Todays changing market makes it increasingly important for companies to be able to change and adopt to different market dynamics. Companies that manage to undergo a change often differ from those that fail. Key performance indicators is a tool that enables companies to measure where they stand in relation to other companies, but also to know where they want and where they´re going. Looking at change as inevitable, it´s becoming more common for companies to take outside help from companies who are experts when it comes to change. Studies also shows that a trend shift has taken place the last 15 years, where businesses have become more likely to take help from experts to reduce burden on its own staff but also to be bale to focus on theirordinary activities. Transformator Design is one of those experts and their desire to select the "best" key performers indicators, with a focus on the customer, are the foundation of this thesis. Moreover, the objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how companies, in general, should work with change management. The study has, after examination of theory and previous empirical studies, conducted interviews with the five companies SEB, Netsurvey, Telia, Ica and Skandia. Common to these companies is that they are all engaged in change management. The result of the theories shows that there is no general panacea when it comes to the choice of KPI, but it varies depending on the type of business that a company carries. When it comes to the selection of KPI, all firms, regardless of business, should select those that reflect the firm´s business, employees and customers. This is because the customer indirectly is affected by a satisfied business with satisfied employees. / Dagens föränderliga marknad gör det allt mer viktigt för företag att kunna förändra och anpassa sig till olika marknaders dynamik. Företag som lyckas genomgå en förändring skiljer sig ofta från de som går i konkurs. Nyckeltal är ett verktyg som gör det möjligt för företag att mäta var de står i förhållande till andra företag, men också för att veta vart de vill och vart de är på väg. I och med att förändring är nödvändigt blir det allt vanligare för företag att ta hjälp utifrån  av  företag  som  är  experter  på  förändring.  Studier  visar  även  på  detta,  då  en trendförskjutning har skett de senaste 15 åren, där företag har blivit mer benägna att ta hjälp av  experter  gällande  förändringsarbete,  dels  för  att  minska  belastningen  på  den  egna personalen men också för att kunna fokusera på den ordinarie verksamheten. Transformator Design är en av dessa experter och deras önskan om att välja ut "de bästa" nyckeltalen, för förändring, med fokus på kunden, är grunden till detta examensarbete. Fortsättningsvis är målsättningen med studien att bidra med förståelse för hur företag, i allmänhet, bör arbeta med förändringsarbete Studien har, efter granskning av teori och tidigare empiriska studier, utfört intervjuer med de fem företagen SEB, Netsurvey, Telia, Ica och Skandia. Gemensamt för dessa företag är att de alla  bedrivit  förändringsarbete. Resultatet av  teorierna visar  på  att  det  inte  finns  någon generell patentlösning när det kommer till val av nyckeltal, utan att det varierar beroende på vilken typ av verksamhet som ett företag bedriver. Vid val av nyckeltal bör dock samtliga företag, oavsett verksamhet, välja ut sådana som speglar både verksamheten, medarbetarna och kunden. Detta eftersom kunden indirekt påverkas av en nöjd verksamhet med nöjda medarbetare.

Bygg- och anläggningsindustrin brottas med frågor kring produktivitetsutveckling, då inte önskad produktivitet alltid uppnås. För att kunna öka och utveckla produktiviteten bör anläggningsföretag kunna mäta och följa upp sina prestationer. Genom att kunna mäta prestationer skapas en förståelse över hur verksamheten går och i vilken riktning den är på väg. Det finns svårigheter med att ta fram ett tydligt arbetssätt kopplat till målarbete inom anläggning då alla projekt har unika förutsättningar att utgå ifrån. Fel inom anläggningsprojekt kan leda till stora ekonomiska konsekvenser för företaget, och utan en tydlig målbild med relevanta prestationsmått är det svårt att veta om arbetet som utförs ligger i linje med de satta målen eller ej. För att kunna bemöta problemen har forskning inom problemområdet föreslagit att det är viktigt att det finns ett linjerat arbetssätt genom hela organisationen, så kallad strategisk linjering. Då företag inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen länge blivit kritiserade för sin långsamma utveckling är strategisk linjering av prestationsmått ett intressant område att studera. Det är även ett relativt outforskat område när det kommer till andra studier och speciellt fallstudier inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn. Syftet med examensarbetet är att bidra till en ökad kunskap om strategisk linjering av produktionsmål och prestationsmått och dess specifika implementering inom anläggning. Examensarbetet studerar ett konkret implementeringsarbete avseende strategisk linjering av produktionsmål och prestationsmått inom ett anläggningsföretag. Målet med studien är att, med utgångspunkt i litteratur inom ämnesområdet adressera följande två huvudfrågeställningar: 1.     Hur kan ett anläggningsföretag implementera strategisk linjering mellan produktionsmål och prestationsmått? 2.     Vad kan utgöra hinder respektive möjliggörare vid implementering av strategisk linjering av prestationsmått inom anläggning?   Datainsamlingen har bestått av intervjuer, dokumentinsamling och observationer. Innan datainsamlingen påbörjades utfördes en litteraturstudie inom forskningsområdet strategisk linjering av prestationsmått som ligger till grund för den teoretiska referensramen och den framtagna analysmodellen.   För att möjliggöra implementering av strategisk linjering mellan produktionsmål och prestationsmått krävs en sammanhängande målnedbrytning från ett anläggningsföretags övergripande mål ned till specifika produktionsmål som sedan kan följas upp genom tydliga mätbara prestationsmått. Prestationsmåtten ska vara lätta att förstå och utföra, och vara linjerade med de specifika produktionsmålen som i sin tur är linjerade med anläggningsföretagets övergripande mål. Analysen av litteraturen sammanvägt med fallföretagets förutsättningar visar att det är av värde att ha prestationsmått som både indikerar på vad som sker just nu, och vad som har skett under en viss period för att både kunna vara proaktiva och reaktiva i sitt agerande kopplat mot målarbetet. De prestationsmått som återkommande nämns i litteratur kring strategisk linjering av prestationsmått och som är analyserade i studien för att uppfylla detta är key performance indicators (KPI), performance indicators (PI), result indicators (RI) och key result indicators (KRI). Då projekt inom anläggningsbranschen består av väldigt varierande förutsättningar finns det möjliggörare för att lyckas implementera strategisk linjering av prestationsmått, men det finns även en del hinder.   Det största hindret med strategisk linjering av prestationsmått som upptäcktes i studien är att lyckas få prestationsmåtten tydligt mätbara då olika aktiviteter i ett anläggningsprojekt mäts i olika enheter. Det har visat sig att vara viktigt att alla som ska använda prestationsmåtten har en förståelse varför de ska användas, och hur de ska användas för att få öka möjligheterna för ett gemensamt arbetssätt inom företaget. Ytterligare ett hinder är om prestationsmåtten tas fram utan anknytning till produktionsmål, kritiska framgångsfaktorer, strategi, övergripande mål och vision, vilket skulle bidra till en avsaknad av enhetlighet inom ett anläggningsföretags målarbete. Det sista hindret som studien visar är om prestationsmåtten används på fel sätt och enbart visar resultat på past performance. Möjliggörarna till strategisk linjering av prestationsmått har visat sig vara att tydligt utformade prestationsmätningar bidrar till ett gemensamt arbetssätt, och det blir enklare att kontinuerligt följa upp resultat över tid. Med tydligt utformade prestationsmått ökar sannolikheten att tidigt upptäcka avvikelser som i sin tur kan korrigeras i rätt tid innan problemet hinner växa sig större. Rekommendationerna till fallstudieföretaget och andra anläggningsföretag blir att tydliggöra hur prestationsmåtten ska mätas, och hur de ska följas under projekten. Nästa steg blir att tydligt sprida prestationsmåtten ut i verksamheten för att säkerställa att alla förstår hur de ska användas vilket kan leda till större möjlighet att styra processen i rätt riktning.

HR och personalfrågor är två ämnen som växt sig starkare de senaste åren och diskuteras än idag hur organisationer kan få ut det bästa ur sina mänskliga resurser och även organisationen i enlighet med organisationens strategier. Centralt i arbetet kring personalnyckeltal och strategier finns HR som både aktör och rådgivare. Studien utgick från att det finns en länk mellan personalnyckeltal och HR-strategier som HR arbetar med, då tidigare studier och empirin hade bekräftat länken. Men förklaringen om vad som finns i länken och hur det fungerar är det som saknades i tidigare studier, vilket blev studiens syfte att fylla.För att studien skulle kunna behandla det empiriska material som samlats in så användes en teoretisk referensram innehållande nyckeltal, Strategisk Human Resource Management, kommunikation och organisatoriskt lärande. Vi valde ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt då studien ämnade förstå ett fenomen. De olika respondenterna som deltog jobbar med personalnyckeltal och HR-frågor i privat och offentlig sektor.Den insamlade empirin ställdes sedan mot den teoretiska referensramen i analysen för diskussion, som i sin tur ledde fram till ett slutresultat. Under analysen upptäcktes likheter mellan tidigare studier och empirin, där det fanns en länk mellan personalnyckeltal och HR-strategier. Dock sågs empirin som drivande i frågan om hur länken ser ut och hur den användes. Studiens slutsats grundades i det empiriska materialet, styrkt av den teoretiska referensramen som ger grund till de påståenden som togs upp i empirin. Vilket resulterade i skapandet av en modell för att förklara länkens innehåll och hur den används. / HR and personnel management are two topics that have grown stronger in recent years and are still debating how organizations can get the most out of their human resources and also the organization in accordance with the organization's strategies. At the heart of the work with personnel key figures and strategies is HR as both an actor and a consultant. The study was based on the assumption that there is a link between personnel key figures and HR strategies that HR is working on, as previous studies and empirical evidence have confirmed the link. But the explanation of what is in the link and how it works is what is missing in previous studies, which the purpose of the study is meant to fill.In order for the study to process the empirical material collected, a theoretical frame of reference was used containing key figures, Strategic Human Resource Management, communication, and organizational learning. We chose a qualitative approach as the study aimed to understand a phenomenon. The various respondents who participated worked with staff key figures and HR issues in the private and public sectors on a daily basis. The collected empiricism was then compared to the theoretical frame of reference in the analysis for discussion, which in turn led to a final result. During the analysis similarities between previous studies and the empiricism was discovered, where there was a link between personnel key figures and HR strategies. However, empiricism was seen as driving the question of how the link presents itself and how it is used. The study's conclusion was based on the empirical material, supported by the theoretical frame of reference which provided the basis for the claims that were raised in the empirical data. Which resulted in the creation of a model to explain the content of the link and how it´s used.

Den här uppsatsen behandlar huruvida det går att mäta marknadsföringsaktivitet i sociala medier eller inte. Idag används Return of Investment (ROI) mätningar för att mäta vilken avkastning en marknadsföringssatsning ger. Syftet med uppsatsen är således att klargöra för de begrepp och mätmetoder som används, samt deras tillförlitlighet. För att besvara de framtagna frågeställningarna har omfattande datainsamling gjorts i form av skriven litteratur och intervjuer. Det har även gjorts egna observationer genom mätningen av en marknadsförd kampanj i de sociala medieverktygen Facebook och Twitter. De slutsatser som tagits fram grundar sig på en diskussion och analys av arbetets teoretiska och empiriska avsnitt. ROI mätningar är i behov av en omdefiniering för att anses vara användbara, där fokuseringen kring en ekonomisk avkastning bör avskaffas och istället ersättas av en annan form av valuta. Samtidigt är begrepp och tillvägagångssätt för mätningen av marknadsföringsaktivitet i sociala medier så pass modernt, att ytterligare forskning i ämnet är att föredra för att på sikt utveckla dagens mätmetoder för detta ändamål. / This research report discusses whether it's achievable to measure the activity in social media marketing. Today the measurement endure so called Return of Investment (ROI) metrics and which profit there is to gain from different investments and marketing ventures made. The main reason with this report is to explain the concept of measurement methods and various procedures. To achieve an answer for the questions made, an extensive collection of data from books and scientific articles was necessary. The gained data also come from implement interviews and measurement observations of a market campaign on Facebook and Twitter. The conclusion are then based on a discussion of the theoretical and empirical parts of this report. The ROI metrics need a different meaning to be useful for this kind of measurement and leave to hold off the focus of an economic profit. To measure the activity in social media marketing is still a relatively modern concept and with new measurement tools developing in the near future a further research is to recommend.

Over roughly the last three decades, governments worldwide have implemented public private partnerships (P3s) to mobilize both private funds and public resources to develop transportation infrastructure, which has provided private entities contemporary opportunities to design, finance, construct, operate and maintain these important assets. Typically, P3s are large and complex undertakings that involve and impact many stakeholders, including public officials, financiers, builders, business owners and taxpaying citizens. Consequently, their efficacy depends – to a great extent – on how well they meet the interests of this array of stakeholders. Hence, effective assessment of P3s is crucial to determine whether these infrastructure initiatives and project outcomes satisfy these stakeholders' interests throughout a P3's life-cycle. Researchers and practitioners have considered various aspects of P3s when considering their performance. In general, the current research landscape related to P3 performance includes two major areas: (1) the identification and implementation of critical success factors (CSFs) and key performance indicators (KPIs), and (2) the development of frameworks that conceptualize approaches to measure P3 performance. Numerous studies have focused on CSFs that are the "ingredients" of effective P3s. More recent studies have emphasized KPIs that are metrics to assess them. Alternatively, some research has taken a life-cycle approach to propose approaches for P3 evaluation that are more comprehensive than assessments of P3 delivery time and cost. While this research has produced useful insights, limited emphasis has been placed on assessing P3 performance comprehensively and beyond the public and private sector dichotomy. Therefore, this research develops a framework that identifies and assesses key stakeholder interests in P3s as a means to characterize their performance. Subsequently, this framework was employed in a case study of four P3 projects to evaluate how well these cases met stakeholder expectations and ultimately performed. The research to develop the framework and conduct the case study was organized in three integrated studies. The first study employed a systematic literature review of CSFs and KPIs where the extant literature remains largely segmented and fragmented. Synthesis of the literature helped to identify and characterize various CSFs and KPIs and their current employment within the P3 performance domain. This led to the development of a CSF-KPI framework that integrates these factors and indicators throughout a P3 project's lifecycle. The outcome of the first study served as the foundation for the second study where the framework to assess stakeholders' interests was constructed. In this process, the second study followed a systematic approach by integrating key components to assess performance. The development process involved several key steps: (1) identification of the key stakeholders – specifically the state (elected bodies and executive agencies), investors (equity providers), producers (project service providers) and users/citizens (individuals or groups impacted by a project); (2) characterization of their principal interests; (3) selection of indicators of these interests; (4) linkage of the indicators with 11 performance dimensions ranging from project environment to revenue and operations; and (5) connection of the performance dimensions with four levels of performance: planning, project management, business, and future potential. The framework was demonstrated and substantiated using data from the I-495 Capital Beltway Express project. The application confirmed the replicability of the framework. The final study utilized the framework to evaluate P3s effectiveness in serving stakeholders goals and objectives. A multiple case study was conducted of four P3 highway projects in the United States: I-495 Capital Beltway Express, LBJ Expressway, SR 125 (South Bay Expressway), and SH 130 (5and6) to examine the extent that state, investor, producer, and user/citizen interests were fulfilled. Overall, I-495 and LBJ Expressway met stakeholder interests more effectively than SR 125 and SH 130 (5and6); these two cases had stronger planning, project management, and business performance. Notably, the I-495 case was an unsolicited (or market lead) proposal that followed a collaborative planning process to shape and define the project to meet mutual interests while the LBJ Expressway case utilized a competitive best-value procurement to generate an innovative technical solution that reduced the project's cost and footprint. Whereas SR 125 and SH 130 (5and6) experienced various issues that led to their bankruptcy; the new owners of both projects have taken steps to improve their outlook. Overall, the research deepens understanding of the factors that impact stakeholder interests and their expectations of P3s, presents a holistic framework for P3 assessments, and provides evidence of how well multiple P3s performed, moving beyond conceptual frameworks that are currently found in the literature. / Doctor of Philosophy / Public-Private Partnerships (P3s) have been adopted extensively to facilitate the development of transportation infrastructure. The need for more efficient and effective P3 projects makes performance assessment increasingly important, especially with respect to stakeholder interests and expectations. Also, effective and efficient assessment of P3 performance is crucial to determine whether this infrastructure development strategy meets owners and stakeholders needs throughout the P3 project lifecycle. The absence of an effective and comprehensive approach to evaluate P3 performance can result in reliance on anecdotal evidence, which may inaccurately portray the outcomes of these projects. While numerous studies have examined multiple facets of P3s over the last two decades, limited emphasis has been placed on comprehensively assessing their performance. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to advance the state of knowledge of P3 project performance in the transportation sector. To realize this purpose, this dissertation performed three integrated studies. The first study examined the current literature to identify factors that influence P3 outcomes and metrics that measure them. The second study developed a performance assessment framework, which captures various phases of a project's life cycle and considers the perspectives and objectives of the range of stakeholders involved in or impacted by P3s. Further, the framework was demonstrated and substantiated using data from the I-495 Capital Beltway Express project. Finally, the third study examined four cases in the US market – I-495, LBJ Expressway, SR 125 (South Bay Expressway), and SH 130 (5and6) – to examine to what extent state, investor, producer, and user/citizen interests were fulfilled. The case study illustrated that I-495 and LBJ Expressway met stakeholder interests more effectively than SR 125 and SH 130 (5and6); I-495 and LBJ Expressway fulfilled their implementation, financial and service expectations whereas SR 125 and SH 130 (5and6) experienced implementation issues and financial distress. Overall, these studies support improved understanding of the factors that impact stakeholder interests in P3s and provide evidence of how well four P3s projects performed over time.

The research explores how Swedish apparel companies are integrating Circular Economy (CE) principles into the product design phase and identifies Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for circular and profitable apparel products. It uses a multiple case study approach, interviewing employees from five companies involved in the Vinnova project. Key findings include the importance of design for durability, balancing recycled content with quality, and the need for measurable CE principles. The study highlights the need for KPIs to track circular design performance and suggests managers prepare for upcoming EU ESPR legislation. Limitations include its focus on Swedish companies and the short research timeframe. Future research should further explore the impact of ESPR and develop more KPIs for CE in the apparel industry.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El "Balanced Scorecard" (BSC) como "Performance Management System" (PMS) se ha difundido por todo el mundo desde que Kaplan y Norton (1992) establecieron sus fundamentos teóricos. Kaplan (2009) afirmó que el uso del BSC y, especialmente, la conversión de estrategias en acciones era más un arte que una ciencia. La falta de evidencia de la existencia de relaciones de causa-efecto entre Key Performance Indicatiors (KPIs) de diferentes perspectivas y de métodos sólidos y científicos para su uso, eran algunas de las causas de sus problemas. Kaplan emplazó a la comunidad científica a confirmar los fundamentos del BSC y a desarrollar métodos científicos. Varios trabajos han intentado mejorar el uso del BSC. Algunos utilizan herramientas heurísticas, que tratan con variables cualitativas. Otros, métodos estadísticos y datos reales de KPI, pero aplicados a un período específico, que es una visión estática y que requiere muestras a largo plazo y recursos muy especializados cada vez que los ejecutivos necesitan evaluar el impacto de las estrategias. Esta tesis también aborda el retraso entre variables de "entrada" y de "salida", además de la falta de trabajos centrados en el entorno de fabricación, que constituye su objetivo principal. El primer objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar una metodología para evaluar y seleccionar los principales KPI de salida, que explican el desempeño de toda la compañía. Usa las relaciones entre variables de diferentes dimensiones descritas por Kaplan. Este método también considera el retraso entre las variables. El resultado es un conjunto de KPI principales de salida, que resume todo el BSC, lo que reduce drásticamente su complejidad. El segundo objetivo es desarrollar una metodología gráfica que utilice ese conjunto de KPI principales de salida para evaluar la efectividad de las estrategias. Actualmente, los gráficos son comunes entre los profesionales, pero solo Breyfogle (2003) ha intentado distinguir entre un cambio real significativo y un cambio debido a la incertidumbre de usar muestras. Este trabajo desarrolla aún más el método de Breyfogle para abordar sus limitaciones. El tercer objetivo es desarrollar un método que, una vez demostrada gráficamente la efectividad de las estrategias, cuantifique su impacto en el conjunto de KPI principales de salida. 10 El cuarto y último método desarrollado se centra en el diagnóstico del sistema de gestión de la calidad para revelar cómo funciona en términos de las relaciones entre los KPI internos (dentro de la empresa) y externos (relacionados con el cliente) para mejorar la satisfacción del cliente. La aplicación de los cuatro métodos en la secuencia correcta constituye una metodología completa que se puede aplicar en cualquier empresa de fabricación para mejorar el uso del cuadro de mando integral como herramienta científica. Sin embargo, los profesionales pueden optar por aplicar solo uno de los cuatro métodos o una combinación de ellos, ya que la aplicación de cada uno de ellos es independiente y tiene sus propios objetivos y resultados. / [CA] El "Balanced Scorecard" (BSC) com "Performance Management System" (PMS) s'ha difós per tot el món des que Kaplan i Norton (1992) van establir els seus fonaments teòrics. Kaplan (2009) va afirmar que l'ús del BSC i, especialment, la conversió d'estratègies en accions era més un art que una ciència. La manca d'evidència de l'existència de relacions de causa-efecte entre Key Performance Indicatiors (KPIs) de diferents perspectives i de mètodes sòlids i científics pel seu ús, eren algunes de les causes dels seus problemes. Kaplan va emplaçar a la comunitat científica a confirmar els fonaments del BSC i a desenvolupar mètodes científics. Diversos treballs han intentat millorar l'ús del BSC. Alguns utilitzen eines heurístiques, que tracten amb variables qualitatives. D'altres, mètodes estadístics i dades reals de KPI, però aplicats a un període específic, que és una visió estàtica i que requereix mostres a llarg termini i recursos molt especialitzats cada vegada que els executius necessiten avaluar l'impacte de les estratègies. Aquesta tesi també aborda el retard entre variables d ' "entrada" i de "eixida", a més de la manca de treballs centrats en l'entorn de fabricació, que és el seu objectiu principal. El primer objectiu d'aquest treball és desenvolupar una metodologia per avaluar i seleccionar els principals KPI d'eixida, que expliquen l'acompliment de tota la companyia. Es fa servir les relacions entre variables de diferents dimensions descrites per Kaplan. Aquest mètode també considera el retard entre les variables. El resultat és un conjunt de KPI principals d'eixida, que resumeix tot el BSC, i que redueix dràsticament la seua complexitat. El segon objectiu és desenvolupar una metodologia gràfica que utilitze aquest conjunt de KPI principals d'eixida per avaluar l'efectivitat de les estratègies. Actualment, els gràfics són comuns entre els professionals, però només Breyfogle (2003) ha intentat distingir entre un canvi real significatiu i un a causa de la incertesa d'utilitzar mostres. Aquest treball desenvolupa encara més el mètode de Breyfogle per abordar les seues limitacions. El tercer objectiu és desenvolupar un mètode que, una vegada demostrada gràficament l'efectivitat de les estratègies, quantifique el seu impacte en el conjunt de KPI principals d'exida. El quart i l'últim mètode es centra en el diagnòstic del sistema de gestió de la qualitat per a revelar com funcionen les relacions entre els KPI interns (dins de l'empresa) i externs (relacionats amb el client) per millorar la satisfacció del client. L'aplicació dels quatre mètodes en la seqüència correcta constitueix una metodologia completa que es pot aplicar en qualsevol empresa de fabricació per millorar l'ús del quadre de comandament integral com a eina científica. No obstant això, els professionals poden optar per aplicar només un dels quatre mètodes o una combinació d'ells, ja que l'aplicació de cada un d'ells és independent i té els seus propis objectius i resultats. / [EN] The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a Performance Management Method (PMS) has been spread worldwide since Kaplan and Norton (1992) established its theoretical foundations. Kaplan (2009) claimed that the use of the BSC and especially turning strategies into actions was more an art than a science. The lack of evidence of the existence of such cause and effect relationships between Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) from different perspectives and the lack of robust methods to use it as a scientific tool were some of the causes of its problems. Kaplan placed the scientific community to confirm the foundations of the BSC theory and to develop methods for its use as a scientific tool. Several works have attempted to enhance the use of the balanced scorecard. Some methods use heuristic tools, which deal with qualitative variables. Some others use statistical methods and actual KPIs data, but applied to a specific period, which is a static vision and needing long-term samples and expertise resources to apply advanced analytic methods each time executives need to assess the impact of strategies. This thesis also tackles the lag between "input" and "output" variables. Moreover, there is a lack of works focused on the manufacturing environment, which is its main objective. The first objective of this work is to develop a methodology to assess and select the main output KPIs, which explains the performance of the whole company. It is taking the advantage of the relationships between variables from different dimensions described by Kaplan. This method also considers the potential lag between variables. The result is a set of main output KPIs, which summarizes the whole BSC, thus dramatically reducing its complexity. The second objective is to develop a graphical methodology that uses that set of main output KPIs to assess the effectiveness of strategies. Currently, KPIs charts are common among practitioners, but only Breyfogle (2003) has attempted to distinguish between a significant actual change in the metrics and a change due to the uncertainty of using samples. This work further develops Breyfogle's method to tackle its limitations. The third objective is to develop a method that, once the effectiveness of those strategies and actions have been proved graphically, quantifies their impact on the set of main output KPIs. The ultimate goal was to develop a method that, using data analytics, will focus on the diagnosis of the quality management system to reveal how it works in terms of the relationships between internal (within the company) and external (costumer-related) KPIs to improve customer satisfaction. The application of the four methods in the right sequence makes up a comprehensive methodology that can be applied in any manufacturing company to enhance the use of the balanced scorecard as a scientific tool. However, professionals may choose to apply only one of the four methods or a combination of them, since the application of each of them is independent and has its own objectives and results. / Sánchez Márquez, R. (2019). Development of systemic methods to improve management techniques based on Balanced Scorecard in Manufacturing Environment [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/134022 / Compendio

Safety is the main concern of the aviation industry. All Air Navigation Service Providers must have a Safety Management System (SMS) which states how safety is handled, promoted and prioritized. By developing Key Performance indicators (KPIs), it is possible to quantify the effectiveness of a SMS, discover potential flaws and improvement measures. This thesis identifies principles behind the SMS, the development of KPIs and suggest potential KPIs for the Swedish air navigation service provider LFVs’ SMS. A literature study was performed and organisation specific documents were analysed to develop potential KPIs within the areas timely compliance with international obligations, competency and adoption and sharing of best practices based on an EASA questionnaire. This work presents a set of 27 performance indicators and recommends 6 as potential KPIs for the three areas together. The KPIs are developed specifically for LFV but could be applicable for other organisations with similar SMS structure and processes. They should be analysed within the organisation and, potentially, have thresholds set before implementation.

Since the introduction of the Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) in 2003 and the Public Sector Risk Management Framework in 2010, Municipalities had to start focusing on proper risk management as part of their management activities. Within the government sector, risk management needs to be implemented in order to prevent financial losses and to improve service delivery. If shortcomings regarding risk management exist within a municipality, it could have a negative effect on sound financial management and the outcome of annual audits. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis, namely if shortcomings regarding risk management exist within a municipality. Should this be the case, it could possible affect sound financial management and the outcome of annual audits. This was to a large extent proven within this case study and it is likely that other municipalities will have similar problems. Information was obtained from two groups of officials of the Sedibeng District Municipality by means of one-on-one interviews and hand delivered questionnaires. Group 1 consisted of 14 officials not in management positions and group 2 of 11 officials in senior management positions. The questionnaire comprised five sections of questions that aimed at determining the extent of knowledge and attitude of the respondent towards monitoring, assessment, identification and response to risk management within their specific departments. Analysis of the results indicated clearly that the overall risk management knowledge differed substantially from group 1 to group 2. The knowledge, monitoring, assessment, identification and response to risk management activities were minimal or unclear to respondents not in management positions. Respondents in senior management positions were more aware of risk management responsibilities. However they admitted that it was not always done as required and in many cases only due to compliance. The results are strengthened by the statement released by the Auditor General in his 2011 audit report on Sedibeng District Municipality stating “the implementation of appropriate risk management activities to ensure risk assessment, were not conducted and the risk strategy to address the risks was not developed and monitored.” Various recommendations are proposed within this article that could improve the overall management and sustainability of risk management within municipalities. / M Development and Management (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-26T11:39:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Flach Junior_.pdf: 776374 bytes, checksum: 6b70326962fb6acab96f4377843ce8e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T11:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Flach Junior_.pdf: 776374 bytes, checksum: 6b70326962fb6acab96f4377843ce8e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-18 / Nenhuma / O complexo ambiente empresarial exige que áreas distintas do conhecimento estejam alinhadas ao foco de um negócio específico. A escola da administração capacita o gestor a definir modelos objetivos capazes de medir o desempenho empresarial. Por sua vez, a escola do direito auxilia o gestor na condução de demandas legais relacionadas às mais diversas áreas do negócio. Esta relação entre métodos objetivos de gestão e elementos subjetivos existentes na condução de um departamento jurídico é um dos desafios que deve ser vivenciado pelos profissionais responsáveis pela sua estruturação e condução. Um dos papéis do gestor jurídico é estruturar e conduzir o departamento, responsável pela condução das demandas legais de um negócio, e o mesmo deve observar os mesmos princípios gerenciais aplicáveis à gestão das demais áreas empresariais, com especial enfoque à sua mensuração de desempenho. Inserido dentro da estrutura de uma empresa cujo desempenho é foco de constante monitoramento, o departamento jurídico também está sujeito ao controle de sua performance, sendo que esta responsabilidade é tarefa do gestor responsável pela sua condução. A criação e uso de indicadores específicos para a mensuração de desempenho do departamento jurídico da empresa na qual está inserido é o desafio que deve ser observado pelo gestor jurídico moderno. O presente estudo busca, através da metodologia do Design Research, elaborar um roteiro direcionador capaz de auxiliar o gestor do departamento jurídico na análise de formas de atuação do departamento, identificação de elementos chave e tarefas essenciais e, por conseguinte, construção de indicadores de desempenho (Key Performance Indicators - KPIs) eficazes, uma vez que estão diretamente relacionados ao negócio e alinhados com à realidade específica de um determinado empreendimento. / The intricate corporate environment requires that distinct areas of knowledge be aligned with the focus of a specific business. The School of Business Administration enables the executive to define objective guidelines for measuring business performance. Differently, the Law School assists the executive with the management of the demands regarding the various divisions of the corporate structure. The relation between objective methods of management and the existing subjective aspects which the administration of a legal department entails, is one of the challenges to be tackled by the professionals controlling its structuring and managing. The role of the legal manager is to structure and control a legal department responsible for conducting the legal demands of a business, and it must take into consideration the same managerial principles applicable to the administration of other business divisions, with a focus on the key performance indicators. Once being inserted into the structure of a company whose performance is entitled to constant monitoring, the legal department is also subject to having the control of its performance, being this the role of the legal manager. The creation and usage of specific indicators for the legal department performance measurement is the challenge that must be observed by the modern legal manager. Using the Design Research methodology, the present study aims to provide a guiding framework to help the legal department executive define the managing strategies for the department, identify the key elements and therefore, formulate effectual Key Performance Indicators - KPIs, since they are directly related to the business and aligned with the specific reality of a determined business.