På grund av det ökande antalet personrån i Stockholm och minskningen i Malmö, syftar denna uppsats till att göra en litteraturöversikt av tidigare forskning för att kartlägga effekten av kamerabevakning på personrån i olika länder. Målet är att analysera om det skulle vara gynnsamt eller inte att använda samma metod i Sverige. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts i denna översikt är rutinaktivitetsteorin och rationella valteorin, som gjort sig tydliga under analysen av studierna. Sökprocessen gjordes genom olika databaser för att maximera antalet relevanta artiklar. För att bli kvalificerad i denna översikt måste studierna ha varit peer reviewed, alltså tidigare granskade av likvärdiga forskare, samt även publicerats under det senaste decenniet. 9 av 10 studier genomfördes med experimentella metoder, medan en studie genomfördes med etnografiskt fältarbete som metod. De flesta resultaten i artiklarna, som denna litteraturöversikt bygger på, visade att effekterna av kamerabevakning på personrån har varit positiva; det har dock varit mer positivt i städer med ett högre antal invånare. Majoriteten av resultaten visade också att övervakningskameror har en mer positiv effekt på personrån i områden med låg brottslighet. En särskild effekt som förekom i ett flertal studier var en överflyttningseffekt, vilket innebär att när ett brott minskar i ett område så ökar det i ett annat närliggande område. Framtida forskning bör därför lägga fokus på att undersöka varför effekten av kamerabevakning har mindre effekt i områden med hög brottslighet, samt varför kamerabevakning har större positiv effekt i städer med ett högre antal invånare. / Because of the increasing number of street robberies in Stockholm, and the decrease in Malmö, this paper aims to conduct a literature review of previous research to map the effect of camera surveillance on street robbery in different countries. The purpose is to analyze whether it would be favorable or not to apply the same method in Sweden. The theoretical framework used in this review is the Routine Activity approach, and the Rational Choice approach, which was found throughout the analysis. The search process was made through different databases, to maximize the number of relevant articles. To be qualified in this review, the studies must have been peer reviewed, and published during the last decade. 9 out of 10 studies were conducted by using experimental methods, whereas 1 study was conducted using ethnographic fieldwork. The majority of the results in the articles, which this paper is based on, found that the effects of camera surveillance on street robberies have been positive, although more positive in cities with a larger population. The majority of the results also showed that surveillance cameras have a more positive effect on street robbery in areas with low crime rates. One particular effect found in numerous studies was the displacement effect, which means when crime decreases in one area it increases in another adjacent area. Future research should therefore focus on why camera surveillance on street robbery is less effective in areas with high crime rates, and also why the effects are more significant in cities with a larger population.

In Sweden, camera surveillance in places where the public own access is regulated by a permit. This entails a lack of permit requirement for camera surveillance in places where the public does not own access. Such places can consist of a privacy-sensitive character. Surveillance constitutes processing of personal data whereupon the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with.  Article 6 of the GDPR stipulates various legal bases that must be met in the processing of personal data. The ones who conduct surveillance in places where the public does not own access often fails to make correct legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, as displayed by various supervisory decisions issued by the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. In this light, the purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyze how the ones who conduct surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection consider the personal integrity of the camera monitored individual in the assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. Because of the differences between the legal assessments made by the ones who conduct camera surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection, the thesis also intends to shed light on the consequences that arise for the camera monitored individual by the fact that their personal integrity is assessed in different ways. The thesis also aims to evaluate the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work in relation to both personal integrity and the compliance with Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. The Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is important as most of the camera surveillance takes place without a permit requirement and the fact that there is a lack of knowledge prevailing to the number of cameras in use. It is important that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is well-functioning since the ones who conduct surveillance carry out the legal assessments incorrectly. The risk with insufficient supervisory work is that personal integrity is violated and that the GDPR is ineffectual in the long run. In general, it can be said that the legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR are poorly carried out by both the ones who conduct surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. This primarily affects the camera monitored individuals’ personal integrity. Because of the indications of shortcomings in the supervisory work, there are several improvement measures that can be taken to maintain personal integrity and ensure that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection continue to constitute an important function.

In Sweden, camera surveillance in places where the public own access is regulated by a permit. This entails a lack of permit requirement for camera surveillance in places where the public does not own access. Such places can consist of a privacy- sensitive character. Surveillance constitutes processing of personal data where- upon the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with.Article 6 of the GDPR stipulates various legal bases that must be met in the processing of personal data. The ones who conduct surveillance in places where the public does not own access often fails to make correct legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, as displayed by various supervisory de- cisions issued by the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. In this light, the purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyze how the ones who conduct sur- veillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection consider the personal integrity of the camera monitored individual in the assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. Because of the differences be- tween the legal assessments made by the ones who conduct camera surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection, the thesis also intends to shed light on the consequences that arise for the camera monitored individual by the fact that their personal integrity is assessed in different ways.The thesis also aims to evaluate the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protec- tions’ supervisory work in relation to both personal integrity and the compliance with Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. The Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is important as most of the camera surveillance takes place without a permit requirement and the fact that there is a lack of knowledge prevailing to the number of cameras in use. It is important that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is well-functioning since the ones who conduct surveillance carry out the legal assessments incorrectly. The risk with insufficient supervisory work is that per- sonal integrity is violated and that the GDPR is ineffectual in the long run.In general, it can be said that the legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR are poorly carried out by both the ones who conduct surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. This primarily affects the cam- era monitored individuals’ personal integrity. Because of the indications of short- comings in the supervisory work, there are several improvement measures that can be taken to maintain personal integrity and ensure that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection continue to constitute an important function.

Rosengård är beläget i östra Malmö vilket polisen upprättat som ett utsatt område.Problematiken kring den öppen narkotikahandel sker i dagsläget frekvent på platseri området, främst söder om Amiralsgatan som klassats som ett särskilt utsatt områdemed hot spots. Inom den öppna narkotikahandeln ingår innehav, bruk ochöverlåtelse av narkotika och är fokus för materialet i studien. I april år 2018beviljades ansökan om kamerabevakning i Rosengård för att reduceranarkotikabrott. Kunskapen om kamerabevakningens brottsförebyggande effekt pånarkotikabrott vid hot spots är begränsat i svensk kontext. Effekten avkamerabevakning är omtalad eftersom forskare påvisat att brotten kan upphöra menäven förflyttas till närliggande områden. Syftet med den aktuella studien är därmedatt utvärdera kamerabevakningen på hot spots i Rosengård mellan åren 2016 till2019, särskilt söder om Amiralsgatan. Studien undersöker om kamerabevakning ären effektiv metod för att förebygga, förhindra och avslöja den öppnanarkotikahandeln, eller om brotten förflyttas till närliggande områden.Föreliggande studie genomförs med en kvantitativ ansats, där en utvärdering viaför- och eftermätningar görs utifrån brottsdata från Polismyndighetensärendehanteringssystem rationellanmälningrutin (RAR). Studiens urval valdesutifrån interventionsområdet Rosengård med Kroksbäck/Bellevuegården somkontrollområde samt Annelund, Persborg och Augustenborg som närliggandejämförelseområden. Resultatet som uppkommit genom analys visade att innehav,bruk och överlåtelse av narkotika hade ökat i Rosengård efter kamerabevakningenimplementerades. Kameran fungerade för att avslöja narkotikabrott, men inteförebygga och förhindra. Resultatet visade på en potentiell förflyttning avnarkotikabrott till de närliggande jämförelseområderna men inte i vilkenomfattning. Vidare forskning bör bedrivas gällande den fortsatta effekten avkamerabevakningen i Rosengård efter år 2019, för att kunna utveckla resonemangetom kamerabevakningen även kan förebygga och förhindra narkotikabrott. / Rosengård in the eastern parts of Malmö has been established as a vulnerable areaby the police. Problems with open drug trafficking is currently occurring frequentlyin the area, mainly south of Amiralsgatan, which is classified as a particularlyvulnerable area with hot spots. Open drug trafficking includes possession, use andtransfer of drugs - which is the focus of the material in this study. In April year2018, an application for camera surveillance in Rosengård was granted with thepurpose to reduce drug crime. The knowledge of the camera surveillance crimeprevention effect on drug crimes in hot spots is limited in the Swedish context. Theeffect of camera surveillance is widely debated since researchers have shown thatthe crimes can cease but also move to nearby areas. The purpose of the current studyis thus to evaluate the camera surveillance on hot spots in Rosengård between year2016 and 2019, especially south of Amiralsgatan. The study investigates whethercamera surveillance is an effective method for preventing, averting and revealingopen drug trafficking, or if the crimes are being moved to nearby areas. The presentstudy is conducted with a quantitative approach, where an evaluation via pre- andpost-measurements is made on the basis of crime data from the Police Authority'sRational Reporting Routine (RAR). The study sample was chosen based on theintervention area Rosengård with the control areas Kroksbäck/Bellevuegården andnearby comparison areas Annelund, Persborg and Augustenborg. The results of theanalysis showed that possession, use and transfer of drugs had increased inRosengård after the camera surveillance has been implemented. The camera workedto detect drug offenses, but did not prevent and avert. The results showed a potentialrelocation of drug offenses to the nearby comparison areas, but not to which extent.Further research should be conducted on the continued effect of the camerasurveillance in Rosengård after 2019, in order to develop the reasoning whether thecamera surveillance can also prevent and avert drug offenses

No description available.

Looking at opportunities and difficulties with the use of camera surveillance is important for the futureof this technology and its use by the Swedish police. The purpose of this assignment is therefore toprovide an overview of the opportunities and difficulties encountered by the Swedish police in the useof camera surveillance in their daily work. The society is affected by these cameras, but what does thesociety think about being monitored in public places? Through interviews and a backgroundpresentation of camera surveillance as well as a theoretical approach with a focus on moralizingtechnology, we have analyzed and discussed various opportunities and problems that the policeencounter. According to studies, a large majority is in favor of camera surveillance, yet there are strictlaws and regulations governing their use. Replacing and simplifying laws will bring responsibility anddecisions closer to the police, opening up possibilities such as the strengthening of witness statementsand a better overview of crime sites, while fear that the technology does not reflect the reality of thesituation. The material provided by the camera surveillance also provides an objective overview whichwould not otherwise have been possible, while police surveillance has limitations. / Att titta på möjligheter och svårigheter med användandet av kamerabevakning är viktigt för framtideninom denna teknologi och dess användning av polisen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att ge en överblickav de möjligheter och svårigheter som svenska polisen stöter på gällande användandet avkamerabevakning i sitt arbete. Allmänheten påverkas av dessa kameror, men vad tycker egentligenallmänheten om att bli övervakad på allmänna platser? Genom en presentation av förutsättningar förkamerabevakning och intervjuer samt ett teoretiskt synsätt med fokus på moralisering av teknologi, harvi analyserat och diskuterat olika möjligheter och problem som polisen stöter på. Enligt andra studierär en stor majoritet positivt inställda till kamerabevakning, trots detta finns det stränga lagar och reglergällande användning av dessa. I samband med att lagar ersätts och förenklas flyttas ansvaret ochbesluten närmare polisens verksamhet vilket öppnat upp för möjligheter som bland annat stärkandet avvittnesutsagor och en bättre överblick av brottsplatser samtidigt som en rädsla finns för att teknikeninte speglar den verklighetsbild som är korrekt. Materialet som kamerabevakningen tillför ger även enobjektiv överblick som annars inte hade varit möjlig, samtidigt som polisens kamerabevakning harbegränsningar.

With increased capabilities in technology we’ve seen a huge societal impact in how we live our lives and what can be done with our personal information. Even if the purpose of camera surveillance might be done with good intent, by surveilling a population the question of privacy comes to light. The study aims to understand how camera surveillance affects privacy. The study also looks forward into the future with the possibilities of facial recognition and how this technology would change camera surveillance and in turn privacy. Important to note is that this study does not aim to examine whether camera surveillance is an effective means of crime prevention or crime investigation, but rather the consequences it entails for people’s privacy and how the infringement on privacy is seen from an ethical and a judicial standpoint. This study’s focus is examining camera surveillance and privacy in Sweden. The results and conclusion of the study derives from 4 different themes that were identified during the method segment, these are, Ethics, Law, Camera Surveillance, and Facial Recognition. Firstly, the study argues that trust and transparency needed for camera surveillance to be accepted by the public and to make sure that the camera surveillance is ethical. Secondly, we argue there is an ongoing infringement on privacy and additional risks if the storing of personal information gathered by surveillance cameras exists. Thirdly, an imbalance between technological possibilities and legal possibilities can lead to either a threat- or protection for privacy. Furthermore, the study acknowledges the importance of government agencies to be able to uphold laws and regulations regarding camera surveillance and privacy. Finally, the study finds mixed views regarding camera surveillance mixed with additional technologies, such as facial recognition. To increase trust and to make sure the technology serves the people we argue that some sort of ethical governance is needed.