKG e canais de K+ (KV, SKCa e KATP) em aorta de rato.

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