Bakgrund: Methicillin-resistenta staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) är en bakterie som utvecklat resistens mot antibiotika. MRSA är ett av sjukvårdens största hygien-relaterade problem som ökar världen över. Smittspridning sker via direkt och indirekt kontaktsmitta. Konstateras smittan ska patienten alltid ha isolerings- och barriärvård vilket vanligtvis sker på en infektionsavdelning.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva MRSA patienters upplevelser av omhändertagandet inom vården.Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte gjordes en litteraturstudie med granskning av studier med kvalitativ ansats. Litteratursökningen utfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Elva kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och sammanställdes till ett resultat.Resultat: Litteraturstudiens resultat delas in i fyra kategorier med en underkategori: Att känna skam och skuld med underkategorin att känna sig stigmatiserad, känsla av utanförskap, att känna sig kränkt och bristande kunskap och information. Resultatet visade att MRSA är ett ämne som varken patienter eller personal har mycket kunskap om. Kunskapen och informationen är bristande vilket kan påverka upplevelsen av bemötandet. Patienterna upplevde ett dåligt bemötande vilket hade stor påverkan på deras psykiska mående.Konklusion: Det som framkom i resultatet var att MRSA är ett ämne som kräver fortsatt forskning. Kunskapen om MRSA hos vårdpersonalen var bristfällig och måste utvecklas för att ett gott omhändertagande ska kunna ges och för att smittspridningen ska minskas.Nyckelord: Kunskapsbrist, känslor, MRSA, omhändertagande och upplevelser. / Background: Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that has developed a resistance to antibiotics. MRSA is one of hospitals greatest hygiene-related problems that are increasing around the world. The infection spreads through both direct and indirect contact. If the infection is detected, the patient should be placed in isolation with barrier care that usually occurs in an infection ward.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe MRSA patients' experiences of care within healthcare.Method: A literarture review was conducted of qualitative studies. The databases PubMed and CINAHL was used for literature search. Eleven qualitative papers were reviewed and compiled to a result.Results: The results of the literary review were divided into four categories with one subcategory: to feel shame and guilt with the subcategory to feel stigmatized, too feel like an outsider, to feel violated and lack of knowledge and information. The result showed that MRSA is a topic that neither patient nor staff has a lot of knowledge of. The knowledge and the information were inadequate which could affect the experience of the treatment. The patients were not met with good treatment which had a major impact on their psychological well being.Conclusion: What was found in the result was that MRSA is a topic that is in need of continued research overall. The knowledge of MRSA in healthcare personnel was inadequate and must be increased in order for proper care to be carried out and to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.Keywords: Emotions, experience, healthcare, lack of knowledge, MRSA.

The overall aim of this study is to study what experiences young Muslim women have of religious education in Sweden. The study examines how the respondents consider Islam and Muslim women are presented in religious education. The respondents are five young Muslim women between the ages of 19 and 25. The participants have taken part in schooling in a medium-sized town located in Sweden. The participants consider the religious teaching´s portrayal of Islam and Muslim women as provocative, negative and singled out. The respondents believe that the main reason for this is the teachers lack of knowledge about Islam. The participants have experienced elements in the teaching that have affected them negatively as they felt exposed in the classroom. Islam is often presented in relation to conflicts and violence, which the participants claim creates prejudices about the religion. Since the teachers according to the respondents possess too little knowledge about Islam, the consequences according to the participants will be a superficial education. The respondents claim that the teaching of Islam and the representation of Muslim women leads to the formation of stereotypical ideas. Based on the participant´s experiences, there are several shortcomings in the religious education. Since the Swedish school´s teaching should contribute to understanding of religion in order for the students to become respectful and understanding democratic citizens, a change is required, according to the participants.

Background: Loneliness among elderly is a public health concern in today’s society world-wide. Loneliness affects the body both mentally and physically and is often associated with mental disorder and depression, even though that may not be the real problem. Loneliness affects the elderly with severe suffering that leads to a decreased joy of life. Suicidal thoughts are common. It is important to identify loneliness in an early stage. The knowledge about loneliness is low among nurses. Increased knowledge about loneliness contributes to improved care and prevention of loneliness among the elderly. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the experience of loneliness among elderly. Method: A literature-based study based on qualitative research. Eleven articles were included through systematically research in CINAHL and PsycInfo. Inclusion criteria for selected articles were elderly over 65 years, based on English language and published 2014 – 2023. Friberg´s five step model was used to analyze the articles. Results: The study found that elderly people experienced loneliness in feelings through lack of purpose and meaningfulness in life. The aging body limited the elderly in their daily life and led to the feeling of loneliness. Closeness to spouse, friends or family were important for not experiencing loneliness. Establishing new routines, finding acceptance, being active and having the freedom to choose whether being alone or not, were all coping strategies against experienc-ing loneliness. Conclusion: Lack of context, aging body and lack of social network were all considered as contributing factors in feelings of loneliness among elderly people.

Bakgrund: Patienter med suicidalitet upplever mycket stigma och hindervid vårdsökandet. Omvårdnaden vid sjukvårdsbesök kan upplevas sombristfällig och sjuksköterskans bemötande kan resultera i att en vägg uppstårsjuksköterske-patient relationen. Sjuksköterskors omvårdnadsansvar är attvårda relationer med patienter och agera som en bro. Bristfällig vård tillpatienter kan medföra förlängd vårdtid, samt risk för dödsfall. Syfte: Syftetvar att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie utfördes genom en systematiskdatainsamling. Resultat: Resultatet visade tre huvudkategorier: empiri- ochevidensbaserad kunskap inom omvårdnad av suicidala patienter,sjuksköterskors professionella förhållningssätt vid omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter och känslomässiga konsekvenser vid omvårdnad av suicidalapatienter. Omvårdnaden belyses utifrån kommunikativt- ochinterprofessionellt perspektiv; även sjuksköterskors stress, samt påverkan avpatientsuicid. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor upplever brister i kunskaper omomvårdnad till patienter med suicidalitet. Interprofessionellt samarbeteökade patientsäkerheten samt minskade sjuksköterskors stress. Merevidensbaserad utbildning och kommunikativt förhållningssätt behövs föratt utveckla och öka säkerheten inom omvårdnad av suicidala patienter. / Background: Patients with suicidality experience a considerable amount ofstigma and obstacles in seeking care. The nursing care amid medical visitsmay be perceived as inadequate and the nurse's approach may result in awall arising in the nurse-patient relationship. The responsibilities of nursesare to nurture the relationship with patients and act as a bridge. Insufficientcare of patients may cause extended treatment periods, as well as risk ofdeath. Purpose: The purpose was to outline nurse‟s experiences of nursingcare to people with suicidality. Method: A general literature review withsystematic data retrieval was conducted. Result: The result described threemain categories: empirical and evidence based knowledge in nursingsuicidal patients, the nurses professional approach in nursing suicidalpatients and the emotional consequences in nursing suicidal patients. Nursecare was implicated from a communicative- and interprofessionalperspective; additionally nurses stress and the impact of patient suicide wasillustrated. Conclusion: Nurses experience lack of knowledge in nursingcare to people with suicidality. Interprofessional collaboration increasedpatient safety and reduced nurses' stress. Further evidence based educationand a communicative approach is needed in order to improve and developsafety in nursing of suicidal patients.

Lindgren, H. Patienters erfarenheter av hur deras sömn påverkas inom slutenvården – en litteraturstudie. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2023.  Bakgrund: Sömnrelaterade problem kan resultera i både kortsiktiga och långsiktiga hälsokonsekvenser som leder till ett ökat omvårdnadsbehov. Kunskapen om betydelsen av sömn är bred men trots det är inte sömnen högt prioriterad inom slutenvården.  Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av hur deras sömn påverkas inom slutenvården. Metod: Litteraturstudien baseras på tio vetenskapliga studier, sex stycken med kvalitativ studiedesign och fyra stycken med mixed metod. Databassökningen gjordes i PubMed, Cinahl och Psychinfo. Studierna kommer från olika länder, är från åren 2005–2021 och var skrivna på engelska. Granskningen gjordes med SBU:s kvalitetsgranskningsmall. En av studierna var av hög kvalitet och nio av studierna var av medelhög kvalitet. Resultat: Fyra huvudteman identifierades: Patienters sömnupplevelser relaterade till vårdmiljön, Omvårdnadsarbetets påverkan på sömn, Fysiologiska och psykologiska faktorer och Upplevelsen av individualiserad vård och dess påverkan på sömn. Huvudtemana består upp av 12 subteman.  Slutsats: Sömn är en viktig faktor för hälsa, men patienters sömn på sjukhus påverkas negativt av olika faktorer som exempelvis vårdmiljö, smärta och ångest samt avsaknaden av individualiserad vård. Patienter behöver en mer personcentrerad vård som är individuellt anpassad efter patientens behov och preferenser. / Lindgren, H. Patients’ experience of how their sleep is affected in inpatient care – a literature review. Degree project in Nursing science 15 Credit point. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care science, 2023.  Background: Sleep-related problems can result in both short-term and long-term health consequences which leads to an increased need for care. Knowledge about the importance of sleep is broad, but despite this, sleep is not a high priority in inpatient care. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to highlight patients’ experiences of how their sleep is affected in inpatient care. Method: The literature study is based on ten scientific articles, six with a qualitative study design and four with a mixed method. The database search was done in PubMed, Cinahl and Psychinfo. The studies come from different countries, are from the years 2005–2021 and were written in English. The review was based on SBU's quality review template. One of the studies was of high quality and nine of the studies were of medium quality.Results: Four main themes were identified: Patients' sleep experiences related to the care environment, Nursing Work's impact on sleep, Physiological and psychological factors and The experience of individualized care and its impact on sleep. The main themes consist of 12 subthemes.Conclusion: Sleep is an important factor for health, but patients' sleep in hospital is negatively affected by various factors such as the care environment, pain and anxiety and the lack of individualized care. Patients need more person-centred care that is individually adapted to the patient's needs and preferences.

Sigmoid curves have found broad applicability in biological sciences and biopharmaceutical research during the last decades. A well planned experiment design is essential to accurately estimate the parameters of the model. In contrast to a large literature and extensive results on optimal designs for linear models, research on the design for nonlinear, including sigmoid curve, models has not kept pace. Furthermore, most of the work in the optimal design literature for nonlinear models concerns the characterization of minimally supported designs. These minimal, optimal designs are frequently criticized for their inability to check goodness of fit, as there are no additional degrees of freedom for the testing. This design issue can be a serious problem, since checking the model adequacy is of particular importance when the model is selected without complete certainty. To assess for lack of fit, we must add at least one extra distinct design point to the experiment. The goal of this dissertation is to identify optimal or highly efficient designs capable of checking the fit for sigmoid curve models. In this dissertation, we consider some commonly used sigmoid curves, including logistic, probit and Gompertz models with two, three, or four parameters. We use D-optimality as our design criterion. We first consider adding one extra point to the design, and consider five alternative designs and discuss their suitability to test for lack of fit. Then we extend the results to include one more additional point to better understand the compromise among the need of detecting lack of fit, maintaining high efficiency and the practical convenience for the practitioners. We then focus on the two-parameter Gompertz model, which is widely used in fitting growth curves yet less studied in literature, and explore three-point designs for testing lack of fit under various error variance structures. One reason that nonlinear design problems are so challenging is that, with nonlinear models, information matrices and optimal designs depend on the unknown model parameters. We propose a strategy to bypass the obstacle of parameter dependence for the theoretical derivation. This dissertation also successfully characterizes many commonly studied sigmoid curves in a generalized way by imposing unified parameterization conditions, which can be generalized and applied in the studies of other sigmoid curves. We also discuss Gompertz model with different error structures in finding an extra point for testing lack of fit. / Statistics

The purpose of mixture experiments is to explore the optimum blends of mixture components, which will provide desirable response characteristics in finished products. D-Optimal minimal designs have been considered for a variety of mixture models, including Scheffe's linear, quadratic, and cubic models. Usually, these D-Optimal designs are minimally supported since they have just as many design points as the number of parameters. Thus, they lack the degrees of freedom to perform the Lack of Fit tests. Also, the majority of the design points in D-Optimal minimal designs are on the boundary: vertices, edges, or faces of the design simplex. In this dissertation, extensions of the D-Optimal minimal designs are developed to allow additional interior points in the design space to enable prediction of the entire response surface. First, the extensions of the D-Optimal minimal designs for two commonly used second-degree mixture models are considered. Second, the methodology for adding interior points to general mixture models is generalized. Also a new strategy for adding multiple interior points for symmetric mixture models is proposed. When compared with the standard mixture designs, the proposed extended D-Optimal minimal design provides higher power for the Lack of Fit tests with comparable D-efficiency. / Statistics

Yes / The use of foodbanks has risen sharply in the UK; however, the epidemiology of UK food insecurity is undeveloped. This study contributes to the field by analysing socio-demographic risk factors for food insecurity in a female, ethnically diverse population. Methods Data from the Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort were matched with data on food insecurity from the nested BiB1000 study (N = 1280). Logistic regression was used to model food insecurity in relation to ethnicity and socio-demographic factors. Results Food insecurity, reported by 13.98% of the sample, was more likely among White British than Pakistani women (crude Odds Ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% CI: 1.37; 2.74, adjusted OR 2.37, 95% CI: 1.57; 3.59). In fully adjusted analyses, food insecurity was associated with a range of socio-economic measures, particularly the receipt of mean-tested benefits (adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.41; 3.15) and perception of financial insecurity (adjusted OR 8.91, 95% CI: 4.14; 19.16 for finding it difficult/very difficult compared to living comfortably). Conclusions The finding that food insecurity prevalence may be higher than previously thought and that food insecurity is highly associated with socio-economic status, notably benefit receipt, is a cause for concern necessitating an urgent policy response.

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Bakgrund: Forskning visar att valet av födelseplats har betydelse för kvinnans förlossningsupplevelse. Hemförlossning vid en lågriskgraviditet är ett säkert alternativ till att föda på sjukhus dock är intresset för hemförlossning låg i Sverige. För att kvinnor ska kunna göra ett aktivt val krävs en medvetenhet om de alternativ som finns. Författarna ställer sig frågande till om kvinnor i Sverige vet om att hemförlossning existerar. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors kunskap och förståelse för hemförlossning i Sverige. Metod: Nitton kvinnor har fått besvara en frågeguide om hemförlossning. Svaren analyserades med en kvalitativ hermeneutisk textanalys. Resultat: Kunskapen om hemförlossning har visat sig variera. I resultatet framkommer 4 huvudteman och 8 underteman. Huvudteman består av ”Kvinnors intresse för hemförlossning varierar”, ”Informationens betydelse för beslutstagande”, ”Hinder för hemförlossning i Sverige” och ”Hemförlossning som en rättighet”. Konklusion:Studien påvisar att det finns en risk att kvinnor inte känner till att hemförlossningen existerar. Det påvisar även större hinder för möjligheten att göra ett aktivt val av födelseplats samt att genomgå en hemförlossning. / Background: Research shows that the choice of place of birth is important for the woman's birth experience. Home birth in a low-risk pregnancy is a safe alternative to giving birth in a hospital, however, interest in home birth is low in Sweden. In order for women to be able to make an active choice, an awareness of the alternatives available is required. The authors ask themselves whether women in Sweden know that home birth exists. Aim: To shed light on women's knowledge and understanding of home birth in Sweden. Aim: To shed light on women's knowledge and understanding of home birth in Sweden. Method: Questionguide analyzed with a qualitative hermeneutic text analysis. Results: Knowledge about home birth has been shown to vary. The result shows 4 main themes and 8 sub-themes. The main themes consist of "Women's interest in home birth varies", "The importance of information for decision-making", "Obstacles to home birth in Sweden" and "Home birth as a right".Conclusion: The study shows that there is risk that women do not know that homebirth exists. It also shows greater obstacles to the possibility of making an active choice of place of birth and undergoing a homebirth.