Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Toledo.pdf: 1422789 bytes, checksum: bc7db628d8c25a109a8bfd6111bb65d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / A growing body of evidence shows that plants anticipate responses of stress as a result of signals transmitted by neighboring plants. Transmit signal of lack of water between plants is a factor that adds complexity in the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems. Knowing more about this ability of plants can be useful for agriculture, mainly agro-forestry systems, and for reforestation efforts. By this way, this job was done to try to find more evidences of lack of water signaling transmission. To do this, stomata aperture related parameters (leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure) were used to find possible effects of plants under lack of water on their neighborhood. Stomatal aperture, leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure are parameters that indicates plant water status. Two experiments were done, one measured leaf temperature, and other leaf turgor pressure. Glycine max was used as experimental model. The seedlings roots were pruned, leaving only two roots similar per plant ("split-root"). The split-root plants were arranged in sets, with 4 pots and 3 plants (with each plant roots was divided into two pots). To induce sudden lack of water, mannitol solution was used (-2MPa), applied in the first pot. Leaf temperature was monitored by thermographic camera, and the leaf turgor was monitored by magnetic probe leaf turgor pressure (ZIM-probe). Data analysis was based on graphic interpretation. Leaf temperature variation was synchronous among plants of each set. The variation of leaf turgor in the day of induction to stress was completely changed from the previous day in half of sets. The sets which turgor variation was changed also showed sync. Environmental conditions, namely air temperature, and air relative humidity, were monitored and showed no correlations with the variation in leaf temperature or leaf turgor pressure. Sync indicates that there was communication. It is possible that lack of water communication among plants increases population stability. Stability in population can increase the fitness. So, it is possible that communication of lack of water among plants is a characteristic that has been shaped by natural selection, and distributed among taxa. / É crescente o número de evidências de que plantas antecipam respostas a estresses em consequência da sinalização emitida por plantas vizinhas. Transmitir sinal de falta de água entre plantas é um fator que acrescenta complexidade na dinâmica de populações, comunidades e ecossistemas. Conhecer mais sobre essa capacidade das plantas pode ser útil para agricultura, principalmente sistemas agro- florestais, e para esforços de reflorestamento. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi realizado para tentar encontrar mais evidências da transmissão de sinal de falta de água entre plantas. Para tanto, foram utilizados parâmetros relacionados à abertura estomática (temperatura e turgor foliar) para medir os efeitos de uma planta sob falta de água sobre plantas vizinhas. A abertura estomática, a temperatura e o turgor foliar são parâmetros indicativos do status hídrico. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um medindo a temperatura, outro a pressão de turgor foliar. Foi usado Glycine max como modelo experimental. As plântulas foram submetidas à poda, deixando-se apenas duas raízes semelhantes por planta ( split-root ). As mudas foram arranjadas em séries com 4 potes e 3 plantas (cada planta ficou com suas raízes divididas entre dois potes). Para induzir falta de água repentina, foi utilizada solução de manitol (-2 MPa), aplicado no primeiro pote. A temperatura foliar foi monitorada com uma câmera termográfica e o turgor foliar foi monitorado pela sonda magnética de pressão de turgor foliar (ZIM-probe). A análise dos dados foi feita em cima da interpretação dos gráficos. A variação de temperatura foliar aconteceu de forma sincrônica entre as plantas de cada série. A variação do turgor foliar foi totalmente alterada depois do estresse em metade das repetições. Nas séries onde o turgor foi alterado houve sincronia também. As condições ambientais de temperatura do ar, e de umidade relativa do ar, foram monitoradas e não mostram correlação com as variações de temperatura e turgor foliar. A sincronia indica que tenha havido comunicação. É possível que a comunicação de falta de água aumente a estabilidade de populações. Populações mais estáveis podem ter mais chances de deixar mais descendentes para próximas gerações. Assim, é provável que a capacidade de comunicar a falta de água a outras plantas seja uma característica moldada pela seleção natural e distribuída dentre os táxons.

This paper presents a study on how the Swedish EU committee has processed and implemented the Lisbon Treaty. More specifically, the eight article; provision on democratic principles. The eight article intends to increase the level of political participation among the citizens of EU. Therefore, the study also provides the perspective of the citizens of Sweden regarding whether they think they can affect the decisions made by the EU and also, whether they actually do participate in the democratic life provided by the EU. Through combining the work of the EU committee and the perspective of the Swedish people, the study contributes with a wide perspective that can understand how the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty has turned out. What this study has presented is that the work of the EU committee has been limited, which also reflects the Swedes’ engagement in participatory democracy. In addition to this, there are also split opinions whether they think they can affect the political decisions made by the EU.

This study examines the convoluted challenges of different professions and their duty to report to Social Services if suspicion or knowledge of a child being in physical or mental danger occurs. In Sweden this is regulated by the law 14:1 SoL that requires personnel in their work with minors to report the slightest concern of danger without any circumstances. Previous research studies have found that there are noticeable lack of reports within the professions covered by this law. The degree of reporting differs between the professional groups that have a reporting obligation, but what all have in common is that the reporting rate is low in all. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to examine different professionals’ experiences of being in the process of reporting concern of a child, with focus on possible contexts that put professionals in ethically difficult situations. To answer these questions we’ve performed semi-structured interviews with six different professionals from four different organisations in Malmö. The analysis is based on two theories which are professional ethics and normative ethics. The final conclusions were that these theories combined with the empirical data generated in three different themes that causes difficulties within the process of reporting to Social Services. These themes were: relationships and trust, policies and guidelines, and norms and values. In decision-making, an internal ranking arises between norms, values ​​and obligations in relation to the policies and guidelines that are relevant in the workplace. In the event of disruptions within these factors, it can be difficult to maintain a good and a legally safe work ethic which could lead to a lack of reports to Social Services.

Swedish agency for health technology assessment and assessment of social services (SBU) published a scientific study on a knowledge gap in coordinated planning for people with mental disabilities. The aim of our paper is to identify research relevant regarding coordinated individual plans (SIP) and individual plan (IP) for people with mental disabilities from both the patient's and professional perspectives and investigate the collaboration and knowledge of the professionals. Inclusion criteria was qualitive and quantitative studies with an aim to study coordinated individual plans for individuals with mental disabilities. Studies in English, Swedish and studies from Scandinavia were included. The searches were performed on the following databases: PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift.  Keywords for the searches were Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care management. Eight studies were included as reference material in our paper. A result of our studies of the publishing’s we found that Norway and Sweden have similar legislation for the SIP/IP process. Hence Sweden and Norway are included as subjects for study in this essay. Results was that professions within healthcare and social services both have a lack of knowledge of the SIP/IP process. Furthermore both countries act quite similar, however there is a difference in interpretation in different parts of the respective country in how the planning-process works. The most important results are that there is an extensive lack of knowledge in how the SIP/IP process works. Another result was that the SIP/IP process becomes personal. In Norway, it´s mandatory for a coordinator to be appointed, this is lacking in the Swedish legislation. Depending on which person becomes coordinator, the SIP/IP process is regarded differently and thus end sup different. The analysis showed that boundary spanners could work to enable good collaboration between organizations and thus simplify the SIP/IP process. At the same time, the SIP/IP process becomes vulnerable if the planning process is tied to one person. The analysis shows that a communication system, documentation template and a national approach could also facilitate a homogenous SIP/IP process.

Swedish agency for health technology assessment and assessment of social services (SBU) published a scientific study on a knowledge gap in coordinated planning for people with mental disabilities. The aim of our paper is to identify research relevant regarding coordinated individual plans (SIP) and individual plan (IP) for people with mental disabilities from both the patient's and professional perspectives and investigate the collaboration and knowledge of the professionals. Inclusion criteria was qualitive and quantitative studies with an aim to study coordinated individual plans for individuals with mental disabilities. Studies in English, Swedish and studies from Scandinavia were included. The searches were performed on the following databases: PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift. Keywords for the searches were Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care management. Eight studies were included as reference material in our paper.A result of our studies of the publishing’s we found that Norway and Sweden have similar legislation for the SIP/IP process. Hence Sweden and Norway are included as subjects for study in this essay. Results was that professions within healthcare and social services both have a lack of knowledge of the SIP/IP process. Furthermore both countries act quite similar, however there is a difference in interpretation in different parts of the respective country in how the planning-process works. The most important results are that there is an extensive lack of knowledge in how the SIP/IP process works. Another result was that the SIP/IP process becomes personal. In Norway, it´s mandatory for a coordinator to be appointed, this is lacking in the Swedish legislation. Depending on which person becomes coordinator, the SIP/IP process is regarded differently and thus end sup different. The analysis showed that boundary spanners could work to enable good collaboration between organizations and thus simplify the SIP/IP process. At the same time, the SIP/IP process becomes vulnerable if the planning process is tied to one person. The analysis shows that a communication system, documentation template and a national approach could also facilitate a homogenous SIP/IP process. / SBU identifierade 2013 en kunskapslucka gällande samordnade vårdplaner för personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Denna kunskapslucka skapade en nyfikenhet om hur forskningen ser ut inom området. Syftet är att kartlägga forskningen gällnade samordnad individuell plan (SIP) och Individuell plan (IP) för personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning utifrån både patientens och professionellas perspektiv samt kartlägga samverkan och kunskapen hos de professionella. Under arbetets gång framkom det att Norge hade liknande lagstiftning som Sverige med individuell plan (IP) varav även Norge inkluderades i uppsatsen. Inkluderade syfte ska innehålla samordnad individuell plan eller individuell plan. Metoden kan vara av med kvantitativ eller kvalitativ art. Populationen ska bestå av personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning eller professionella inom socialtjänst och hälso- och sjukvård som arbetar med samordnad individuell plan med personer som har en psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Peer reviewed artiklar inkluderas. Språket ska vara svenska eller engelska. Artiklar som enbart hanterar somatisk sjukdom och samordnade individuella planer exkluderades. Rapporter, som ej är peer reviewed, från exempelvis SKR eller annan myndighet exkluderades. Artiklar som inte är skrivna på svenska eller engelska exkluderades. Sökningarna genomfördes i PubMed, APAPsycInfo, Academic search Elite, Cinahl Plus, MEDLINE, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, SocINDEX, Social Services Abstract, Swemed+, SwePub, Socialvetenskaplig tidsskrift. Följande nyckelord inkluderas i sökningen: Samordnad individuell plan, Individual plan, Coordination, Mental disorders, Mental retard*, Mental disab*, Patient care managment. Totalt 8 artiklar inkluderades i uppsatsen. Viktigaste resultaten är att det är omfattande kunskapsbrist i hur SIP/IP-processen går till. Det finns olika tolkningar i olika delar av länderna samt olika uppfattning inom hälso-och sjukvården och i socialtjänsten på hur SIP/IP ska gå till. Ett annat resultat var att SIP/IP-processen blir personbunden. I Norge är det lagstadgat att en koordinator ska utses, vilket saknas i svensk lagstiftning. Utifrån vilken person som blir en koordinator eller samordnare bli SIP/IP-processen olika. Analysen visade på att boundary spanners skulle kunna fungera för att möjliggöra god samverkan mellan organisationer och således förenkla SIP/IP-processen. Samtidigt blir SIP/IP-processen sårbar om planeringen är uppbunden på en person. Ett kommunikationssystem, dokumentationsmall och ett nationellt tillvägagångssätt skulle också kunna underlätta SIP/IP-processen visar analysen.Författarna föreslår ytterligare forskning på SIP/IP som en intervention. Diskussion förs i uppsatsen om en möjlighet till fritt val av kommunala insatser, likt det fria vårdvalet.

A big concern when painting surfaces is the unevenness of the surface texture that is created by the paint. This is a well known problem for the automotive industry, referred to as The Orange Peel Effect, creating a surface texture like that of an orange. This project aims to answer if the currently used Wave Scan could be replaced with the new Optimap to measure the Orange Peel Effect. A standardized measurement of this Orange Peel Effect are the N1 and N3 values, calculated through the BMW-Ford-scale and used by Volvo Trucks. In the first part of this report five models are created and evaluated to make the measurements from the new Optimap comparable with the currently used Wave Scan. In this report it is shown that N1 and N3 could be estimated such that hat(N1) = 2, 551813 + 0, 018900 ∗ Tb + 0, 089610 ∗ Td hat(N3) = 3, 862056 − 0, 014959 ∗ Tb + 0, 019958 ∗ Tc + 0, 067837 ∗ Td where Tb,Tc and Td are measurements from Optimap. By replacing Wave Scan with Optimap Volvo Trucks would be able to measure underlying layers like the matte base coat. Volvo suspects that the underlying layers could affect the top coats surface structure. If this is true it could then be further investigated and in turn optimized. This first part is modelled using measurements from plates which are painted with the truck cabs. These plates are measured with both tools and 110 paired measurements are used for the modelling. The variance is analyzed using another set of 24 plates with 6 replicates each, yielding 144 paired masurements. The two tools measures significantly differently for different wave lengths. Some of Optimaps measurements are also significantly different between the replicates of the same plate. The second part of this project is to evaluate the effect that the base coat has on the end product surface structure. Volvo Trucks is interested in the trends over time in the orange peel. This is done using data acquired from the production line, with truck cabs measured with base coat applied and cabs with top coat applied. Does the base coat follow the same trends? The result is that, due to lack of paired data, not enough evidence is found to either support nor reject the hypothesis that the base coat affects the end products surface texture. A significant difference between the different base coats is found. This is discussed and taken into account in the third part. The third part consists of a recommendation to Volvo Trucks on how to use the Optimap and further investigate the possible predictors of orange peel. This recommendation mainly focuses on reducing the number of variables. This could be done with only one type of top coat painted on the different base coats, using the same type of base surface for every measurement. The surface could then be measured before and after the top coat is applied to aquire paired data. This could be done in a laboratory in small-scale, and depending on the outcome more experiments could be constructed. In future studies one can investigate one of the base coats further. The same experiment could then be done with different alternations of one base coat instead of using several.

The diploma thesis is about the current problem of the lack of nurses, in particular general, children and practical nurses in the environment of the Czech health care. In the introduction of the theoretical part, there is an overall view of the current lack of workers in these professions and the consequences that this deficit brings to the Czech hospitals. Furthermore, the theoretical part is about several topics that are generally identified as causes of the lack of interest in this profession due to the lack of nurses. These are especially the issues of education of nurses, salaries and also the prestige of a nurse's profession. The area of competence in nursing professions is elaborated as a supplement chapter, to the overall view of current issues. The empirical part includes eleven interviews with nurses in senior positions (ward and head nurses in hospitals), the topics of which are processed in the theoretical part. The interviews were processed as thematic analysis with the help of open coding. Particularly, data obtained from a discussion group of nurses on social networks was used to illustrate the situation. The final part of the thesis contains the evaluation of the interviews, the answers to the research questions, the comparison of the opinions of the respondents with the publicly...

Over the past few years there is an increase in globalization and construction industry companies are becoming more aware of the environmental and social aspects in construction projects. Companies have to make a profit and carry out an obligation towards the community. The reason for introducing codes of conduct is to ensure that companies and persons within the construction industry become more socially responsible and adopt it into their daily businesses due to community pressures. It is essential to enforce codes of conduct throughout the construction industry professions, including all stakeholders and team members within the construction industry. This study has sought to determine the main reasons why some quantity surveyors might not always apply the code of conduct in an ethical and professional manner, as well as to identify possible ways how the code of conduct can be improved, be upheld and implemented more successfully in South Africa. Questionnaires were used to collect data from some quantity surveyors in South Africa. The aim of the questionnaire was to identify how some quantity surveyors implement the code of conduct, where the possible gaps in the code of conduct are and how the current code of conduct can be improved. The data determined that the code of conduct needs to be regularly improved in order to stay up to date with current ethical situations that quantity surveyors face daily in South Africa, as well as that some quantity surveyors have a lack of education and proper understanding of the codes of conduct, lack of keeping up to date with the Code and the guidance in which they serve. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Construction Economics / MSc (Quantity Surveying) / Unrestricted

In order to complement existing empirical research on democratic consolidation in Kenya and the role of the judiciary in particular, this mini-­‐dissertation analyses the relationship between judicial appointment processes and judicial independence in Kenya. The escalation of corruption, centralisation and abuse of power by the executive, the lack of government accountability and post-­‐election conflict of 2007 is linked to the dominance of the executive and corresponding subservience of the judiciary. Historically, judicial appointments have been the ambit of the President. The powers given to the President to appoint and remove judges have resulted in judicial appointments premised on allegiance to the executive rather than on upholding justice and the Bill of Rights. To rectify this deficiency, the 2010 Constitution has introduced a merit based system of judicial appointments that meets international standards on judicial independence. The new process requires the President to limit his appointments to the recommendations of a Judicial Service Commission whose responsibility it is to shortlist candidates through a transparent public process. An analysis of the selection of Kenya’s sitting Chief Justice and Deputy Chief Justice demonstrates that the reformed judicial appointment process has delegitimised the executive’s dominance over the judiciary and by so doing has placed Kenya on the road restoring judicial independence. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

For today’s digital native students, digital translation tools appear to be the most favoured help tools in language classes. The day of the paper dictionary has gone and this is being followed closely by online dictionaries and thesauruses. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the knowledge concerning the role digital translation tools have in the teaching and learning of English at secondary school level. Specifically, it looks at the use of digital translation tools, the possibilities and challenges they present both in and outside of the classroom, and what way teachers perceive their impact to be on English language learning outcomes. Perceptions were gathered from eight English teachers during recorded, semi-structured interviews, both group and individual. These were transcribed then analysed using a thematic analysis. The analysis and results highlight a growing concern that students are using digital translation tools in the lower grades and many appear to lack confidence in their language abilities. Furthermore, it is clear that teachers see the use of digital translation tools as one means of help, not the only means, and that it is important to test students’ knowledge by regulating the use of these tools from time to time. Teachers have mixed opinions concerning the general standard of English being affected by the use of digital translation tools. This study has also raised the question of the possibility of a growing dependency on digital translation tools among students in lower grades, an area needing more research.