Tysta och blyga barn är ofta de som lämnas åt sidan eller får vänta med att få sina behov tillgodosett. Som fritidspedagog är det en viktig uppgift att insocialisera barn i gemenskap, men hur gör man med barn som inte vill? Hur handskas man med barn som föredrar att vara för sig själva? I vilken grad ska deras önskan respekteras och när blir insocialisering ett värde som bör överordnas barnets fria val? I denna essä undersöker jag hur jag som fritidspedagog kan förstå dessa barns behov och förhålla mig till dem utifrån begreppen barnperspektiv respektive barns perspektiv, barns delaktighet, inflytandet och bästa. Jag kommer att utgå från några problem från min egen arbetslivserfarenhet och belysa dem med hjälp av olika synsätt som objekt- och aktörsperspektiv och symbolisk interaktionism.

Pendant les années 1950 et 1960, Montréal se modernise sur plusieurs aspects. L’influence de l’administration de la ville sur cette modernisation est bien connue. Toutefois, les perspectives des acteurs extérieurs sont souvent ignorées. Ce mémoire examine donc les opinions de la Chambre de commerce de Montréal sur la modernisation de la métropole québécoise lors de ces deux décennies. La source principale utilisée pour effectuer cette étude a été la revue hebdomadaire de la Chambre, Commerce-Montréal. Dans le premier chapitre, les opinions de la Chambre de commerce sur la gouvernance municipale sont examinées. Celles-ci montrent que la Chambre percevait l’assainissement des moeurs politiques et l’amélioration de l’efficacité administrative comme intrinsèques à la modernisation de Montréal. Le deuxième chapitre porte sur la circulation automobile et le transport en commun. La Chambre proposait des moyens d’accélérer le débit de la circulation qu’elle jugeait crucial pour la modernisation de la métropole. Le troisième chapitre traite du développement urbain. D’après la Chambre, la modernisation de Montréal exigeait le renouvellement du cadre bâti de la ville, tant résidentiel que commercial. L’étude de ces trois thèmes confirme que, pendant la période 1950-1970, la Chambre de commerce a contribué de manière significative aux débats concernant la modernisation de Montréal. Nous relevons aussi que l’organisme, malgré son désir de paraître apolitique, a été influencé par sa fonction de représentant de la communauté d’affaires francophone. L’importance accordée à la rentabilité de la modernisation, ainsi que la hiérarchisation sociale attribuée à certains sujets, confirment notamment les orientations conservatrices de l’organisme. / During the 1950s and 1960s, Montréal was becoming increasingly modernized. It is well known that the municipal administration had a considerable influence on this modernization. However, the perspectives of exterior actors have often been ignored. As such, this thesis examines the opinions of the Chambre de commerce de Montréal (the city’s francophone chamber of commerce) on the modernization of Québec’s metropolis during the above-mentioned decades. The main source that was used for this study was the Chambre’s weekly publication, Commerce-Montréal. The first chapter examines the Chambre’s opinions on municipal governance. It shows that, for the Chambre, the modernization of Montréal required the elimination of corrupt political practices and an increase in government efficiency. The second chapter studies traffic flow. It explains the Chambre’s positions on measures aimed at increasing the speed of traffic. The organization saw this as crucial to the modernization of the city. The third chapter discusses urban development. According to the Chambre, Montréal’s modernization necessitated a renewal of both its residential and commercial built environment. Studying these three themes confirmed that, from 1950 to 1970, the Chambre de commerce contributed to the debates concerning the modernization of Montréal, advocating in favour of it. It is also evident that the organization, despite its desire to appear apolitical, was influenced by its position as representative of the francophone business community. In particular, the Chambre’s emphasis on the profitability of modernization, as well as its focus on social stratification (regarding certain issues) attest to the organization’s conservative nature.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The use of wraps in the care of newborns and infants. The thesis deals with the use of wraps suitable for newborns and infants. Wraps are used particulary to calm down children. Because swaddling of a child imitates the strength and tightness of their mother's womb, children are mostly feeling calmly and safely. There are many wraps on the market, like blankets, classic lace-wraps, cocoons and wraps specially developed for restless and teary children. The goal of the thesis was to find out what knowledge have parents of children about swaddling, which wraps do they use and effect of swaddling on children. We have tried to verify the effects of swaddling in practice. In this thesis, we used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, interview techniques, and action research. The qualitative part of the research took the form of an unstructured interview. The sample for this interview was 33 mothers who had to answer open questions. The results of the interview were manually written to the printed record sheets. The interviewed responders were individually asked in their homes, in cafes and children's clubs. At first was completed the basic respondents information like their age, education level, place of residence and number of children and their age during their first pregnancy. Then we proceeded to talk about swaddling children to varienty types of wraps. We asked questions related to the type used wraps, swaddling style, usage time of wraps. We also asked about what for effect had swaddling on a child, whether the child calmed down, slept or remained teary. The collected personal information we processed statistically to help us to determine the answer to our hypothesis. Action research was applied on 4 children and one pair of twins in their home environment. Prior to that, their parents agreed with the research. We agreed that during the research will be present at least one parent. Parents received a record sheet on which they could write down when the child had trouble sleeping, or falling asleep and how much did the child cry. Based on their statements and notes we have devised a way to help the child to fall asleep or calm down. Parents got recommended specialized literature on swaddling, which they could later study. For swaddling we had the opportunity to use more types of wraps, according to the wish of parents, especially with best regards for the child, because each individual requires a specific type of swaddling and different wraps. Together with parents, we chose a wrap for the day or night and we wrapped the baby up and observed how it goes. Parents then following days wrapped up the children themselves and told us about how the child behaves during swaddling and whether was there a desired effect. After a month, we met parents again and personally summarized the effects of wraps on their baby and the changes that occurred after swaddling. Results: In the qualitative survey, we found out that most parents use wraps to calm down and soothe the child. Most mothers reported using quick wraps, classic lace wraps or a combination of both. Half of the surveyed mothers said that after using wraps were their children calmer. The remaining third of the mothers said that swaddling helped to let their children to sleep better. Children of the remaining respondents did not feel well during swaddling and they were more teary and restless. Questions regarding age, education and place of residence showed that more than half of respondents have completed education with graduation, a third of mothers have an university degree. The youngest mother was at the time of our research 21 years old, the oldest was aged 38 years, the average age of mothers was 28.2 years. In the question regarding the residence, we found out that 19 of the interviewed mothers were living in a town and the remaining number, 14, were living in the smaller village.

Bakgrund: Intensivvårdspatientens sömn nattetid är fragmenterad och blir i stor utsträckning störd, vilket gör att en vila på dagen behövs; en strukturerad vilostund. För återhämtning och läkning av sjukdomstillstånd är det viktigt att patienten får den vila denne behöver. Sömnbrist och brist på vila leder till svårigheter att komma ur respirator, längre sårläkning och i slutändan längre vistelsetid på intensivvårdsavdelningen. En strukturerad vilostund är en avsatt tid på dagen där meningen är att intensivvårdspatienten ska vila, utan att bli störd mer än vad sjukdomstillståndet tillåter. Det finns främjande åtgärder som kan utföras för att ge intensivvårdspatienten en god vilostund. Syfte: Syftet är att observera den strukturerade vilostunden inom intensivvården, med hjälp av fyra frågeställningar. Metod: Studien är gjord på två olika intensivvårdsavdelningar, vilket har genererat 41 observationer. Designen är en prospektiv observationsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Analysen tolkas med deskriptiv och analytisk statistik. Resultat: Resultatet visar att de främjande åtgärder som observerats inte görs i full utsträckning. Den strukturerade vilostunden blir störd bland annat av samtal i vårdrummet och ljud från övervakningsutrustning. Den strukturerade vilostunden störs i snitt 25 gånger och den längsta sammanhängande tid utan störningsmoment är i snitt tio minuter, dock observerades som mest 67 störningsmoment. Den längsta sammanhängande vilan uppmättes till 48 minuter och den minsta vilan till tre minuter.  Slutsats: Den strukturerade vilostunden störs frekvent, trots att riktlinjer finns för en strukturerad vilostund. Då det är frekventa störningar innebär det att möjligheten för vilan blir för kort för att gynna återhämtning och därmed risk för förlängt intensivvårdsbehov. / Background: Patients sleep in the intensive care units (ICU) is fragmented. There is a need for a daytime rest, quiet time, to help the patient heal and recover from critical illness. Sleep deprivation and lack of rest might lead to difficulties of extubation, prolonged healing of wounds and it may result in prolonged stay in the ICU. A quiet time is a period during the day, where the goal is patient rest, without any unnecessary interruptions. There are promotional actions that can be used to make the patients’ rest as good as possible. Aim: The aim of this study is to observe the structured daytime rest in ICU, with the help of four questions. Method: This study is done at two ICU’s in Sweden, which has generated 41 observations. The design is a prospective quantitative observational study with descriptive and analytic statistics. Result: The result shows that the promotional actions observed aren’t used to the full extention. The daytime rest is interrupted, amongst other things, by conversations in the IC-room and from alarms of the surveillance equipment. The daytime rest is disturbed 25 times in mean, and the longest coherent rest fort the patient is ten minutes in mean. The top number for disturbances during the daytime rest is 67 times. The longest coherent rest was 48 minutes and the shortest rest three minutes. Conclusion: The daytime rest is frequently being disturbed in spite of there being a structured daytime rest protocol. This leads to that the possibility for a rest to recover is to short to do so, which can lead to a prolonged stay at the ICU.

L’activité électrique du cerveau lors de l’éveil est traditionnellement décrite comme rapide, microvoltée, et « désynchronisée ». De récents travaux chez les rongeurs ont montré que l’activité de l’éveil est plus complexe et varie notamment avec les contraintes comportementales. Chez la souris, il est possible d’enregistrer localement dans le cortex somatosensoriel primaire (S1) deux types d’activités associées aux comportements d’éveil calme et d’éveil « actif », lors de l’exploration de l’environnement par les moustaches. La première étude de cette thèse a permis de montrer que les activités corticales dans S1 lors des éveils calme et actif sont sous le contrôle principal du thalamus et, dans une moindre mesure, du système cholinergique. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes : des enregistrements électrophysiologiques du thalamus et du cortex, l’activation optogénétique ou l’inactivation pharmacologique du thalamus. Au cours de la seconde étude, nous avons voulu savoir si le changement d’état d’éveil dans S1 s’observait dans d’autres structures. En réalisant des enregistrements multisites, nous montrons qu’il est possible d’observer ce changement d’état cortical suivant l’activité motrice de la souris en particulier dans les cortex sensori-moteurs (S1, sensoriel secondaire S2, moteur primaire M1), et de manière moins présente dans d’autres modalités sensorielles (auditif primaire Au1, visuel primaire V1), le pariétal associatif (PtA) ou l’hippocampe (dCA1). L’étude d’enregistrements multisites montre une hétérogénéité des activités corticales de l’éveil liée d’une part au comportement de l’animal, et d’autre part aux régions corticales considérées / The activity in the brain during wakefulness has been typically described as rapid, low amplitude and desynchronized. However, recent data on rodents support evidence for a more complex panel of activities depending on the behaviour. For instance, it has been shown in mice a state change in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) from quiet to active wakefulness while the animal is scanning the environment with its whiskers. In the first study, we show that this state change in S1 is under thalamic control and to a smaller extent a regulation by the cholinergic system. In order to study the underlying mechanism of the state change, we have recorded in S1 and the thalamus, and we have activated (optogenetic tools) or inactivated (with pharmacology) the thalamus. In the second part of this thesis work, we asked if the state change related to the behaviour was restricted to S1, or if it was also observed in other areas. We have done multiple recordings in several areas, and we show that it is possible to observe a state change related to muscular activity in sensori-motor areas (in S1, but also secondary sensory S2, and primary motor M1 cortex), and in a much less prominent extent in other sensory modalities (primary auditive Au1 and primary visual V1 cortex), in parietal associative cortex (PtA) and in hippocampus (dCA1). Thus, the multiple recordings in the secondary study show heterogeneity of cortical activities during wakefulness according to the behaviour and the cortical area recorded

This thesis explores South African author K Sello Duiker's The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001) as a narration of personal and national trauma. This narration of trauma, as a disruption of the past in the present, provides insight to an imagination of recursive temporality. Through the temporal insights trauma introduces, it understands a shared history which is outside of modern, linear progression, a history which is always happening, not needing to prove itself but begging to be witnessed. It is this imagination of a collective, recursive history which translates, in the text, towards a decidedly decolonial witnessing.

M.A. / The post-apartheid period has seen growing literary interest in issues of gender and sexuality. This dissertation reads literature as a type of cultural history and engages critically with the discursive and epistemological role of fiction within a broader palimpsest of discourses, theories and nomenclatures relating to sexuality. It maps the limitations of existing epistemological hierarchies and argues for the recognition of fiction as an ephemeral and complementary archive of same-sex subjectivities. While fiction can construct and shift signifying regimes, it also engages with the complexities and nuances of individual subjectivities as well as the affective elements of narratives in interesting and important ways. Focussing particularly on K. Sello Duiker’s The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001), Gerald Kraak’s Ice in the Lungs (2006), and Mark Behr’s Kings of the Water (2009), this dissertation examines the ways in which representations of non-heteronormative sexualities impact on post-transitional literary culture in South Africa. Transition-era texts and discourses tend to serve particular political imperatives that demand the politicisation of identities. This dissertation destabilises the existing taxonomies of sexual identities and foregrounds the fluidity of both sexual desire and individual subjectivities. Furthermore, this dissertation interrogates the signifying regimes and discursive practices with which same-sex intimacies between men are represented. In addition, it interrogates the prevailing frameworks for the study of masculinities and shows how the novels under consideration illustrate alternative ways of conceptualising gender performativity. While there are of course a multiplicity of masculinities, through a close reading of the novels I argue that the performativity of masculinities is produced by the indeterminate, though undeniable, intersections between cultural gender norms and individual agency. This dissertation’s analysis of gender representations identifies masculinities as the site for the interrogation of myriad historical and cultural discourses including those relating to the South African Defence Force, the anti-apartheid movement and post-apartheid Cape Town. Accordingly, I argue that the three post-transitional novels under consideration resist the politics of collective mobilisation and undermine ideologically-sanctioned ‘official’ histories. As both a literary and a cultural history, this dissertation engages not only with the literariness of the novels but also with how they contribute to a broader cultural history of same-sex male subjectivities in South Africa.

<p>Air intakes are a fundamental part of all high speed airbreathing propulsion concepts. The main purpose of an intake is to capture and compress freestream air for the engine. At hypersonic speeds, the intake’s surface and shock structure effectively slow the airflow through ram-air compression. In supersonic-combustion ramjets, the captured airflow remains supersonic and generates complicated shock structures. The design of these systems require careful evaluation of proposed operating conditions and relevant aerodynamic phenomena. The physics of these systems, such as the intake’s operability range, mass capture efficiency, back-pressure resiliency, and intake unstart margins are all open areas of research. </p> <p><br></p> <p>A high speed intake, dubbed the Indiana Intake Testbed, was developed for experimentation within the Boeing-AFOSR Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Purdue University. This inward-turning, mixed compression intake was developed from osculating axisymmetric theory and uses a streamtracing routine to create a shape-transitioned geometry. To account for boundary layer growth, a viscous correction was implemented on the intake’s compression surfaces. This comprehensive independent design code was pursued to generate an unrestricted geometry that satisfies academic inquiry into fluid dynamic interactions relevant to intakes. Additionally, the design code contains built-in analysis tools that are compared against CFD calculations and experimental data. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Two blockage models were constructed and outfitted with Kulite pressure transducers to detect possible intake start and unstart effects. Due to an error in the design code, the preliminary blockage models’ lower surfaces were oversized. The two intake models were tested over a freestream Reynolds number sweep, under noisy and quiet flow, at one non-zero angle of attack, and at a singular back-pressure condition. Back-pressure effects acted to unstart the intake and provide a comparison between forced-unstart and started states. The experimental campaign cataloged both tunnel starting and inlet starting conditions, which informed the design of the finalized model. The finalized model is presented herein. Future experiments to study isolator shock-trains, shock-wave boundary layer interactions, and possible instances of boundary layer transition on the intake’s compression surface are planned. </p>

The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) conducted in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, was a population-based study that focused on the prevalence of hearing loss among 3,753 participants between 1993 and 1995. This article reports the results of several auditory measures from 999 veteran and 590 nonveteran males 48 to 92 years of age included in the EHLS. The auditory measures included pure tone thresholds, tympanometry and acoustic reflexes, word recognition in quiet and in competing message, and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening (HHIE-S) version. Hearing loss in the auditory domains of pure tone thresholds, word recognition in quiet, and word recognition in competing message increased with age but were not significantly different for the veterans and nonveterans. No significant differences were found between participant groups on the HHIE-S; however, regarding hearing aid usage, mixed differences were found.