SAMMANFATTNING Det som projektledaren behöver tänka på vid planeringen av ett projekt är att uppnå beställarens krav på byggnaden och att skapa en bra samordning mellan de olika aktörerna som är inblandade i projektet. Dessutom måste projektledaren se till att projektet följer tidplanen och att budgeten inte överstiger de bestämda ramarna. Därför ligger ett stort fokus på att projektledaren har bra grundkunskaper och tillräcklig kompetens samt kunskap. För att uppnå det optimala resultat som behövs för att kunna planera och strukturera projektet så smidigt som möjligt. Detta arbete undersöker vilken kompetensutveckling och kunskap som behövs för att projektingenjören ska utveckla sina färdigheter i projektledning. En av de kärnfrågor som tas upp i intervjuerna är ”Vad kännetecknar en projektledare med låg respektive hög kompetens?” och ”Hur bedrivs kompetensutveckling för de anställda inom WSP?” De mål som ska uppnås i detta arbete är att belysa vikten av kompetensutveckling och erfarenhetsåterföring. Resultaten av undersökningen har sammanställts i en handbok som beskriver vad en projektingenjör behöver fokusera på för att bli allt mer kompetent och utvecklas effektivare till en projektledare. För att kunna uppnå dessa mål genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att få en bättre uppfattning av projektledarens roll. En mer detaljerad studie av projektingenjörens respektive projektledarens arbetsuppgifter gjordes. För att komplettera litteraturstudien genomfördes en datasökning via internet. Därefter utfördes en intervju med 5 projektledare och 5 projektingenjörer för att jämföra teori med praktik. Utifrån de intervjuades svar och litteraturstudiens resultat skapades en handbok som beskriver vad projektingenjören behöver utveckla för att bli en effektivare projektledare. Examensarbetes slutsats visar att kompetensutveckling i grund och botten är bunden till den enskilda individens motivation till att utvecklas. Varje enskild individ har sina egna mål och de är stimulerade av varierande motivationsfaktorer. Några individer har som mål att bli VD för ett företag, medan andra är nöjda med deras nuvarande position och det innebär att alla projektingenjörer/ projektledare inte strävar efter en ständig utveckling. Uppsatsens huvudfråga var: ”Vilken kompetensutveckling behövs för att projektingenjör ska utveckla sina färdigheter i projektledning?”. Resultaten visar att utan att lära sig av de fel och problem som tidigare gjorts samt göra egna nya misstag kan inte en projektingenjör utvecklas eller bli effektivare. Andra typer av vinster är tid som kommer att minska för att lösa vissa ständigt uppkommande problem med hjälp av kunskaper från tidigare liknande projekt. Genom att dra nytta av denna kunskap och inneha en bra erfarenhetsåterföring kan det bli enklare att hitta en effektiv lösning och på så sätt minska onödiga tidsförluster. / This thesis presents a study of competence and knowledge needs of project engineers to be able to manage projects successfully. The aim of the thesis is to identify how to feedback competences and experiences into the project management process. The guidebook provides guidance to what a project engineer needs to focus on to become more skilled and to become a more effective project manager. A literature study was performed to get a better understanding of the project manager's role. A detailed study was performed on the duties of project engineers and project managers. The literature study was based on books and reports as well as an information research by the Internet. An interview with five project managers and five project engineers was conducted to compare theory with practice. Based on the respondents' answers and the results from the literature study a handbook outlining what the project engineer can do to improve their project management skills. The thesis concludes that competence development depends on individual motivation. Every individual have their own goals and they are stimulated by different motivational factors. Some aims high to become CEO for a company, while other are satisfied with their positions and it doesn’t mean that all project engineer / project manager strives for continuous development. The main question of the thesis was: "What skills are needed for project engineers to develop their skills in project management?”. The results of the thesis show that without learning from their mistakes and problems that were made in previous project and by making their own mistakes the project engineer will not develop or become a more efficient project manager. By learning from experiences from previous projects the project engineer can save significant time when facing similar problems in new projects. Recording and using this knowledge may contribute to more effective solutions and thus reducing time lost unnecessarily.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral estudar de que forma a modelagem organizacional EKD pode auxiliar a pequena empresa a gerar e gerir seu conhecimento e seu capital intelectual. Saber da importância do conhecimento no mundo dos negócios atualmente é pré-requisito fundamental para qualquer gestor. Para tanto é necessário saber administrá-lo, buscá-lo de modo contínuo e utilizá-lo da melhor forma possível. Tais ações auxiliam os gestores de empresas a enfrentarem um ambiente cada vez mais turbulento e instável. As empresas de uma forma geral, e, especificamente a pequena empresa, necessita de ferramentas que a auxiliem nesta atividade de coletar, armazenar, analisar e utilizar este conhecimento, que circula dentro das organizações. Através da revisão bibliográfica dos temas envolvidos e das inquietações da pesquisadora, foram formuladas as variáveis e as questões desta pesquisa. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e trabalho de campo, foi possível levantar as principais especificidades da pequena empresa que afetam sua gestão, principalmente sob o enfoque de gestão do conhecimento individual e coletivo. No trabalho de campo foram estudadas cinco empresas de pequeno porte da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, de vários segmentos. O resultado deste trabalho é a proposta de utilização da ferramenta de modelagem organizacional EKD para contribuir na sistematização e operacionalização do processo de gestão do conhecimento na pequena empresa considerando suas particularidades. / The present dissertation has as general objective to study in which forms the organizational modeling can assist the small business to generate and to manage its knowledge and its intellectual capital. Know the importance of knowledge in the current world of the businesses is a basic prerequisite for any manager. For in such a way it is necessary to know how to manage and search it in a continuous way and to use it in the best possible form. Such actions assist the companies managers to face na environment each time more turbulent and unstable. The companies in a general way and, specifically the small business, need tools that can assist them in this activity to collect, store, analyze and then to use this knowledge, that circulates inside of the organizations. Through the bibliographical revision of the involved subjects and the fidgets of the researcher, the variables and the questions of this research had been formulated. In the field work five small business companies of the city of Ribeirão Preto had been studied, from different segments. By means of the field work, it was possible to mainly raise the main specific characteristics of the small business that affects its management, under the approach of management of the individual and collective knowledge. The ending of this work considers the use of the tool of organizational modeling EKD to contribute in the systematization and operacionalization of the process of management of the knowledge considering its particularities.

Esta dissertação tem como finalidade analisar a implantação de sistemas APS em empresas sob a perspectiva de redes de inovação auto-organizadas. Considera-se que a implantação do sistema APS representa uma inovação organizacional para a área de planejamento e controle da produção da empresa adquirente do software, pois comparado aos sistemas de planejamento e controle da produção predecessores, supre deficiências referentes às limitações de capacidade da empresa, flexibilidade na geração de estratégias de produção, disponibilização de prazos de entrega mais curtos e maior apoio aos processos de decisão. Considera-se também que o processo de implantação pode ser analisado sob a perspectiva de uma rede auto-organizada, formada pela empresa adquirente, implantadora e desenvolvedora do software, o que permite identificar os nós (empresas), ligações (relacionamentos), posições (atividades das empresas), fluxos tangíveis (recursos físicos) e fluxos intangíveis (troca de conhecimento e informações). A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico da temática proposta e de sete estudos de caso para a coleta de dados em campo. A análise e discussão do cruzamento entre as evidências teóricas e práticas visa identificar e sistematizar elementos para disponibilizar um modelo de referência para a implantação de sistemas APS. O desenvolvimento do modelo de referência foi orientado pela metodologia Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD), e o mesmo foi avaliado por profissionais de empresas implantadoras e pesquisadores acadêmicos, a fim de verificar sua consistência e identificar possíveis melhorias. / This dissertation aims to analyze the APS systems implementation in companies under the selforganizing innovation networks perspective. It is considered that the APS systems implementation represents an organizational innovation in the area of production planning and control of the software\'s acquiring company, because compared to the predecessors production planning and control systems, supplies deficiencies relating to capacity constraints of the company, flexibility in the generation of production strategies and greater support to decisionmaking. It is also considered that the implementation process can be analyzed under the perspective of a self-organized network formed by the acquirer, implanter and developer companies of the software, which allows us to identify the nodes (companies), links (relationships), positions (activities of companies), tangible flows (physical resources) and intangible flows (exchange of knowledge and information). The research methodology used comprises a bibliographical study to the theoretical background of the proposed theme and seven case studies to data collection in the field. The analysis and discussion of the intersection between theoretical and practical evidences aims to identify and systematize elements for provide a reference model for the APS systems implementation. The development of the reference model was guided by the Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) methodology, and the model was assessed by implementing companies professionals and academic researchers in order to check its consistency and identify possible improvements.

Para atender às cambiantes exigências coletivas, numa sociedade cada vez mais complexa, a Administração Pública deve estar em permanente processo de aperfeiçoamento e modernização, sempre ocupada com a eficiência dos serviços que presta à sociedade, às empresas e aos cidadãos. A prestação de serviços Públicos é a razão de ser e condição de legitimidade de qualquer organização administrativa. Apesar da escassez de processos de qualidade e gerenciamento, cultura de atendimento, memória organizacional, na Administração Pública existe uma enorme riqueza de conhecimento tácito em verdadeiros portais humanos. Há um número de especialistas muito bem formados e com décadas de experiência, sendo um dos grandes desafios conseguir explicitar e compartilhar todo esse conhecimento. Neste sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo: Propor um método de trabalho que, utilizando como referencial os modelos da Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD), desenvolva-os através das atividades da Gestão do Conhecimento, utilizando informações do setor de Alimentação Escolar do município de São Carlos, SP. Como um dos principais benefícios pretendidos com o método de trabalho pode-se citar o enriquecimento dos profissionais do setor que, dotados de novos conhecimentos e conhecimentos compartilhados, estejam aptos a disseminá-los e aplicá-los como forma de controle e produtividade. / To attend the variable collective demand, in a society that is getting each day more complex, the public administration must be in a permanent process of development and modernization, always worried about the efficiency of the service that offers to society and businesses. Public service providing is the reason of existence and condition of legitimacy of any business. Even though public administration lacks of quality and management process, serving culture, organizational memory, there exist an enormous wealth of tacit knowledge. There are in the public sector a great number of specialists with awesome degrees and with decades of experience, so there is a great challenge to explicit and share the knowledge. In this way the present work has an objective: propose a work methodology, utilizing the referential model of Enterprise Knowledge Development, that develops them through the activities of Knowledge Management utilizing information from the school lunch of the publics schools in São Carlos. The most important benefits intended with this working methodology are the enrichment of the professionals from this area, who with knowledge in hands and shared knowledge, are able to spread this knowledge and apply it in a way that will improve the control and productivity in the schools of the public sector.

Esta dissertação tem como finalidade analisar a implantação de sistemas APS em empresas sob a perspectiva de redes de inovação auto-organizadas. Considera-se que a implantação do sistema APS representa uma inovação organizacional para a área de planejamento e controle da produção da empresa adquirente do software, pois comparado aos sistemas de planejamento e controle da produção predecessores, supre deficiências referentes às limitações de capacidade da empresa, flexibilidade na geração de estratégias de produção, disponibilização de prazos de entrega mais curtos e maior apoio aos processos de decisão. Considera-se também que o processo de implantação pode ser analisado sob a perspectiva de uma rede auto-organizada, formada pela empresa adquirente, implantadora e desenvolvedora do software, o que permite identificar os nós (empresas), ligações (relacionamentos), posições (atividades das empresas), fluxos tangíveis (recursos físicos) e fluxos intangíveis (troca de conhecimento e informações). A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico da temática proposta e de sete estudos de caso para a coleta de dados em campo. A análise e discussão do cruzamento entre as evidências teóricas e práticas visa identificar e sistematizar elementos para disponibilizar um modelo de referência para a implantação de sistemas APS. O desenvolvimento do modelo de referência foi orientado pela metodologia Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD), e o mesmo foi avaliado por profissionais de empresas implantadoras e pesquisadores acadêmicos, a fim de verificar sua consistência e identificar possíveis melhorias. / This dissertation aims to analyze the APS systems implementation in companies under the selforganizing innovation networks perspective. It is considered that the APS systems implementation represents an organizational innovation in the area of production planning and control of the software\'s acquiring company, because compared to the predecessors production planning and control systems, supplies deficiencies relating to capacity constraints of the company, flexibility in the generation of production strategies and greater support to decisionmaking. It is also considered that the implementation process can be analyzed under the perspective of a self-organized network formed by the acquirer, implanter and developer companies of the software, which allows us to identify the nodes (companies), links (relationships), positions (activities of companies), tangible flows (physical resources) and intangible flows (exchange of knowledge and information). The research methodology used comprises a bibliographical study to the theoretical background of the proposed theme and seven case studies to data collection in the field. The analysis and discussion of the intersection between theoretical and practical evidences aims to identify and systematize elements for provide a reference model for the APS systems implementation. The development of the reference model was guided by the Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) methodology, and the model was assessed by implementing companies professionals and academic researchers in order to check its consistency and identify possible improvements.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral estudar de que forma a modelagem organizacional EKD pode auxiliar a pequena empresa a gerar e gerir seu conhecimento e seu capital intelectual. Saber da importância do conhecimento no mundo dos negócios atualmente é pré-requisito fundamental para qualquer gestor. Para tanto é necessário saber administrá-lo, buscá-lo de modo contínuo e utilizá-lo da melhor forma possível. Tais ações auxiliam os gestores de empresas a enfrentarem um ambiente cada vez mais turbulento e instável. As empresas de uma forma geral, e, especificamente a pequena empresa, necessita de ferramentas que a auxiliem nesta atividade de coletar, armazenar, analisar e utilizar este conhecimento, que circula dentro das organizações. Através da revisão bibliográfica dos temas envolvidos e das inquietações da pesquisadora, foram formuladas as variáveis e as questões desta pesquisa. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e trabalho de campo, foi possível levantar as principais especificidades da pequena empresa que afetam sua gestão, principalmente sob o enfoque de gestão do conhecimento individual e coletivo. No trabalho de campo foram estudadas cinco empresas de pequeno porte da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, de vários segmentos. O resultado deste trabalho é a proposta de utilização da ferramenta de modelagem organizacional EKD para contribuir na sistematização e operacionalização do processo de gestão do conhecimento na pequena empresa considerando suas particularidades. / The present dissertation has as general objective to study in which forms the organizational modeling can assist the small business to generate and to manage its knowledge and its intellectual capital. Know the importance of knowledge in the current world of the businesses is a basic prerequisite for any manager. For in such a way it is necessary to know how to manage and search it in a continuous way and to use it in the best possible form. Such actions assist the companies managers to face na environment each time more turbulent and unstable. The companies in a general way and, specifically the small business, need tools that can assist them in this activity to collect, store, analyze and then to use this knowledge, that circulates inside of the organizations. Through the bibliographical revision of the involved subjects and the fidgets of the researcher, the variables and the questions of this research had been formulated. In the field work five small business companies of the city of Ribeirão Preto had been studied, from different segments. By means of the field work, it was possible to mainly raise the main specific characteristics of the small business that affects its management, under the approach of management of the individual and collective knowledge. The ending of this work considers the use of the tool of organizational modeling EKD to contribute in the systematization and operacionalization of the process of management of the knowledge considering its particularities.

Para atender às cambiantes exigências coletivas, numa sociedade cada vez mais complexa, a Administração Pública deve estar em permanente processo de aperfeiçoamento e modernização, sempre ocupada com a eficiência dos serviços que presta à sociedade, às empresas e aos cidadãos. A prestação de serviços Públicos é a razão de ser e condição de legitimidade de qualquer organização administrativa. Apesar da escassez de processos de qualidade e gerenciamento, cultura de atendimento, memória organizacional, na Administração Pública existe uma enorme riqueza de conhecimento tácito em verdadeiros portais humanos. Há um número de especialistas muito bem formados e com décadas de experiência, sendo um dos grandes desafios conseguir explicitar e compartilhar todo esse conhecimento. Neste sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo: Propor um método de trabalho que, utilizando como referencial os modelos da Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD), desenvolva-os através das atividades da Gestão do Conhecimento, utilizando informações do setor de Alimentação Escolar do município de São Carlos, SP. Como um dos principais benefícios pretendidos com o método de trabalho pode-se citar o enriquecimento dos profissionais do setor que, dotados de novos conhecimentos e conhecimentos compartilhados, estejam aptos a disseminá-los e aplicá-los como forma de controle e produtividade. / To attend the variable collective demand, in a society that is getting each day more complex, the public administration must be in a permanent process of development and modernization, always worried about the efficiency of the service that offers to society and businesses. Public service providing is the reason of existence and condition of legitimacy of any business. Even though public administration lacks of quality and management process, serving culture, organizational memory, there exist an enormous wealth of tacit knowledge. There are in the public sector a great number of specialists with awesome degrees and with decades of experience, so there is a great challenge to explicit and share the knowledge. In this way the present work has an objective: propose a work methodology, utilizing the referential model of Enterprise Knowledge Development, that develops them through the activities of Knowledge Management utilizing information from the school lunch of the publics schools in São Carlos. The most important benefits intended with this working methodology are the enrichment of the professionals from this area, who with knowledge in hands and shared knowledge, are able to spread this knowledge and apply it in a way that will improve the control and productivity in the schools of the public sector.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en bredare förståelse för hur lärare upplever att de formar sin roll i interaktionen med eleverna för att kunna möta dem efter individuella förutsättningar. Svenska elevers resultat i skolan blir allt sämre och allt fler går ut grundskolan utan godkända betyg. Studien berör hur läraren formar sin roll i interaktionen med eleverna, på vilket sätt relationen mellan lärare och elev påverkar lärarens roll och även ytterligare omständigheter som påverkar läraren i interaktionen med eleverna. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie med en hermeneutisk metodologi där vi intervjuat åtta lärare. För att förstå vår empiri har vi analyserat utifrån tre teorier; Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, Foucaults medel för god dressyr samt Aspelins perspektiv på mellanmänskliga relationer. Studien ger en bild av hur lärare formar sin roll genom respektskapande, relationsbyggande samt hur läraren i interaktionen påverkas av utomstående faktorer. Faktorerna är föräldrars syn på läraren och skolan, politik som påverkar lärarens och stöd från rektor och skolledning. Respekt bygger på samspel, en ömsesidig förståelse och samarbete. Genom att läraren i sin roll bygger på relationen med eleverna bidrar det till en mer effektiv kunskapsutveckling hos eleverna.

This study explored the influence of four features of collocations- frequency of occurrence, syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and congruency with L1- on the collocational knowledge and development of 252 Kurdish high school learners of English as a foreign language. The importance of collocations in learning English as a second or foreign language and the difficulties that challenge learners at different levels of language proficiency have been well established. However, few studies have adopted a longitudinal research design or a hybrid definition of collocations, incorporating both frequency-based and phraseological views. The present study took this approach to explore learners’ collocational knowledge and development and the influence of features of collocations on their collocational knowledge and development at the high school level of learning English as a foreign language. The study employed two tests: an appropriateness judgement test to measure learners’ receptive knowledge and a gap-filling test to measure their productive knowledge of collocations. The data were collected in two waves, one at the beginning of their school year and the other at the end. Data analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between features of collocations and learners’ collocational knowledge and development. The results revealed frequency of occurrence as the most influential factor affecting learners’ knowledge and development. Influence of the syntactic structure of collocations on the learners’ knowledge and development came second whereas congruency with L1 occupied the third position. Semantic transparency seemed to have the least influence on their collocational knowledge and development. Gender appeared as an influential factor in the individual tests. However, its influence was not significant in terms of overall knowledge development. In general, the results indicated that learners’ productive collocational knowledge lagged behind their receptive. However, receptive and productive collocational knowledge did not increase at the same rate over the study period. While learners’ receptive collocational knowledge did not show an increase in knowledge, their productive knowledge increased significantly over the school year. The results also revealed that grammatical collocations were less challenging than lexical collocations at this level of language learning. Finally, according to the study results, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for further studies are presented.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur några lärare i grundsärskolans senare årskurser beskriver att de arbetar för att motivera sina elever till lärande och kunskapsutveckling. Studien baseras på fem, enskilda, strukturerade forskningsintervjuer med öppna frågor med lärare som arbetar i grundsärskolans senare årskurser, både inriktning träningsskola och grundsärskola. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av Vygotskijs sociokulturella teoretiska perspektiv där motivation, lärande och kunskapsutveckling främst skapas i ett sammanhang, i samspel med andra människor, och i miljön runt omkring. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare som deltog anser att arbetet med att motivera eleverna till lärande och kunskapsutveckling är viktigt men inte helt enkelt. De menar att undervisningen måste utgå från elevernas erfarenheter och intressen för att eleverna ska känna sig motiverade. Även tydlighet, lust och goda relationer nämns som viktiga faktorer i motivationsarbetet. Min studie visar att lärare i grundsärskolan menar att de kan påverka elevernas motivation till lärande och kunskapsutveckling genom att aktivt använda sig av olika motiverande strategier. Studien visar också att de motivationsfaktorer som forskningen lyfter fram utifrån elever i grundskolan stämmer väl överens med elever i grundsärskolan. Dessutom menar lärarna att motivationsarbetet kan vara viktigare och ha en större betydelse för dessa elever. Genom att ta tillvara den erfarenhet och kunskap som lärarna jag intervjuat delat med sig av är min förhoppning att andra kan ta till sig dessa strategier och på så sätt öka motivationen hos de elever de möter. / The aim of this study is to explore how some teachers who taught students in grade 6-9 in schools for students with intellectual disabilities describe their work to motivate their students in their learning process and knowledge development. The study is based on five individual, structured research interviews with open questions with teachers working with students with mild, moderate and severe intellectual disabilities in grades 6-9. The results are analyzed by Vygotskys socio-cultural theoretical perspective where motivation, learning and knowledge are mainly created in a context of interaction with other people and the environmental setting. The result shows that all participating teachers believe that efforts to motivate students in their learning process and knowledge development are important but it is easier said than done. They argue that teaching must be based on students' experiences and interests to make students feel motivated. Even clarity, desire and good relations mentioned as important factors in the motivational process. My study shows that teachers in schools for students with intellectual disabilities believe that they can affect students' motivation in their learning process and knowledge development by actively using different motivational strategies. The study also shows that the motivation factors the research emphasize on the basis of elementary school students correspond well with students in schools for students with intellectual disabilities. Further, the teachers believe that work of motivation can be more important and have a greater importance for these students. By taking advantage of the experience and knowledge of what the teachers shared in their interviews, my hope is that others will be able to embrace these strategies and thus increase the motivation of the students they meet.