This study aims, through a critical discourse analysis (CDA), to elucidate discourses in Swedish parliamentary debates between 2019 and 2022 which relate to multilingualism in Swedish schools. Furthermore, the study aims to identify underlying language ideologies and examine the manner in which multilingual students are represented within the discourses. The results show four different discourses which all construe multilinguals and multilingualism in different ways. Permeating the first three is a dominant monolingual conception, in which other languages than the majority language are discarded or only deemed relevant in private affairs, which is reflected in part in the representation of multilingual students. Two of the identified discourses have an othering effect, where these students are represented as incompetent, linguistically and/or culturally deviant, as a burden on teachers as well as fellow students, or as victims in need of rescuing as a consequence of unsuccessful political attempts at integration. One of the discourses construes students' whole linguistic repertoires as resources for education and personal development, and students are represented as competent, curious, and in possession of valuable experience and knowledge. Despite a pluralistic shift in legislation and official policy pertaining to language and multilingualism, a monolingual norm still dominates political discourse regarding language and education in Sweden.

In order to illustrate, I begin this report with an account of some of my experiences as a bilingual teacher, instructing curriculum designed to elicit student reflections their language ideologies and engaging praxis. The data includes student responses to a writing prompt and interview which elicited their language ideologies. Some of the student comments were striking due to their recognition of the higher status of English. The student-collected data aided me in evaluating my curriculum and instruction and inform my future practice. My report ends with a proposal to investigate these issues more deeply by conducting a study on student language ideologies. / text

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2017-10-27T13:02:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertacao final Vanessa.pdf: 1671764 bytes, checksum: d0ec83de42722ca5c5da43365457c0b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-27T13:02:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) dissertacao final Vanessa.pdf: 1671764 bytes, checksum: d0ec83de42722ca5c5da43365457c0b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como contexto quatro localidades da área rural de Prudentópolis – PR, que são conhecidas pela descendência dos moradores, que estão relativamente ligadas aos imigrantes eslavos (ucranianos e poloneses). Os participantes desta pesquisa ainda hoje usam as línguas de imigrantes para as interações dentro da comunidade; com isso, muitas crianças têm essas línguas como língua materna. O foco do trabalho está nos usos linguísticos dessas crianças e das professoras no contexto escolar, entendendo que esses usos constituem políticas linguísticas situadas, que por sua vez são orientadas por ideologias linguísticas. Esses sujeitos, nos seus usos, se apropriam e (re-)significam políticas linguísticas oficiais. Desse modo, os objetivos desta pesquisa são: 1. investigar as políticas linguísticas nas interações realizadas nas comunidades e nas duas escolas multisseriadas em que esses alunos estudam, bem como 2. analisar estas políticas construídas por estes sujeitos, nas ações relativas ao contexto escolar; 3. refletir como as ideologias linguísticas dos sujeitos constituem e são constituídas pelas políticas linguísticas produzidas nessas ações e 4. investigar como a escola trabalha com esses alunos, focalizando as línguas usadas no contexto escolar. Para atender a esses objetivos, foi necessário realizar uma pesquisa etnográfica, com observações de aulas e do contexto escolar de modo mais amplo, anotações em diário de campo, gravações de aulas e entrevistas semi estruturadas com as professoras das turmas e com os pais dos estudantes. As análises dos dados gerados indicam que os sujeitos destas comunidades produzem políticas linguísticas relacionadas às línguas eslavas e também às línguas portuguesas faladas neste contexto, demarcando fronteiras linguísticas e também promovendo legitimação e deslegitimação destas línguas. No que se refere ao processo escolar, percebe-se que, na escola analisada, os sujeitos promovem uma política de pedagogia culturalmente sensível, de modo que a professora não só permite o uso das línguas imigrantes por seus alunos, como também trabalha usando estas línguas nas interações em sala de aula. Contudo, em assuntos relacionados aos conteúdos do livro didático, que envolvem a escrita e a leitura, a língua portuguesa é a que predomina. Com esta pesquisa foi possível perceber que os sujeitos promovem políticas linguísticas situadas, as quais dialogam com as políticas oficiais e orientam e são orientadas por ideologias linguísticas. / This paper has as context four localities of the rural area of Prudentópolis - PR, that are known by the descendants of the residents, who are relatively related to the Slavic immigrants (Ukrainian and Polish). Participants in this research still today use immigrant languages for interactions within the community; With this, many children have these languages as their mother tongue. The focus of the work is on the linguistic uses of these children and the teachers in the school context, understanding that these uses are situated linguistic policies, which in turn are guided by linguistic ideologies. These subjects, in their uses, appropriate and (re-) signify official linguistic policies. In this way, the objectives of this research are: 1. to investigate the linguistic policies in the interactions carried out in the communities and in the two multisite schools in which these students study, as well as to analyze these policies constructed by these subjects in the actions related to the school context; 3. to reflect how the linguistic ideologies of the subjects constitute and are constituted by the linguistic policies produced in these actions and 4. to investigate how the school works with these students, focusing on the languages used in the school context. In order to meet these objectives, it was necessary to conduct an ethnographic research, with observations of classes and the school context in a broader way, notes in field diary, class recordings and semi structured interviews with class teachers and students' parents. The analyzes of the data indicate that the subjects of these communities produce linguistic policies related to the Slavic languages and also to the Portuguese languages spoken in this context, demarcating linguistic borders and also promoting legitimation and delegitimation of these languages. As far as the school process is concerned, it can be seen that, in the analyzed school, the subjects promote a pedagogical policy culturally sensitive to the monolingual teaching, so that the teacher not only allows the use of the immigrant languages by its students, but also works Using these languages in classroom interactions. However, in subjects related to the contents of the textbook, which involve writing and reading, the Portuguese language predominates. With this research it was possible to perceive that the subjects promote localized linguistic policies, which dialogue with the official policies and orient and are guided by linguistic ideologies.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Linguistics, Language and Communication) / At independence, Namibia chose English as its official language and therefore its language of learning and teaching (LOLT). This decision has been well supported and therefore there has been an expectation among Namibians that learning English as early as possible is important because it will open many doors to the future (Harris, 2011). However, since the introduction of English as LOLT, government documents and other relevant literature have revealed poor performance of learners and falling standards of teaching (Iipinge, 2013). Despite this revelation, no study has been done in Namibia to investigate the effects of the current Language in Education Policy (LEP) on the teaching and learning of different school subjects. Therefore, this study focuses on critical questions regarding the effects of the current Namibian LEP on the teaching and learning of English Second Language (ESL) in Northern Namibia, with a special focus on one of the most demanding skills in second language learning: essay writing. Besides this, the study looks at the writing problems of learners and the intervention strategies that teachers are using to help learners overcome or reduce writing problems.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T12:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Denise Pimenta de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 2835663 bytes, checksum: 7a777384304d405a8ac8a3be3f0c99c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T12:17:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Denise Pimenta de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 2835663 bytes, checksum: 7a777384304d405a8ac8a3be3f0c99c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:17:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Denise Pimenta de Oliveira - 2018.pdf: 2835663 bytes, checksum: 7a777384304d405a8ac8a3be3f0c99c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 / This research seeks to problematize language ideologies present in metadiscourses mobilized by indigenous teachers in training at University of Goiás Intercultural Education program as a way of: drawing attention to what these historically marginalized subjects think about language; and reflecting upon Linguistic Studies' and the program's own epistemological bases. This study stems from a qualitative ethnographic orientation, in an effort to situate its subjects in specific times and spaces in order to think about language ideologies enacted and to connect them to a broader historical, political and social macrocontext. The data are composed of oral and written statements generated in classroom activities, during stages that took place in the university, related to training for language teaching in intercultural contexts and, consequently, meta-reflection. The analysis was based on theoretical postulates of contemporary sociolinguistics and their intersections with anthropological linguistics and related areas, framed in the paradigm of Latin American decolonial thinking. It aims at recognizing the modern/colonial heritage of hegemonic language conceptions and trying to problematize how this heritage impacts language ideologies enacted by indigenous teachers and, at the same time, how it can be redefined or challenged in these same ideologies and in the language practices observed. The goal is to, from the data generated, establish an inter-epistemic dialog with theses indigenous teachers in training, understanding them as thinking subjects that theorize about language and problematize their realities. / Esta pesquisa tem como principal objetivo problematizar as ideologias de linguagem emergentes em metadiscursos mobilizados por docentes indígenas em formação superior no curso de Licenciatura em Educação Intercultural da Universidade Federal de Goiás, como forma de evidenciar o que esses sujeitos, historicamente marginalizados e subalternizados, pensamsobre língua e de refletir sobre as próprias bases epistemológicas dos estudos linguísticos e do referido curso. Este estudo parte de um direcionamento qualitativo de cunho etnográfico, em um esforço de situar os sujeitos participantes em tempos e espaços específicos para pensar sobre as ideologias de linguagem acionadas e conectá-las a um macrocontexto histórico, político e social mais amplo. Os dados desta pesquisa são compostos de enunciados orais e escritos gerados em contexto de sala de aula, durante etapas que ocorreram na universidade, em temas relativos à formação para o ensino de línguas em contextos interculturais e, consequentemente, à metarreflexão. Partimos de pressupostos teóricos da sociolinguística contemporânea e suas intersecções com a linguística antropológica e áreas afins e enquadramos nosso estudo no paradigma do pensamento decolonial latino-americano, reconhecendo a herança moderna/colonial das concepções hegemônicas de língua e procurando problematizar como essa herança impacta as ideologias de linguagem acionadas pelos docentes indígenas e, ao mesmo tempo, como ela pode ser ressignificada ou desafiada nessas mesmas ideologias e ainda nas práticas de linguajamento observadas. Pretendemos, a partir dos dados gerados, estabelecer um diálogo interepistêmico com esses docentes indígenas em formação, compreendendo-os como sujeitos pensantes, formuladores de teorizações sobre língua, intelectuais que problematizam suas realidades.

This research concerns a Kuna-Spanish bilingual elementary school in Panama City, founded for Kuna children by Kuna teachers. Based on ethnographic and linguistic fieldwork, this research investigates the socio-cultural context for the emergence of the school and the ways that students, teachers and parents, together with Kuna elders, navigate the path of indigenous schooling. The process of negotiating linguistic and cultural meanings in Kuna-language education includes both "traditionalized" Kuna forms of learning and informal education in and around the home. These various foundations of Kuna knowledge, from the use of Kuna oral history to eating Kuna food in the home, are incorporated into the curriculum in various ways, highlighting the potential of schooling as a place of knowledge production for indigenous peoples that is culturally inclusive. At the same time, the manner in which Kuna identity is indexed in the school is uneven. It is liberating in some moments while very restrictive in others, reflecting similar patterns, often in relation to state-sponsored notions of "multiculturalism" in the Kuna community and in the broader context of Panamanian society. In order to fully explore the complexities of the school and its workings, this research explores the Kuna experience in Panama City, where more than half of the Kuna population currently resides. This dissertation is a contribution to the fields of linguistic anthropology and the anthropology of education, analyzing the case of an urban Kuna school that employs both Western and indigenous pedagogy and content, with specific implications for studies of language socialization, bilingual education and educational politics for indigenous peoples. / text

Previous studies on nonnative English speaker teachers (NNESTs) (Reyes & Medgyes, 1994; Samimy & Brutt-Griffler, 1999; Llurda, 2008; Rajagopalan, 2005) and publications in World Englishes (WEs), English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and English as an international language (EIL), have analyzed and documented how prevailing ideologies rooted in "the myth of the native speaker" (Pennycook, 1994; Canagarajah, 1999; Kramsch, 2000), "the native speaker fallacy" (Phillipson, 1992) and associated ideologies generate discrimination and affect students and teachers' sense of self-worth. By making use of telecollaboration to determine how L1 Spanish speaking Colombian EFL pre-service teachers' interactions with U.S. heritage Spanish speakers (HSSs) influence the Colombian future teachers' self-perceptions as (non) native speakers and future teachers, this study responds to scholars' concerns to diversify the scope of explorations on NNESTs (Samimy & Kurihara, 2008; Llurda, 2008). Examining the ideological side of the native vs. non-native speaker dichotomy in telecollaboration, this research seeks to reverse the tendency to study interactants' exchanges mainly as a language feedback process through which "native speakers" support those who are not native speakers. Under an overarching qualitative phenomenological case study research design, the first article's pre-assessment of participants' self-perceptions of (non) nativeness found that the myth of the native speaker, the native speaker fallacy and associated ideologies permeated participants' self-images as language speakers and prospective teachers. Nevertheless, their ongoing education and the perceived benefits of becoming skillful language users contrasted with the harmful effects of these ideologies. Based on findings in the first article, the second study determined that in adopting meaning making abilities as their center of interest in telecollaboration, most participants focused less on the achievement of idealized native speaker abilities. Their interaction with U.S. peers generated confidence in their use of English, self-criticism of their skills in Spanish and a tendency to embrace the idea that they could succeed as English teachers. The intercultural and sociocultural nature of telecollaboration as a potential resource to leverage Colombian prospective teachers' self-perceptions constitutes the core of the last manuscript. Cooperative relationships with U.S. peers provided participants affective and knowledge-based resources to build more favorable views of themselves, attitudes to confront the detrimental effects of nativespeakership ideologies, and informed judgments to dismantle them. The pedagogical implications section discusses the need to revise the current EFL perspective providing the framework for English language teaching and learning in Colombia, avenues for strengthening students' ideological literacy through telecollaborative tasks and the potential integration of telecollaboration in the language teacher education curriculum as a means to increase participants' linguistic, intercultural and pedagogical abilities, and to cultivate more favorable self-images.

This dissertation investigates the development of progressive Christianity. It explores the ways in which progressive Christian churches in Canada adopt biblical criticism and popular theology. Contributing to the anthropology of Christianity, this study is primarily an ethnographic and linguistic analysis that juxtaposes contemporary conflicts over notions of the Christian self into the intersecting contexts of public discourse, contending notions of the secular and congregational dynamics. Methodologically, it is based upon two-and-a-half years of in-depth participant observation research at five churches and distinguishes itself as the first scholarly study of progressive Christianity in North America. I begin this study by outlining the historical context of skepticism in Canadian Protestantism and arguing that skepticism and doubt serve as profoundly religious experiences, which provide a fuller framework than secularization in understanding the experiences of Canadian Protestants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In doing so, I draw parallels between the ways that historical and contemporary North American Christians negotiate the tensions between their faith and biblical criticism, scientific empiricism and liberal morality. Chapter Two seeks to describe the religious, cultural and socio-economic worlds inhabited by the progressive Christians featured in this study. It focuses on the worldviews that emerge out of participation in what are primarily white, middle-class, liberal communities and considers how these identity-markers affect the development and lived experiences of progressive Christians. My next three chapters explore the ways that certain engagements with text and the performance or ritualization of language enable the development of a distinctly progressive Christian modality. Chapter Three investigates progressive Christian textual ideologies and argues that the form of biblical criticism that they employ, along with entrenched concerns about the origins of the Christian faith ultimately, leads to a rejection of the biblical narrative. Chapter Four examines the ways in which progressive Christians understand individual 'deconversion' narratives as contributing to a shared experience or way of being Christian that purposefully departs from evangelical Christianity. The final chapter analyses rhetoric of the future and argues that progressive Christians employ eschatological language that directs progressive Christians towards an ultimate dissolution.

This dissertation investigates the development of progressive Christianity. It explores the ways in which progressive Christian churches in Canada adopt biblical criticism and popular theology. Contributing to the anthropology of Christianity, this study is primarily an ethnographic and linguistic analysis that juxtaposes contemporary conflicts over notions of the Christian self into the intersecting contexts of public discourse, contending notions of the secular and congregational dynamics. Methodologically, it is based upon two-and-a-half years of in-depth participant observation research at five churches and distinguishes itself as the first scholarly study of progressive Christianity in North America. I begin this study by outlining the historical context of skepticism in Canadian Protestantism and arguing that skepticism and doubt serve as profoundly religious experiences, which provide a fuller framework than secularization in understanding the experiences of Canadian Protestants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In doing so, I draw parallels between the ways that historical and contemporary North American Christians negotiate the tensions between their faith and biblical criticism, scientific empiricism and liberal morality. Chapter Two seeks to describe the religious, cultural and socio-economic worlds inhabited by the progressive Christians featured in this study. It focuses on the worldviews that emerge out of participation in what are primarily white, middle-class, liberal communities and considers how these identity-markers affect the development and lived experiences of progressive Christians. My next three chapters explore the ways that certain engagements with text and the performance or ritualization of language enable the development of a distinctly progressive Christian modality. Chapter Three investigates progressive Christian textual ideologies and argues that the form of biblical criticism that they employ, along with entrenched concerns about the origins of the Christian faith ultimately, leads to a rejection of the biblical narrative. Chapter Four examines the ways in which progressive Christians understand individual 'deconversion' narratives as contributing to a shared experience or way of being Christian that purposefully departs from evangelical Christianity. The final chapter analyses rhetoric of the future and argues that progressive Christians employ eschatological language that directs progressive Christians towards an ultimate dissolution.

The aim of the study is to examine how identity constructions and categorizations affecting individuals that are learning a second language are created in political documents in Sweden. Furthermore, the study inquires the paradoxical dilemma which occurs between the keyword integration which characterizes the discourse of Swedish politics and the way individuals who acquire a second language are referred to and described in parliamentary motions, and which linguistic ideologies as well as epistemologies that are behind these statements. The critical discourse analysis, the ideology criticism and the syntactic analysis form the basis for this study together with a qualitative approach. Study results has shown how the authors of parliamentary motions categorize and attributes individuals who acquire a second language specific identity constructions. Categorizations were created with imaginary boundaries between the swede/the Swedish and the immigrant/minority group. Individuals who acquire a second language were assigned identity constructions as invandrare (immigrant) and flykting (refugees) and these identity constructs attributed specific characteristics. Overall, the identity construction that was given the immigrant was often based on characteristics such as lack of swedish knowledge, in the absence of moral qualities, in the absence of motivation and sense of responsibility, lack of parenting, different values and norms than Swedish. The second identity construction that was not explicitly expressed in the parliamentary motions but still was present in the form of the achievable identity contruction that immigrants should aim for, was the identity construction as the swede/the Swedish. The identity construction ’Swedish’ implied implicit qualities such as knowledge in the swedish language, the correct moral qualities, good parenting and the right values and the right normsystem. Furthermore, the syntactic analysis showed that parliamentary motions were written in a specific way that positioned the central subject first in the process, those subjects were often those that could be characterized as Swedish or having the task to make the minority group Swedish. For example the Swedish as a second language education, laguage (in this case the Swedish langage), We (as in We – the majority group) and a language- and social test for naturalization. Based on the analysis and the conclusion it becomes obvious that the parliamentary motions are written from an ideology perspective which relies on homogenism.