M.Tech. / The landscape of South Africa has changed dramatically since early colonisation. Even so, it appears that the conventions employed in portraying landscapes have not; colonial landscape imagery that helped promote European immigration to this country during the Nineteenth Century remains remarkably similar to conventions employed in contemporary landscape representation used to market game reserves. In this dissertation, it is argued that colonial landscape imagery facilitates and supports a view of nature as an „authentic‟ wilderness available for expropriation. It is proposed that wildlife reserves, both in their intent and realisation, present a simulacrum of wilderness, also available for the consumer and promoted by advertising imagery. It is further argued that it remains the imperative commodification of nature which informs the pictorial conventions adopted in both cases. Thus, the myths inherent in both colonial representations of landscape and the utopian vision proffered in game reserve marketing are challenged. This research project employs discourse analysis that is framed in a qualitative, interpretative paradigm. Colonial imagery is examined in terms of post-colonialist critique of imperial landscape representation, while a post-modern approach is used to investigate contemporary imagery. This research project demonstrates that landscape imagery used to promote a „natural‟ wildlife site, is persistently presented according to prescribed canon as a functioning system regardless of its actual condition. Futhermore, the research project leads to an alternative view of nature, presented in my practical work, that is cognisant of the problems experienced in reality.

Language can sometimes be an impediment in communication. Whether we are talking about people who speak different languages, students who are learning a new language, or people with language disorders, the understanding of linguistic representations in a given language requires a certain amount of knowledge that not everybody has. In this thesis, we propose "translation through pictures" as a means for conveying simple pieces of information across language barriers, and describe a system that can automatically generate pictorial representations for simple sentences. Comparative experiments conducted on visual and linguistic representations of information show that a considerable amount of understanding can be achieved through pictorial descriptions, with results within a comparable range of those obtained with current machine translation techniques. Moreover, a user study conducted around the pictorial translation system reveals that users found the system to generally produce correct word/image associations, and rate the system as interactive and intelligent.

Desde Horácio e sua célebre expressão Ut pictura poesis, diversos autores tentaram estabelecer um paralelo entre a literatura e a pintura ao longo dos séculos. Vários são os exemplos de obras literárias e pictóricas unidas por temas e inspirações em comum, que se desenvolveram em caminhos paralelos durante uma determinada época, numa determinada sociedade. Menos freqüentes, porém, são as ocorrências de elementos que configurem um verdadeiro diálogo, uma convergência ou uma interferência entre as artes visuais e a arte literária. Neste trabalho, pretendemos identificar uma influência do olhar impressionista na literatura francesa da segunda metade do século XIX. Para isso, analisaremos seqüências descritivas de obras de Gustave Flaubert e de Émile Zola. Através da análise da construção das pinturas impressionistas e da construção das seqüências descritivas na literatura, pretendemos demonstrar que esses dois sistemas de representação não estão unidos apenas por temas e inspirações em comum, como havia sido o caso até então, mas também pelas técnicas e metodologias utilizadas e pelas reações que essas mesmas técnicas provocaram e provocam até hoje no espectador e no leitor. / From the time of Horace and his famous phrase Ut pictura poesis, several authors have attempted to draw a parallel between literature and painting. There are many examples of literary and pictorial works linked by common topics and inspirations that have taken parallel paths across time and across societies. Less frequent, however, are the examples of a real dialogue, a convergence or interference between the visual and the literary arts. In this study, we aim at identifying an influence of the impressionist view in the French literature of the second half of the 19th century. For this purpose, we will examine descriptive sequences of the works of Gustave Flaubert and Émile Zola. By analysing the process through which Impressionist paintings were made and the descriptive sequences were written, we aim at demonstrating that these two systems of representation are not united only by common topics and inspirations, as had been the case to date, but also by common techniques and methodologies, in addition to being united by the reactions that these same techniques provoked and still provoke today in the spectator and the reader.

This study has two purposes: (1) to provide a reference tool--a list of the best books, articles, and audiovisual materials about photojournalism, and (2) to make a general evaluation of available literature. In response to a mail survey, photojournalists and photojournalism educators recommended twenty-four sources of information about photojournalism in twenty subject categories. Respondents believe reading about photojournalism is important in helping professionals do their jobs well. But, they do not think there is enough up-to-date information available. Further, a majority think photojournalism literature is unrealistic, poorly written and designed, and ineffective in preparing students.

The aim of this study was to contribute with further knowledge about children’s use of metaphors. In the study, 15 children at the age of two were interviewed during an experiment with condensation. In the interview the children were asked to describe the condensation to the interviewer. Most of the children were using subject relevant words, and a few were using pictorial descriptions. There was just one child that was using both pictorial descriptions and subject relevant words in their description of the condensation. The use of both categories can be interpreted as the child deliberately was using a metaphor and that shows, that even children as young as two years of age sometimes use metaphors. From a social constructivist perspective, language is the most important feature in acquiring knowledge, since knowledge is created in social interaction. Therefore the teachers in the younger years have an important role to guide and help children develop a nuanced language. Helping children understand, create and use metaphors in their interactions with others, and in their descriptions of phenomena, will help the children get a deeper sense of meaning in their quest to figure out the world around them. / Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen kring de yngre barnens användande av metaforer i samtal kring experiment i naturvetenskaplig undervisning i förskolan. Ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, är språket en nyckelfaktor i tillägnandet av ny kunskap, då kunskapen skapas i ett socialt sammanhang. Ur detta perspektiv är förskollärarnas roll som guider till ett nyanserat språk avgörande. När förskollärarna stöttar barnen till att inte bara förstå metaforer, utan även skapa egna och använda sig av dem i sina beskrivningar, hjälper de också barnen till att få en djupare förståelse för sin omgivning. I ett experiment med kondens intervjuades 15 barn i tvåårsåldern. De ombads beskriva sina observationer under experimentet för intervjuaren. De flesta barnen använde sig av ämnesrelevanta ord, och några använde sig av bildlika beskrivningar. Endast ett barn använde sig av både bildlika beskrivningar och ämnesrelevanta ord i sina beskrivningar av kondensen. Att barnet använde sig av båda kategorierna kan tolkas som att barnet medvetet använde sig av en metafor, vilket medför ett resultat som tyder på att det förekommer att även så unga barn, som barn i två års ålder använder sig av metaforer.

As the impact of pictures in everyday life and literature is increasing, so is the importance of visual literacy skills. This essay combines theories of visual literacy, pictorial metaphor, image analysis and environmentalism to analyse visual literacy in relation to how Shaun Tan’s pictures create metaphorical ideas related to the environment in Tales from Outer Suburbia. Three pictures from the picture book were analysed for this purpose. The pictures are part of the short stories named “alert but not alarmed”, “no other country”, and “grandpa’s story.” Furthermore, this essay discusses how visual literacy can support students’ English language learning. The analysis found that analysing Tan’s use of symbols and icons in combination with the emotional effect of picture elements reveal several pictorial metaphors related to the environment. The pictorial metaphors reflect humankind’s relationship to nature. This essay concludes that visual literacy skills are necessary to identify pictorial metaphors and that analysing pictures supports students’ visual literacy skills and English language learning.

This thesis is devoted to the visual components of textbooks of Czech for foreigners. The five selected textbooks are investigated incidence of certain types of visual components, their position in the textbooks and the frequency of occurrence of these types. The aim of this work is to determine what specific visual aids in textbooks Czech for foreigners appear and whether they are used functionally or not, and give an idea of the form of the visual component of textbooks Czech for foreigners. The questionnaire, which was attended by teachers of Czech as a foreign language, should contribute to this outline. Their task was to evaluate the visual amenities of textbooks Czech for foreigners who are most frequently used in teaching. The first chapter is devoted to the textbook as a didactic resource function including textbooks in foreign language teaching and research textbooks at home and abroad. Attention is focused on the design concept of visual means to learning from visual material and finally the creation of categorical systems under which they were selected textbooks analyzed. The theoretical part is followed by a presentation of the results of the analysis of the textbooks of Czech for foreigners with an emphasis on functionality and frequency occurring visual components. In the last chapter...

The purpose of this thesis was to design costumes for twelve characters, selected from the Book of Mormon, suitable for projected dramatic productions. Selection of the characters was determined by the following criteria:(1) Sufficient dramatic potential for projected dramatic productions must be inherent in the period from which characters are drawn.(2) Characters should represent various levels within their society.The problem of creating the costume designs presumed an investigation of environmental factors which would influence the clothing styles worn by a typical cross section of Late Preclassic Mesoamerican society. Origins of the American Indian are briefly discussed and geographical influences on costume are shown. Elements of early costume are discussed including textiles, color, accessories, armor, and symbolism. Basic characteristics of costume for men and women are reviewed and similarities of Old World and New world costume are shown.Executions of twelve water color renderings are included and explanations of each costume design are given. Recommendations for further study are made.

The photojournalism department of the Deseret News is presently one of the most highly organized and productive departments within the newspaper itself. Major changes in staffing and management of the photo lab have been made since 1948, resulting in a more efficient department. Deseret News staff photographers are skilled in their profession and are proud to be a part of the newspaper staff. The Deseret News has a colorful history, from its beginning in 1850 with all the trials that accompany a growing newspaper up to and including the establishment of the Newspaper Agency Corporation in 1952. It is a progressive newspaper, always striving to improve its product.

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