This Master’s thesis work is about the conditions that can affect the identification of defects in lithium-ion batteries. In lithium batteries, there are cathode and anode, which are separated with electrically insulative but ionically conductive electrolytes and separators. The cathode consists of aluminum foil, and the anode consists of copper foil. During the production of the batteries, these foils are being coated with active materials. Unfortunately, some defects such as scratches, misshape, marks, or spots can occur during the coating, and these defects harm the batteries’ performance. To ensure a good performance of the batteries, these defects have to be detected and identified. Today, these defects can be detected with a camera that scans the foils. To detect all the defects, even smaller marks, and dots, a new high-resolution sensor was investigated. The new sensor called Contact Image Sensor that acquires the raw information of the light and converts it into electrical signals was used. In other words, all the objects reflect the light, and the Contact Image Sensor captures the reflected light from the objects. By investigating the light, illumination time, and the contrast of the objects, it is possible to make the defects more visible. Furthermore, this thesis covers the speed of the coated foils passing the sensor. Since the production of the batteries should be time and cost-efficient, the speed can be high, but the sensor should have enough time to scan clear images. In this Master’s thesis work the implications of different sensor resolutions and contrast settings in a roll-to-roll process were studied, considering the speed of the process vs identifying defects (such as scratches and misshapes). It has also been studied if the light conditions, under normal circumstances, have a substantial impact on this trade-off. The result has been promising. Since the sensor has an internal resolution, a limited scanning area, and a scanning frequency, the speed will be limited by a maximum illumination time. But as long as the illumination time is under the maximum, the speed, in this case, does not matter. The maximum illumination time is different for different speeds. Furthermore, the results clearly show that high resolution, maximum allowed illumination time for each speed, and lower speeds, provide the best conditions for finding and identifying defects. However, there comes a price for the illuminated foil. The price is that the bright light can lead to overexposed foil, i.e., the part of the foil without coating will be exposed to too much light. This can create problems if damage to the foil is to be identified. Therefore, a more nuanced light that balances the contrast of the coating part and the foil is recommended. / Det här masterexamensarbetet handlar om förhållanden som påverkar identifieringen av defekter i litiumjonbatterier. Litiumbatterier består av katod och anod som separeras av elektriskt isolerande men joniskt ledande elektrolyt och separatorer. Katoden består av aluminiumfolie och anoden består av kopparfolie. Under tillverkningen av batterierna beläggs dessa folier med aktiva material. Tyvärr uppstår det ibland skador i beläggningen så som repor, missbildning, märke eller fläckar. Dessa defekter försämrar batteriets prestanda. För att säkerställa att batterierna fungerar felfritt måste dessa defekter upptäckas och elimineras. Idag används kamera som skannar folierna för att hitta defekter. För att upptäcka samtliga skador, bland annat mindre märken och fläckar, övervägs en ny högupplöst sensor. En ny sensor, så kallad Contact Image Sensor, som tar in ljuset och omvandlar det till elektriska signaler undersöks. Med andra ord fångar Contact Image Sensor det reflekterade ljuset från objekten. Genom att undersöka ljusets styrka, belysningstiden och kontrast är det möjligt att göra defekterna mer synliga. Vidare omfattar detta examensarbete hastigheten hos de folierna som passerar sensorn. Under en tids- och kostnadseffektiv produktion av batterier kan hastigheter av foljer vara höga, men sensorn måste ha tillräcklig tid och utrymme att skanna tydliga bilder. Påföljden av olika sensorupplösningar och kontrastinställningar i en roll-to-roll-process har därför studerats i detta examensarbete med hänsyn taget till processens hastighet kontra identifieringen av defekter (såsom repor och missbildningar). Det har också studerats om ljusförhållandena har, under normala omständigheter, en väsentlig inverkan på denna avvägning. Resultatet har varit lovande. Med anledning av sensorns interna upplösning, dess begränsade skanningsområdet, samt skanningsfrekvensen, kommer hastigheten att begränsas av en maximal belysningstid. Men så länge belysningstiden är under maximalt kommer hastigheten inte ha någon betydelse. Denna maximala belysningstid är olika för olika hastigheter. Vidare framgår det tydligt i resultatet att hög upplösning, maximal tillåtna belysningstiden för respektive hastighet, och lägre hastigheter, ger bästa förutsättningar för att hitta och identifiera defekter. Dock kommer ett pris för det upplysta beläggningen av foljen. Priset är att det ljusa ljuset kan leda till överexponerade folje, dvs där den delen av foljen som saknar beläggning utsätts för mycket ljus och kan bländas. Detta kan skapa problem om skador på foljen ska identifieras. En mer nyanserad ljus som balanserar kontrasten av beläggningen och foljen kan därför rekommenderas.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera den mest effektiva egenskapen av en text eller sida för att uppnå visuell hierarki, som är ett verktyg för att få det önskade flödet av uppmärksamhet i en sida eller webbsida genom att ge vissa element en viss vikt i kontrast, storlek och placering. Vi vill ge en möjlighet för vidare forskning snarare än att ge en slutsats som ger ett slutgiltigt svar på frågeställningarna. Det finns fler sätt att manipulera text för att uppnå önskad visuell hierarki men vi valde de vanligaste. Detta arbete är baserat på ett experiment som görs på 50 deltagare med ett onlinefrågeformulär och tre självgjorda bilder där vi kan utvärdera resultaten, jämföra dem med andra teorier och beräkna den mest effektiva uppmärksamhetsgivaren. Vi har också utvecklat en hypotes om vad resultatet kommer att visa. Vår studie föreslår att kontrasten i färg kan vara den viktigaste faktorn för att uppnå och upprätthålla visuell hierarki. / The purpose of this paper is to identify the most effective property of a text or a page to achieve visual hierarchy, which is a tool for getting the desired flow of attention in a page or a web page by giving certain elements a degree of weight in contrast, size and positioning.We want to give an opportunity for further research rather than an absolute conclusion of how it really is. There are more ways to manipulate text to achieve the desired visual hierarchy but we choose the most common. This paper is based on an experiment involving 50 participants with an online questionnaire and three self-made pictures where we will evaluate the results, compare them with other theories and calculate the most effective enhancer of attention. We have also developed a hypothesis on what the results will show. Our study proposes that contrast in color might be the most important factor to achieve and maintain visual hierarchy.

This thesis describes the principles of making application which is able to set and control camera. The first part describes basic camera connections and it explains definition and specification of camera’s features. The second part of my thesis describes implementation of application, which can use more cameras to image preview, image acquisition and to simply set of camera’s features. To implement the applications we can use MATLAB and C++BUILDER uses opencv libraries.

Thesis deals with theoretical knowledge about scanning electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. It describes principle of operation, signals generated by interaction between primary electron beam and specimen and means of detection of secondary electron signal in environmental conditions using scintillation detector. Furthermore, thesis focuses on optimization of detection od secondary electrons by adjusting electrode system of scintillation detector. Computer program Simion is used for modelling signal electron trajectories for proper adjustments. Simulation were starting-point for adjusting the design of the detector. Detection efficiency of adjusted detector was determined by evaluating signal magnitude from captured images, secondary electron detection capability from voltage contrast and quality of the captured images from signal/noise ratio.

ransmitted-light coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM) based on an off-axis achromatic and space-invariant interferometer with a diffractive beamsplitter has been designed, constructed and tested. It is capable to image objects illuminated by light sources of arbitrary degree of temporal and spatial coherence. Off-axis image-plane hologram is recorded and the image complex amplitude (intensity and phase) is reconstructed numerically using fast Fourier transform algorithms. Phase image represents the optical path difference between the object and the reference arms caused by presence of an object. Therefore, it is a quantitative phase contrast image. Intensity image is confocal-like. Optical sectioning effect induced by an extended, spatial incoherent light source is equivalent to a conventional confocal image. CCHM is therefore capable to image objects under a diffusive layer or immersed in a turbid media. Spatial and temporal incoherence of illumination makes the optical sectioning effect stronger compared to a confocal imaging process. Object wave reconstruction from the only one recorded interference pattern ensures high resistance to vibrations and medium or ambience fluctuations. The frame rate is not limited by any component of the optical setup. Only the detector and computer speeds limit the frame rate. CCHM therefore allows observation of rapidly varying phenomena. CCHM makes the ex-post numerical refocusing possible within the coherence volume. Coherence degree of the light source in CCHM can be adapted to the object and to the required image properties. More coherent illumination provides wider range of numerical refocusing. On the other hand, a lower degree of coherence makes the optical sectioning stronger, i.e. the optical sections are thiner, it reduces coherence-noise and it makes it possible to separate the ballistic light. In addition to the ballistic light separation, CCHM enables us to separate the diffused light. Multi-colour-light

The Gamma Knife is a non-invasive stereotactic radiosurgery system used for treatments of deep targets in the brain. Accurate patient positioning is needed for precise radiation delivery to the target. The two latest versions of the Gamma Knife allow fractionated treatment by co-registering Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the patient's position in the Gamma Knife with a diagnostic magnetic resonance (MR) image used for treatment planning. However, CBCT images often suffer from artifacts that degrade image quality, which may result in less accurate co-registration. This thesis project investigates the potential of a new reconstruction framework developed by Elekta, which incorporates scattering correction and noise filters, for the reconstruction of Gamma Knife CBCT images. The performance of the new reconstruction framework, along with its noise filter and scatter correction, is quantified using image quality metrics of phantoms, including contrast, uniformity, spatial resolution, and CT-number accuracy. Additionally, brain CBCT images of five patients are co-registered with their diagnostic MR images, and the mean target registration error is measured. The results indicate that the new reconstruction framework, without using scatter correction and noise filtering, performs equally well as the current framework in reconstructing Gamma Knife CBCT images, as it achieved similar image quality and co-registration accuracy. However, when the scatter correction was used, there were improvements in image uniformity and CT-number accuracy without compromising spatial resolution. Additionally, the introduction of a noise filter resulted in an improved contrast-to-noise ratio and low contrast visibility with minimal compromise of spatial resolution. Despite these image quality enhancements, there were no consistent improvements in co-registration accuracy, indicating that the co-registration is not sensitive to scatter or noise artefacts. / Gammakniven är en medicinteknisk apparat som används för icke-invasiv stereotaktisk strålkirurgi vid behandling av djupa mål i hjärnan. För att uppnå precision i strålbehandlingen krävs noggrann patientpositionering. De två senaste versionerna av Gammakniven tillåter fraktionerad behandling genom att co-registrera cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-bilder av patientens position i Gammakniven med en diagnostisk magnetresonans (MR)-bild som används för behandlingsplanering. Tyvärr lider CBCT-bilder ofta av artefakter som kan försämra bildkvaliteten och därmed minska precisionen i co-registreringen. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett nytt rekonstruktionsramverk som utvecklats av Elekta. Det nya rekonstruktionsramverket och dess tillhörande brusfilter och spridningskorrigering utvärderas för rekonstruktion av Gammaknivens CBCT bilder med hjälp av bildkvalitetsmått för fantomer, såsom kontrast, uniformitet, spatial upplösning och noggrannhet i CT-nummer. Dessutom co-registreras CBCT-bilder från fem patienter med deras diagnostiska MR-bilder, och det genomsnittliga registreringsfelet mäts. Resultaten visar att det nya rekonstruktionsramverket, utan användning av spridningskorrigering och brusfiltrering, presterar lika bra som det nuvarande ramverket för rekonstruktion av CBCT-bilder från Gammakniven. Båda ramverken ger liknande bildkvalitet och noggrannhet i co-registreringen av bilderna. Vid användning av spridningskorrigering observerades förbättringar i uniformiteten och noggrannheten i CT-nummer utan att den spatiala upplösningen försämrades. Införandet av brusfilter resulterade i ett förbättrat kontrast-brus-förhållande och synlighet av svaga kontrastskillnader med endast lite avkall på den spatiala upplösningen. Trots dessa förbättringar i bildkvaliteten observerades ingen konsekvent förbättring av noggrannheten i co-registreringen av bilderna, vilket tyder på att co-registreringen inte påverkas av spridnings- eller brusartefakter i stor utsträckning.

The theme of the song Lonely Woman by Ornette Coleman and the song It’s Halloween by The Shaggs has something in common when it comes to how the different instruments relate rhythmically to each other. I would call it a musical quality that could be described as a feeling of ungraspability. I had this quality in focus during a process of listening to music, writing music and playing music. To describe the cause of this quality I felt the need to define two concepts I named 1) rubato structures; rhythmic structures that aren’t based on, nor establish a steady pulse, and 2) tempo structures; rhythmic structures that are based on and establishes a steady pulse. Throughout the project I identified the cause of the quality, to be combinations of rubato structures and tempo structures, however my understanding developed during the project to a more specific definition which was layers of rubato structures and tempo structures. In the 6 compositions that this project resulted in, I created a number of musical situations with my group, which all had these elements. When listed, these situations rather systematically go through ways of combining structures in regards to different parameters. When listened to, at least for me, several of them give rise to the feeling of ungraspability I had in focus. My attempts to describe and analyze the many inspiring examples stretching from Charles Ives to Swedish contemporary vocal folk music, helped me to develope tools for making music of my own, rather than resulting in some objective truth, or a system for describing and analyzing music that would work objectively. One thing I would consider objectively true, however, is that there are a lot of different ways of creating rhythmic complexity, where some ways are very tedious and difficult for the musicians. With rhythmic layers of rather simple structures, containing rubato structures, I can create rhythmic complexity beyond the quantifiable, just by putting the human impulses in control. Takt in Swedish could mean many things, such as beat, meter, bar, measure. Otakt is often used as a negative word to describe a failed attempt to play in time, but is also linguistically the negation of takt (thus meaning no beat, no meter, no bar, no measure). Takt och (and) Otakt is therefor a play with words, since otakt relates to things in this study that is embraced rather than avoided. / <p>Bilaga: CD</p>

The thesis has been written on the basis of main architectural concepts and their application in real life within a historical context investigation. Main architectural concepts are represented in a harmony of architectural composition that deals with relations among form, structure and space in the unique art work. Genius loci play very important role in the architectural creation - it represents a special and extra-ordinary urban locality and its architectural value in the historical, geographical and cultural context. The origin of Ostravice village within the historical frame concept of Moravia domain is the topic of this thesis. Other historical documents gave information about Bruneswerde as the Brno Castle. That means Brno Castle had to be founded not in Brno (as it has been consid-ered for many years) but it was located in Beskydy at Ostravice. The sacred city – Civitas Dei had been located in Bruneswerde region in early ages as the centre of European culture, education and spiritual life. Civitas Dei – divine Jerusalem in the transcription of St. Augustine's book De civitate Dei – is not only glorification of God and religious fantasy. It is also one of significant clues for recognition of historical architecture. The depiction of unknown settlement from the book of unde-fined origin is a superb testimony about extinct architectural works. They are legible from cadastral maps. Brno Castle - residence of nobility and power served shelter to St. Vojtěch, St. Prokop, St. Václav and St. Ludmila as it is obvious for the mentioned picture. Three major temples, three com-position axes symbolized by three towers on coins are in analogical relation to Brno triangle of four saints - the Saint family of Brno temples. Powerful ambitions of Brno City principals and clergy are inscribed into the urban structure in the way of composition relations which are legible to them who devoted themselves to the mystery of harmony. The absence of historical continuity affects personal attitudes and also identity of the whole community. The architecture truly reflects the past state of polis and it is eloquent even after its death. The architectural composition relations influence the natural environment for long time, longer than the architectural work existence. The geometric order of Renaissance Brno existence has not been in attention of architects so far. The features were discovered in characteristic paintings by Albrecht Durer. They are evidently secret works of the genius. A meaningful collaborator and follower in the extensive project was also his friend Jan Čert from Brno and lately from Vienna. His noble genealogy played a significant role in history of Silesia and Moravia for centuries. It is tendency to consider him as Austrian or even German architect. It is because of the fact that the genealogy tree of his noble family had roots in Moravia. It is supposed that Durer with Jan Čert´s support created the extraordinarily monumental architectural and urban works in Brno. A remarkable consensus in the urban composition of two squares and transition of traditional urban structure of Ostravice Civitas Dei into the modern Brno is also confirmed due to the identification of noble creators and owners, who were at the foundation, transformation and extinction of elements of the Moravian urban structure.