Ferromagnetismo itinerante permanece um problema elusivo em Física. O fenômeno resulta da competição entre interação eletrônica e efeitos de muitos corpos e não pode ser tratado perturbativamente. Particularmente em uma dimensão, teoremas proíbem fases ferromagnéticas em T = 0 para modelos de rede com hopping de primeiros vizinhos. Nos últimos vinte anos, entretanto, apareceram modelos na literatura que estendem o hopping para além de primeiros vizinhos e para os quais ordem ferromagnética foi rigorosamente estabelecida. Praticamente todas as demonstrações da existência de ferromagnetos unidimensionais são feitas em fase isolante (com exceção de casos patológicos, como repulsão infinita). Isto nos levou a investigar o acoplamento entre os setores de spin e carga no regime fortemente interagente quando se dopa o sistema, o que introduz pontos de Fermi pF e -pF. Encontramos, com teoria de perturbação, singularidades logarítmicas na autoenergia do mágnon quando seu momentum é pF ou -pF. Derivamos uma teoria de campo efetiva para o espalhamento em torno desses pontos entre os mágnons e férmions sem spin (que representam o setor de carga). O modelo efetivo é similar ao modelo Kondo, que consiste de uma impureza magnética localizada acoplada localmente com um mar fermiônico por uma interação de troca entre spins. Em nosso modelo, há, na realidade, um pseudospin que indica se o momentum de uma partícula é próximo de pF ou de -pF e o mágnon se comporta como uma impureza móvel. A mobilidade da impureza leva a uma relação de dispersão para os férmions dependente do pseudospin da impureza. / Itinerant ferromagnetism remains an elusive problem in Physics. The phenomenon arises from a competition between electronic interaction and many-body effects and cannot be treated perturbatively. Particularly in 1D, there are rigorous proofs that forbid ferromagnetic phase for lattice models with nearest-neighbours hopping only. In the last twenty years, however, models with hopping beyond nearest-neighbours were proposed in the literature and for which ferromagnetic phase was rigorously established. Virtually every proof of the existence of one-dimensional ferromagnets is done in an insulator phase (disregarding some pathological cases, such as infinite electronic repulsion). That motivated us to investigate the coupling between spin and charge sectors in the strongly interacting regime when we dope the system, introducing two Fermi points, pF and -pF. We found out, through perturbation theory, logarithmic singularities in the magnon selfenergy when its momentum is pF or -pF. To understand them, we derived an effective field theory for the scattering between magnons and spinless fermions (which represent the charge sector) close to these points. The effective model resembles the Kondo model, which describes a magnetic impurity locally coupled to a fermionic sea through spin exchange interaction. In our model, there is actually a pseudospin that indicates if a particle momentum is closest to pF or -pF and the magnon behaves as a mobile impurity. The impurity mobility leads to a fermionic dispersion relation that depends on the impurity pseudospin.

Obtemos a expressão da densidade espectral de uma impureza no modelo de Anderson assimétrico. No regime de Kondo de baixas energias o modelo de Anderson descreve sistemas quânticos com impurezas magnéticas em meios não magnéticos. Para energias características do orbital de impureza simples ou duplamente ocupado iguais a εf e 2εf+U, respectivamente, o modelo é chamado simétrico para 2εf + U = 0 e assimétrico quando 2εf + U ≠ 0. Para o caso simétrico existe uma expressão devido a Frota que descreve ressonância de Kondo na densidade espectral. Todavia, no caso assimétrico a expressão de Frota deixa de ser válida e é necessária uma nova abordagem. Nesta dissertação, a partir de dados numéricos obtidos pelo consagrado método do Grupo de Renormalização Numérico criado por Wilson em 1974 e de tópicos da física de muitos corpos estudamos a assimetria do modelo de Anderson no regime de Kondo e propomos uma expressão mais geral que a de Frota para a densidade espectral da impureza. / We propose an analytical expression for the impurity spectral density in the Kondo regime of the spin-degenerate asymmetric Anderson model. The Anderson model describes quantum systems of magnetic impurities in nonmagnetic metals. For characteristic energies of single and double impurity occupations εf and 2εf+U, respectively, the model is particlehole symmetric for 2εf + U = 0 and asymmetrical 2εf + U ≠ 0. In the symmetric case, there is an expression due to Frota that describes the Kondo resonance in the spectral density. However, in the asymmetric case Frota´s expression is not valid, and a new approach is necessary. In this work, starting with numerical data provided by the Numerical Renormalization Group method developed by Wilson in 1974, we study the asymmetric Anderson model in the Kondo regime and propose an expression for the impurity spectral density that is more general than Frota´s.

Estudamos o calor específico de um sistema formado por duas impurezas adsorvidas, sem spin, em meio fermiônico (banda de condução do metal) e que contém um buraco (elétron) tunelando entre elas. Modelamos esse sistema por dois níveis acoplados e que sofrem interação Coulombiana com a banda de condução. Através da análise das curvas de calor específico, investigamos a alteração (renormalização) da taxa de tunelamento em função da interação eletrostática entre os elétrons da banda de condução e o buraco tunelante e da separação entre as impurezas. Utilizamos o Hamiltoniano de Kondo de tunelamento para representar esse modelo e usamos o Grupo de Renormalização Numérico para diagonalizá-lo. Analisamos a influência de cada termo do Hamiltoniano na renormalização da taxa de tunelamento e verificamos que a troca de paridade das funções de onda do buraco tunelante e dos elétrons da banda desempenha papel essencial. Encontramos uma expressão que combina a distância entre as impurezas e a interação Coulombiana em um único parâmetro (a), de tal forma que sistemas diferentes mas que apresentam o mesmo a e a mesma taxa de tunelamento livre têm a mesma curva de calor específico. / We calculate the specific heat of the two-spinless impurity coupled to a fermionic bath. The model takes into account the tunneling of a hole between the impurities. The two-level system representing the impurities is coupled electrostatically with the conduction electrons. Through the specific heat curves, we analyse the renormalization of the tunneling rate as a function of the Coulomb interaction and distance between impurities. The Numerical Renormalization Group is used to diagonalize the tunneling Hamiltonian proposed by Kondo. We analyse the role of each term of the Hamiltonian in the renormalization of the bare tunneling rate and we stress the importance of the exchange parity between impurity states and conduction states. Finally, a parameter a, is found which combines the distance between impurities and Coulomb interaction in such a way that every curve is specified only by a and the bare tunneling rate.

Orientador: Carlos Rettori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T05:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FernandoAssis_D.pdf: 2669059 bytes, checksum: 122a24668135bef8b9e2ee683190a28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese aborda o problema geral dos efeitos de campos cristalino e rattling modes em compostos do tipo skutterudite. Emprega, predominantemente, a técnica de ressonância de spin eletrônico (ESR, ou EPR na literatura clássica) a fim de sondar a simetria local dos estados eletrônicos associados a íons de terras raras nestes compostos e investigar as inomogeneidades decorrentes da dinâmica (rattling modes) destes íons. Desenvolvemos o nosso estudo predominantemente sob o sistema Ce1-xRxFe4P12 (R = Gd, Dy, Er, Yb), usualmente descrito como um semicondutor com gap G ¿ 0.15 eV. Nossos resultados apontam que a correta determinação dos efeitos de campo cristalino requer uma nova abordagem no estudo de compostos com simetria Th. O grupo pontual Th é um dos cinco grupos pontuais cúbicos (O, Oh, T, Th, Td) e é obtido pelo produto T x sh, onde T descreve a simetria de um tetraedro regular. Desta maneira, Th não possui as operações 6C4 e 3C¿2 e precisamos utilizar um novo parâmetro de sexta ordem para descrever todos os invariantes da simetria do grupo pontual Th Este novo parâmetro causa uma mistura na simetria do estado fundamental de sistemas cúbicos que dá origem a fenômenos não triviais discutidos na tese. Resultado igualmente importante é que, a partir do estudo deste novo parâmetro, fomos capazes de mapear a inomogeneidade de campo cristalino decorrente da dinâmica dos íons de terra rara. Desta maneira, a técnica de ESR foi utilizada pela primeira vez no estudo da dinâmica de íons em sistemas do tipo gaiola. Os estudos em sistemas S (L = 0) mostraram ainda que os efeitos desta dinâmica nos espectros de ESR não depende da presença deste parâmetro, sendo algo mais geral. Esta tese examina estes dois importantes aspectos relacionados a estrutura cristalina da família das skutterudites e discute estes resultados no contexto das possíveis aplicações destes compostos na construção de dispositivos termoelétricos e também no estudo de fenômenos fortemente correlacionados / Abstract: This thesis addresses the general problem of crystall field effects and rattling modes in skut- terudite compounds. It employs, predominantly, the electron spin resonance technique (ESR or EPR, in the classical literature) aiming to probe the local point symmetry of the electronic states associated to the rare earth ions and the inohomogenities implied by their dynamics (rattling modes). Our study was mainly directed to the Ce 1-xRxFe4P12 (R = Gd, Dy, Er, Yb) compounds, usually described as a small gap semiconductor (G ¿ 0.15 eV). Our results pointed that the correct determination of the crystall field effects requires a new approach in the case of compounds with Th symmetry. The point group Th is one the five cubic point groups (O, 0h, T, Th, Td) being generated by the product T x sh, where T describes the full symmetry of a regular tetrahedron. In this sense, Th lacks the symmetry operations 6C4 e 3C¿2 and we need a new sixth order parameter, to describe all the invariants of point group T^ symmetry. This new parameter gives rise to a mix of the ground state symmetry of cubic systems, implying in non trivial phenomena discussed in this these. Interesting enough, following these results, we were able to map the crystall field ino-homogenities due to the dynamics of the rare earth ion within the skutterudite cage. In this sense, the ESR techinique was introduced as a probe to the guest ion dynamics in cage systems. Investigation of S systems (L = 0) showed that the effects of this dynamics in our experiment does not require the presence of this new sixth order parameter, being associated to a more general role of the rattling modes. We examine these two important aspects related to crystal structure of the skutterudite family and discuss the results in the context of possible applications of these compounds in the construction of thermoelectric devices and also in the study of strongly correlated phenomena / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Dans cette thèse, je me suis principalement intéressé aux effets liés aux impuretés magnétiques dans les métaux et supraconducteurs. Dans le premier chapitre je présenterai l’effet Kondo, celui-ci se produit lorsqu’une impureté magnétique présente un couplage antiferromagnétique avec le métal qu’elle pollue. Les électrons forment alors, à suffisamment basse température, un nuage écrantant le magnétisme de l’impureté. Le deuxième chapitre portera sur les états de Yu-Shiba-Rusinov produits par des impuretés magnétiques dans un supraconducteur. Dans ce cas, l’impureté brise localement l’ordre supraconducteur et un état quantique est crée à l’intérieur du gap.Certains matériaux dits topologiques peuvent comporter des états quantiques protégés à leurs bords contre les perturbations extérieures. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, je présenterai les propriétés des supraconducteurs topologiques et leurs états de bords. Dans le troisième chapitre je présenterai les différentes phases topologiques que peut comporter un supraconducteur avec un paramètre d’ordre complexe mélangeant ondes p et s en présence d’un champ Zeeman. Dans le quatrième et dernier chapitre je présenterai une étude des états de bords que peut comporter ce type de supraconducteurs. / In this thesis, I was mainly interested in the effects related to magnetic impurities in metals and superconductors.In the first chapter I will present the Kondo effect, this effect occurs when a magnetic impurity exhibits an antiferromagnetic coupling with the metal that it pollutes. The electrons then form, at a sufficiently low temperature, a cloud screening the magnetism of the impurity. The second chapter will focus on the states of Yu-Shiba-Rusinov products by magnetic impurities in a superconductor. In this case, the impurity locally breaks the superconducting order and a quantum state is created inside the gap.Some so-called topological materials may include quantum states protected at their edges against external perturbations. In the last two chapters, I will present the properties of topological superconductors and their edge states. In the third chapter I will present the different topological phases that can include a superconductor with a parameter of complex order mixing waves p and s in the presence of a Zeeman field.In the fourth and last chapter I will present a study of the states of edge that may include this type of superconductors.

In dieser Arbeit wird das eindimensionale Kondo-Gitter-Modell untersucht, das die Wechselwirkung eines Gitters lokaler magnetischer Momente mit unkorrelierten Leitungselektronen beschreibt. Mit Hilfe der Methode der kontinuierlichen unitären Transformationen (Flussgleichungen) wird das Modell im Parameterbereich schwacher Wechselwirkungsstärke betrachtet. In diesem Bereich zeigt das Modell so genanntes Luttinger-Flüssigkeitsverhalten. Im Rahmen der Flussgleichungsmethode wird der Hamilton-Operator auf ein effektives Modell abgebildet, in dem Elektronen und Spinmomente vollständig entkoppelt sind. Das Resultat dieses Prozesses ist ein Modell, das ein nichtwechselwirkendes Elektronengas und eine Heisenberg-Spinkette beschreibt. Das Eigenwertproblem der Heisenberg-Kette wird im Rahmen einer Schwinger-Boson-Molekularfeld-Theorie beschrieben. Zur Charakterisierung der Grundzustandseigenschaften des eindimensionalen Kondo-Gitter-Modells wurden verschiedene Erwartungswerte und Korrelationsfunktionen betrachtet. Neben statischen Größen, wie der Ladungskorrelationsfunktion der Elektronen oder der Spinkorrelationsfunktion der lokalen Spinmomente, werden dynamische Größen, wie die elektronische Zustandsdichte oder die dynamischen Spinstrukturfaktoren der Elektronen und der lokalen Spinmomente, berechnet. / The one-dimensional Kondo lattice model is investigated. This model describes the interaction between a lattice of local magnetic moments and uncorrelated conduction electrons. It is studied by means of the continuous unitary transformation's method (flow equations) within the parameter regime of weak interaction strength. Here the model shows so called Luttinger liquid behaviour. Within the framework of the flow equation's method the original Hamiltonian is mapped on an effective model, where electrons and local moments are completely decoupled. The result of this process is a model describing a non-interacting electron gas and a Heisenberg spin chain. The eigenvalue problem of the Heisenberg chain is described within a Schwinger bosons molecular field theory. In order to characterise the ground state properties of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model different expectation values and correlation functions are investigated. Beside static properties like the charge correlation function of the electrons or the local moment's spin correlation function, dynamic properties are determined, like the electronic density of states or the dynamic spin structure factor of both the electrons and the local moments.

No description available.

In dieser Arbeit wird das eindimensionale Kondo-Gitter-Modell untersucht, das die Wechselwirkung eines Gitters lokaler magnetischer Momente mit unkorrelierten Leitungselektronen beschreibt. Mit Hilfe der Methode der kontinuierlichen unitären Transformationen (Flussgleichungen) wird das Modell im Parameterbereich schwacher Wechselwirkungsstärke betrachtet. In diesem Bereich zeigt das Modell so genanntes Luttinger-Flüssigkeitsverhalten. Im Rahmen der Flussgleichungsmethode wird der Hamilton-Operator auf ein effektives Modell abgebildet, in dem Elektronen und Spinmomente vollständig entkoppelt sind. Das Resultat dieses Prozesses ist ein Modell, das ein nichtwechselwirkendes Elektronengas und eine Heisenberg-Spinkette beschreibt. Das Eigenwertproblem der Heisenberg-Kette wird im Rahmen einer Schwinger-Boson-Molekularfeld-Theorie beschrieben. Zur Charakterisierung der Grundzustandseigenschaften des eindimensionalen Kondo-Gitter-Modells wurden verschiedene Erwartungswerte und Korrelationsfunktionen betrachtet. Neben statischen Größen, wie der Ladungskorrelationsfunktion der Elektronen oder der Spinkorrelationsfunktion der lokalen Spinmomente, werden dynamische Größen, wie die elektronische Zustandsdichte oder die dynamischen Spinstrukturfaktoren der Elektronen und der lokalen Spinmomente, berechnet. / The one-dimensional Kondo lattice model is investigated. This model describes the interaction between a lattice of local magnetic moments and uncorrelated conduction electrons. It is studied by means of the continuous unitary transformation's method (flow equations) within the parameter regime of weak interaction strength. Here the model shows so called Luttinger liquid behaviour. Within the framework of the flow equation's method the original Hamiltonian is mapped on an effective model, where electrons and local moments are completely decoupled. The result of this process is a model describing a non-interacting electron gas and a Heisenberg spin chain. The eigenvalue problem of the Heisenberg chain is described within a Schwinger bosons molecular field theory. In order to characterise the ground state properties of the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model different expectation values and correlation functions are investigated. Beside static properties like the charge correlation function of the electrons or the local moment's spin correlation function, dynamic properties are determined, like the electronic density of states or the dynamic spin structure factor of both the electrons and the local moments.

Orientadores: Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzun, Eduardo Miranda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T18:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sa_EduardoPeresNovaisde_D.pdf: 1083760 bytes, checksum: ffdca0eae18642d2c13d907af6a959b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos a rede de Kondo em uma dimensão por bosonização abeliana e a cadeia de Heisenberg pelo ansatz de Bethe. Conectamos o problema da rede de Kondo com o problema Jahn-Teller cooperativo e com o problema de 2 líquidos de Luttinger interagentes. A principal técnica usada foi o grupo de renormalização do gás de Coulomb generalizado, que surge ao integrarmos os graus de liberdade bosônicos. Procuramos explicar o diagrama de fase da cadeia de Ising-Kondo e da rede de Kondo, tanto para acoplamentos ferromagnéticos, como para acoplamentos antiferromagnéticos. Finalmente, estudamos as soluções de Bethe para cadeias de Heisenberg finitas e infinitas / Abstract: In this thesis, we studied the one-dimensional Kondo lattice model with abelian bosonization and the Heisenberg chain with the Bethe ansatz. We connected the Kondo lattice with the cooperative Jahn-Teller and with the 2 Luttinger liquids interacting by hopping. The main technique used was the renormalization group for the generalized Coulomb gas, that is obtained when we integrate the bosonic degrees of freedom. We explained the phase diagrams for the Ising-Kondo chain and the Kondo lattice, for ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic coupling. Finally, we studied the Bethe solutions for the finite and thermodynamic Heisenberg chain / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wird die Untersuchung von 3d-Übergangsmetallphthalocyanin- Molekülen (ÜMPc) – quadratisch-planaren organischen Molekülen, welche im Zentrum ein 3d-Übergangsmetallion besitzen – auf metallischen Oberflächen vorgestellt. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss der d-Orbitalbesetzung auf die magnetischen, elektronischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften der adsorbierten Moleküle, die mit Hilfe der Rastertunnelmikroskopie und -spektroskopie charakterisiert wurden. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse werden zum Teil mit theoretischen Berechnungen analysiert und interpretiert. Die erste Hälfte der experimentellen Auswertung behandelt die Untersuchung dieser Moleküle auf Ag(001) in Hinblick auf die Existenz einer magnetischen Wechselwirkung, bei der ein unkompensiertes magnetisches Moment des Moleküls durch die Substratelektronen abgeschirmt wird. Dieser Effekt wird als Kondo-Abschirmung bezeichnet und erzeugt in der Zustandsdichte des Moleküls eine Resonanz am Fermi-Niveau. Die Messungen zeigen, dass diese Resonanz ausschließlich am Zentralion von MnPc vorgefunden wird, wohingegen sie bei allen anderen 3d-Übergangsmetallphthalocyanin-Molekülen, die eine höhere d-Orbitalbesetzung besitzen, nicht vorhanden ist. Anhand theoretischer Berechnungen kann die Ursache für dieses Verhalten darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass von allen d-Orbitalen einzig das dz2-Orbital mit dem Substrat geeignet hybridisiert, um eine Kondo-Abschirmung zu erzeugen. Da ausschließlich MnPc einen unkompensierten Spin in diesem Orbital besitzt, kann die An- bzw. Abwesenheit des Kondo-Effekts auf die unterschiedliche Besetzung des dz2-Orbitals zurückgeführt werden. Neben der eben erwähnten Kondo-Resonanz ist bei MnPc ein weiteres Merkmal am Fermi- Niveau überlagert. Durch die Analyse der räumlichen Verteilung, den Vergleich mit anderen Molekülen und der Manipulation des MnPc-Moleküls kann gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei diesem Merkmal um einen d-Orbitalzustand handelt. Die Manipulation des Moleküls durch gezieltes Entfernen von Wasserstoffatomen ermöglicht darüber hinaus die Stärke der Kondo-Abschirmung zu beeinflussen. In der zweiten Hälfte der experimentellen Auswertung werden Moleküle auf bismutinduzierten Oberflächenlegierungen der Edelmetalle Cu(111) und Ag(111) untersucht. Diese Legierungen zeichnen sich durch einen ausgeprägten Rashba-Effekt aus, der durch eine Aufspaltung der Parabeldispersion und Aufhebung der Spin-Entartung im zweidimensionalen Elektronengas der Oberflächenlegierung charakterisiert ist. Das Wachstumsverhalten von CuPc und MnPc auf diesen Oberflächen zeigt ein sehr gegensätzliches Verhalten. Während bei MnPc die Substrat-Molekül-Wechselwirkung dominant ist, wodurch diese Moleküle immer einen festen Adsorptionsplatz auf der Oberfläche besitzen, ist diese Wechselwirkung bei CuPc schwach ausgeprägt. Aus diesem Grund wandern die CuPc-Moleküle zu den Stufenkanten und bilden Cluster. Das unterschiedliche Wachstumsverhalten der Moleküle lässt sich auf die partiell-gefüllten d-Orbitale von MnPc zurückführen, die aus der Molekülebene ragen, mit dem Substrat hybridisieren und damit das Molekül an das Substrat binden. Bei CuPc hingegen sind diese d-Orbitale gefüllt und die Hybridisierung kann nicht stattfinden. Im letzten Abschnitt werden die elektronischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften von MnPc auf diesen Substraten behandelt, die einige Besonderheiten aufweisen. So bildet sich durch die Adsorption des Moleküls auf den Oberflächen eine Grenzschichtresonanz aus, die eine partielle Füllung erkennen lässt. Spektroskopiedaten, aufgenommen am Ort der Grenzschichtresonanz, weisen eine symmetrisch um das Fermi-Niveau aufgespaltene Resonanz auf. Die Intensität der unter- und oberhalb der Fermi-Energie befindlichen Resonanz zeigen dabei ein komplementäres Verhalten bzgl. der jeweiligen Lage auf der Grenzschichtresonanz: An den Orten, an denen die Resonanz unterhalb des Fermi-Niveaus ihre maximale Intensität besitzt, ist die Resonanz oberhalb des Fermi-Niveaus nicht vorhanden und umgekehrt. Diese experimentellen Beobachtungen werden mit einem Modellansatz erklärt, welcher die Wirkung eines effektiven Magnetfeldes und eine Spin-Filterung postuliert. / In the framework of this thesis, the investigation of 3d-transition metal phthalocyanine molecules (TM Pc) on metallic surfaces is presented. These molecules possess a square planar structure with a 3d transition metal ion in their center. The main focus of this work concentrates on the influence of the d-level-occupation on the magnetic, electronic and structural properties of the molecules, which are characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. The achieved results are partly analyzed and interpreted by theoretical calculations. The first half of this thesis deals with the investigation of TMPc molecules on Ag(001) and the existence of the so-called Kondo effect. This magnetic interaction, which is caused by the screening of an uncompensated magnetic moment of the molecule by the conduction electrons of the substrate, creates a resonance in the density of states close to the Fermi level. The results show, that this resonance is only present at the central metal ion of MnPc, whereas it is absent in the case of all the other 3d transition metal phthalocyanine molecules with a higher d-level occupation. Theoretical calculations indicate that the origin of this behavior can be explained by the fact that out of five d-orbitals only the dz2-orbital can sufficiently hybridize with the substrate to form a Kondo screening channel. As MnPc is the only molecule with an uncompensated spin in this orbital, the presence and absence of a Kondo resonance can be explained by the different occupation of the dz2-orbital. Besides the aforementioned Kondo resonance, another superimposed feature close to the Fermi energy was observed for MnPc. By analyzing the spatial distribution of the features, by comparing the spectroscopy curves of different molecules and by manipulating the MnPc molecule, this feature can be assigned to a d-orbital state. With the manipulation of the MnPc, which was achieved by removing hydrogen atoms of the molecule, the strength of the Kondo screening can be tuned. The second half of the experimental analysis deals with the molecular investigation on bismuth–induced surface alloys of the noble metal crystals Cu(111) and Ag(111). These surface alloys exhibit a pronounced Rashba effect, which splits the parabolic dispersion and lifts the spin degeneracy of the two-dimensional electron gas. On these surfaces, the growth behavior of CuPc and MnPc is very different. While the substrate-molecule–interaction dominates in the case of MnPc, leading to a specific and robust adsorption site of the molecule, this interaction is only weakly present in the case of CuPc. As a result, the CuPc molecules are able to move to the step edges and form clusters. This difference can be attributed to the partial filling of the d-orbitals in the case of MnPc, which protrude out of the molecular plane, hybridize with the substrate and bind the molecule to the substrate. Contrary, in the case of CuPc these orbitals are completely filled, which prevents the hybridization between the d-orbital and the substrate. In the last section, the electronic and magnetic properties of MnPc will be presented, which show some peculiar features. Due to adsorption of the molecule to the surface, an interface resonance with a partial occupancy is created. The spectroscopic data taken at the interface resonance indicate the existence of a split resonance arranged symmetrically with respect to the Fermi energy. The intensity of the occupied and unoccupied resonance show a complementary behavior regarding different positions of the interface resonance. At the positions, where the resonance in the occupied energy regime shows a maximum in intensity, the resonance in the unoccupied states is absent and vice versa. These experimental findings will be explained by a model approach, which postulates the influence of an effective magnetic field and a spin-filtering component.