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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Ultraestrutura de vermes adultos e cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni (CEPA SIM) e identificação de proteínas de ligação à LDL humana em vermes adultos

Pereira, Adriana da Silva Andrade 17 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Amanda Silva (amanda.osilva2@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-11T13:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Adriana da Silva Andrade Pereira.pdf: 6828087 bytes, checksum: 9d66e9700be0a70e927b955ee06cb850 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T13:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Adriana da Silva Andrade Pereira.pdf: 6828087 bytes, checksum: 9d66e9700be0a70e927b955ee06cb850 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / CNPq; CAPES / Schistosoma mansoni, é um dos mais importantes parasitas que infectam seres humanos. No nordeste do Brasil, a esquistossomose é historicamente endêmica e considerada como um problema de saúde pública. No estado de Pernambuco, particularmente no litoral e zona da Mata, predomina a cepa São Lourenço da Mata (SLM). Estudos ultraestruturais desta cepa até então ainda não foram realizados, embora análises morfométricas e morfológicas de outras cepas existentes no Brasil já tenham sido publicadas na literatura. Os vermes são bem adaptados ao hospedeiro, tendo a sua longevidade vista como uma conseqüência do eficaz escape do sistema imune. Na circulação sanguínea os vermes devem obter lipídios a partir do hospedeiro, já que eles não sintetizam tais compostos, sendo as lipoproteínas plasmáticas a possível fonte de tais lipídios, além de poderem atuar mascarando o reconhecimento do verme pelo sistema imune. Neste trabalho, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) foi utilizada para a análise morfológica e morfométrica de cercárias e vermes adultos de S. mansoni cepa SLM, bem como para estudar a interação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) com o tegumento do parasito. Também foram usadas diferentes técnicas para a localização e identificação das proteínas envolvidas no processo de absorção e/ou transporte de lipoproteínas no verme adulto de S. mansoni. As cercárias foram obtidas de caramujos Biomphalaria glabrata e os vermes adultos de camundongos machos Mus musculus e Swiss, ambos infectados pela cepa SLM de S. mansoni. Os resultados da SEM mostraram que os corpos da cercárias são cobertos por espinhos, com uma ventosa ventral, uma ventosa oral com receptores sensoriais, e um par de glândulas de penetração na cabeça. Seu comprimento total variou de 174 a 290μm. O comprimento dos vermes adultos machos foi de 4mm e das fêmeas 5mm. O comprimento da região anterior do macho foi de 470μm e 271μm para o sexo feminino. Todos os parâmetros foram realizados em dez amostras. Os valores encontrados na morfometria da cepa SLM foram menores que em outras cepas de S. mansoni já descritas. Através da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), os experimentos de imunomarcação mostraram partículas de ouro localizadas dentro do tegumento, na região muscular e espículas dos machos e em torno das células vitelínicas das fêmeas. A utilização de técnicas tais como imunoblotting e “liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry” (LC-MS) proporcionaram a identificação no S. mansoni de duas formas diferentes da chaperona Hsp 70, proteínas envolvidas na interação com a apo-B e o seu transporte para o retículo endoplasmático, sendo responsável também pela ruptura das interações clatrina-clatrina na endocitose humana. Com a descoberta destas proteínas, novos estudos serão necessários para esclarecer o papel funcional das mesmas no S. mansoni.
112

Análise ultraestrutural da interação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) humana com o tegumento do Schistosoma mansoni e identificação da proteína ligante de LDL

da Silva Andrade Pereira, Adriana 31 January 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1276_1.pdf: 1492422 bytes, checksum: a909298503f5ea7da3bf64aee390832f (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A esquistossomose mansônica é uma doença endêmica em várias partes das América e da África, causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni. Segundo dados da Organização Mundial de Saúde existem entre 200 e 300 milhões de pessoas infectadas no mundo e aproximadamente 1 bilhão sob risco. O verme adulto do Schistosoma mansoni adquiriu uma habilidade peculiar para escapar do ataque do sistema imune do hospedeiro. Muitos mecanismos têm sido propostos para explicar a sobrevivência do parasita, um deles é a aquisição de lipoproteínas plasmáticas. O que chama a atenção para as lipoproteínas nestes mecanismos é o fato de os esquistossômulos não sintetizarem nem colesterol, nem ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, entretanto, estes compostos estão presentes nas suas estruturas. Provavelmente, eles adquirem do hospedeiro através da interação do tegumento do verme com as lipoproteínas no sangue do animal infectado. Neste trabalho, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, eletroforese 2-D e immunoblotting foram utilizadas como ferramentas para estudar a interação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) com o tegumento do Schistosoma mansoni e identificar a proteína ligante de LDL. Depois de 50 dias de infecção (100 cercárias, cepa São Lourenço da Mata - SLM), camundongos albinos (Mus musculus) foram sacrificados e os vermes adultos retirados, os quais foram separados para incubação com LDL para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e preparação do extrato para identificação da proteína ligante de LDL. Os vermes foram lavados e incubados em meio de cultura RPMI 1640 + 10% (v/v) de soro deficiente de lipoproteína (LPDS), contendo 40 μg de LDL/mL durante 30, 60, 120 min. Vermes controles foram processados da mesma forma sem LDL. O extrato de proteínas foi obtido e 200 μg de proteínas foram aplicadas em fitas gradiente de pH imobilizado (IPG strip), 7 cm, pH=3-10, seguidos de focalização isoelétrica no sistema Multiphor II (GE Healthcare) e SDS-PAGE. Proteínas foram transferidas para membranas de PDVF, e bloqueadas com caseína 3%. Subsequentemente, incubações foram feitas com soro humano, anticorpo policlonal anti-LDL (chicken) e conjugado peroxidase anti-chicken (IgG). A membrana foi revelada com substrato TMB e duas bandas foram identificadas apresentando pesos moleculares e pontos isoelétricos (pI) de 55.5 kDa e pI 5.12 e de 28.5 kDa e pI 7.17, respectivamente. Os resultados da microscopia eletrônica de varredura demonstraram uma maior interação de partículas de LDL com a região dorsal mediana do parasita, em relação à outras regiões do tegumento. Agregados lipoprotéicos foram observados nas incubações de 30 e 60 min, sendo verificado uma diminuição na incubação de 120 min. O tamanho das partículas de LDL diminuiu com o tempo de incubação, esses resultados sugerem que a redução do tamanho das partículas pode ser devido ao uso dos lipídeos das lipoproteínas pelo verme. Concluímos que a identificação da proteína ligante poderá ajudar novos projetos terapêuticos, levando a um bloqueio da interação LDL/parasita e consequentemente a morte dos vermes
113

LDL eletronegativa em pacientes renais crônicos sob hemodiálise e diálise peritoneal e sua relação com o estado nutricional / Electronegative LDL in chronic renal patients under hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and its relationship with nutritional status

Julie Calixto Lobo 13 November 2007 (has links)
A modificação oxidativa da LDL possui um papel crucial na patogênese da aterosclerose que é uma das principais causas de mortalidade nos pacientes renais crônicos. Uma subfração de LDL modificada in vivo, denominada LDL eletronegativa (LDL-), é formada a partir de modificações da parte protéica (ApoB100) e lipídica (fosfolípides, triglicérides e colesterol) da LDL induzidas por diversos mecanismos. A LDL (-) tem menor afinidade pelos receptores da LDL, é citotóxica para células endoteliais e apresenta atividade pró-inflamatória, quando comparada à LDL nativa. Com o objetivo de investigar as alterações do estado nutricional relacionadas à formação da LDL(-) nos pacientes renais crônicos, analisou-se neste estudo as concentrações plasmáticas de LDL(-), anticorpos IgG anti-LDL(-) e seus imunocomplexos em pacientes sob hemodiálise (HD, n=25) ou sob diálise peritoneal (DP, n=11) e indivíduos saudáveis (grupo controle, n=10), relacionando-as ao perfil lipídico e às concentrações plasmáticas de α-tocoferol e ascorbato. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração de LDL(-) foi maior (p<0.01) nos pacientes hemodialisados (575,6±233,1µg/mL) quando comparados aos pacientes submetidos à diálise peritoneal (223,4±117,5 µg/mL) e aos controles (54,9±33,3µg/mL). Os níveis de anticorpos IgG anti-LDL(-) foram mais elevados (p<0,00001) nos controles (O,36±0,09µg/mL), quando comparados aos pacientes DP (0,28±0,12µg/mL) e HD (0,2±0,1 µg/mL). As concentrações dos imunocomplexos no grupo controle (0,35±0,20µg/mL) foram significativamente maiores comparadas às dos grupos HD (0,15±0,07µg/mL) e DP (0,22±0,07µg/mL). Não houve diferença das concentrações plasmáticas de ascorbato e de alfa-tocoferol (normalizada pela concentração de colesterol) nos grupos estudados. A maioria da população estudada estava eutrófica, segundo o índice de massa corpórea (IMG). Conclui-se que as concentração de LDL(-) nos pacientes HD e DP foram significativamente mais elevadas, enquanto os níveis de anticorpos IgG anti-LDL(-) foram menores, nos pacientes HD e DP comparados ao grupo controle. As análises de correlação demonstraram que os valores de prega cutânea tricipital (PCT) se correlacionaram diretamente com as concentrações plasmáticas dos imunocomlexos (r= 0,37; p= 0,01) e inversamente com as concentrações plasmáticas de LDL(-) (r= - 0.37; p= 0,018). As concentrações plasmáticas dos anticorpos anti-LDL(-) se correlacionaram diretamente com os valores do IMC (r= 0,83 p=0,00001) e da circunferência da cintura (r= 0,75 p= 0,0001). / A minimally modified form of LDL, with structural ApoB100 modification and lower affinity by LDL receptors, has been described in blood plasma. This circulating modified form of LDL, named electronegative LDL, LDL(-), has increased negative charge, higher cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory activity as compared to the native LDL. This LDL-is poorly described in hemodialysis and there is no study in peritoneal dialysis patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation of the nutritional status with the amount of electronegative LDL (LDL-), its autoantibodies and immune complexes (IC) in dialysed patients. LDL(-), its autoantibodies and IC were determined by ELISA in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and compared to subjects without CKD (controls). Nutritional status, lipid profile and plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate and immune complexes (IC) were also evaluated. Results are expressed as median of LDL-(µg/mL) and anti-LDL(-) IgG (OD405 nm). The concentrations of LDL(-) were higher in HD patients (575.6±233.1 µg/mL) as compared to PD (223.4±117.5µg/mL) and control groups (54.9±33.3µg/mL) (p<0.01). The anti-LDL(-) IgG auto-antibodies were elevated in controls (0.36±0.09µg/mL) in relation to PD patients (0.28±0.12µg/mL) and HD patients (0.2±0.1 µg/mL) , (p<0.00001). A negative correlation was observed between anti¬-LDL(-)lgG and LDL(-) levels (r = -0.43; P = 0.003) in the studied groups. The concentrations of le in the control group (0.35±0.20µg/mL) were higher compared with HD (0.15±0.07µg/mL) and PD (0.22±0.07µg/mL) groups. No differences were found for the plasma levels of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol (normalized by cholesterol concentration) among the studied groups The body mass index (BMI) was normal in the majority of the studied subjects. The highest LDL(-) concentrations were found in HD patients, and for the first time, we showed that PD patients also have high levels of LDL(-) when compared with non-CKD subjects. The levels of anti-LDL(-) IgG in CKD patients were lower compared to controls. The correlation analysis showed that the values for triceps skin fold were positively correlated with blood plasma concentrations of IC (r= 0.37; p=0.01) and negatively correlated with LDL(-) concentrations (r= - 0.37; P 0.018). The concentrations of anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies were directly ·correlated with BMI (r= 0.83 p=0.00001) and waist circunference (r= 0.75 p= 0.0001).
114

Efeito hipocolesterolêmico do extrato fenólico de inflorescência de capim gordura (Melinis minutiflora) em coelhos / Hipercolesterolemic effect of phenolic extract of capim gordura’s inflorescence (Melinis minutiflora)

Alviárez Gutierrez, Eliana 20 February 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-27T15:54:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1344208 bytes, checksum: 6d23294279e04319b061a4c91551a9fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T15:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1344208 bytes, checksum: 6d23294279e04319b061a4c91551a9fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / O consumo de alimentos com compostos fenólicos tem aumentado na redução de risco de doenças como câncer, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia. Na procura de novas fontes com potencial terapêutico, este trabalho teve como um dos objetivos quantificar os compostos fenólicos presentes no extrato da inflorescência de capim gordura mediante a quantificação de fenóis totais por Follin ciocalteu, antocianinas totais e determinação antioxidante pelo método ABTS•+. A capacidade para reduzir o nível de colesterol sérico foi feita por meio da avaliação do perfil lipídico no plasma sanguíneo e mediante a histomorfometria foi determinada sua capacidade hepatoprotetora nos coelhos de raça Nova Zelândia. No estudo foram utilizados 25 coelhos de raça Nova Zelândia que tiveram um período de adaptação de 5 dias e mantidos em condições controladas, e foram divididos em 5 grupos que receberam os seguintes tratamentos: Grupo 1 (R), 125g de ração e água a vontade; Grupo 2 (RCA), 125g de ração contendo 1% de colesterol, 0,1% ácido cólico e água a vontade; Grupo 3 (RE), 125g de ração, água a vontade e 2mL de extrato (0,88mg/2mL); Grupo 4 (RCAE1), 125g de ração contendo 1% de colesterol, 0,1% ácido cólico, água a vontade e 2mL de extrato de capim gordura (0,88mg/2mL); Grupo 5 (RCAE2), 125g de ração contendo 1% de colesterol, 0,1% ácido cólico, água a vontade e 1mL de extrato de capim gordura (0,44mg/1mL). Foram realizadas três coletas de sangue antes de iniciar o experimento (dia 0), nos dias 30 e 60, na última coleta foi feita a coleta do fígado dos animais. As analises sanguíneos foram realizadas mediante método colorimétrico e se avaliaram os parâmetros de colesterol total, colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL), colesterol de alta densidade (HDL), colesterol de muito baixa densidade (VLDL), triacilgliceróis, proteínas totais, albumina, creatinina, glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina transferase (ALT), gamma GT e fosfatasse alcalina. Na análise histológica foi realizada a histomorfometria do fígado. O extrato da inflorescência de capim gordura apresentou um teor de fenóis totais de 603 mg AGE.100g-1, para antocianinas foi de 99,4 mg.100g-1 cianidina 3 glicosídeos e a atividade antioxidante do extrato foi de 3672 μMTrolox. 100 g-1 de inflorescência sendo valore similares a frutos de consumo diário. Na avaliação do efeito hipocolesterolêmico se observou que os tratamentos que tiveram dieta com colesterol e adição do extrato fenólico da inflorescência de capim gordura, apresentaram diminuição do colesterol total e LDL de 59 e 60% aos 30 dias do experimento respectivamente. Além disso, se observou que os tratamentos com dieta rica em colesterol e extrato fenólico, tiveram efeito hepatoprotetor. Com estes resultados obtidos o extrato fenólico da inflorescência de capim gordura, pode se considerar uma nova fonte natural de antioxidante com aplicação industrial e clínica. / The consumption of foods with phenolic compounds has increased in reducing risk of diseases like cancer, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia. The search for new sources with therapeutic potential, this work aimed to quantify the phenolic compounds present in the capim gordura’s inflorescence (Melinis minutiflora) by the total phenols quantification by Follin Ciocalteu, anthocyanin quantification and antioxidant determination by the ABTS•+. Was determined the ability to reduce serum cholesterol level by assessing the lipid profile in blood plasma and was determined its hepatoprotective capacity by histomorphometry in New Zealand white rabbits. Were used 25 male New Zealand rabbits, had an adaptation period of five days, under controlled conditions, and were divided into five groups to the following treatments: Group 1 (R), 125g of food and water; Group 2 (RCA), 125g diet containing 1% cholesterol, 0.1% cholic acid and water; Group 3 (SR), 125g of feed, 2 mL of extract and water (0.88mg/2mL); Group 4 (RCAE1) 125g diet containing 1% cholesterol, 0.1% cholic acid, 2ml of extract and water (0.88mg/2mL); Group 5 (RCAE2), 125g diet containing 1% cholesterol, 0.1% cholic acid, water and 1 mL of extract (0,44mg / 1mL). These were submit to three-blood samples collection; before to starting the experimental study (0 days), to 30 days and 60 days, on the last collection in addition the liver tissues was collect. Blood analyzes were performed by colorimetric method and evaluated the parameters of total cholesterol, low density cholesterol(LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), triglycerides, total protein, albumin, creatinine, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), gamma GT and alkaline phosphatase. The histological analysis was performed morphometric of the liver. The inflorescence extract presented a total phenol content of 603 mg AGE.100g-1 for anthocyanins was 99.4 mg.100g-1 cyanidin 3 glycosides and the antioxidant activity of the extract was γ67β μMTrolox. 100 g-1 inflorescence being value similar to fruit daily consumption. In assessing the hypocholesterolemic effect was observe that the treatments had high cholesterol diet and phenolic extract addition, showed a decrease in total and LDL cholesterol of 59 and 60% at 30 days of the experiment respectively. Furthermore, it was observe that the treatment with a high cholesterol diet and phenolic extract had hepatoprotective effect. With these results, the inflorescence extract, can be considered a new source of natural antioxidant that could have industrial and clinical application.
115

Lipidförändrande effekten av niacin

Amin, Benai January 2020 (has links)
Niacin som upptäcktes för 70 år sedan är en substans som än i dag studeras mycket kring. Men fortfarande är man inte överens om niacin verkligen har en signifikant effekt på kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Verkningsmekanismen för niacin är ännu oklar, men forskning pekar på att hämmad syntes av triglycerider resulterar i en minskad LDL-koncentration. HDL-ökningen tros bero på en hämmad nedbrytning av HDL-partiklar, och därmed blir en större mängd HDL kvar i blodet. Nuvarande lipidbehandling består först och främst av en balanserad kost och ökad fysisk aktivitet. Vid otillräcklig effekt sätts läkemedelsbehandling in, som består av statiner, resiner, fibrater och hämmare av kolesterolupptag i tarmen. Syftet med detta arbete är att studera om niacin, både som monoterapi och i kombination med andra lipidsänkande preparat, har en påverkan på blodlipidvärdena HDL, LDL och triglycerider, hos människor. Genom systematisk litteratursökning har artiklar samlats in för att kunna sammanställa resultaten. Alla tio studierna som inkluderades kom fram till att niacin, antingen i kombination med andra lipidsänkande preparat eller som monoterapi, har en signifikant effekt på lipoproteinerna. Resultaten visade en LDL-sänkning upp till 58,5% (i kombination), den högsta HDL-ökning var 50% (monoterapi) och högsta triglycerid-sänkningen var 51,7% (i kombination). Dock är niacins effekt på LDL och triglycerider likartad eller sämre än dagens lipidsänkande preparat. Niacin har däremot en större effekt när det kommer till HDL-ökningen. Därför bör det göras flera och större studier gällande niacins effekt på HDL. Om studierna visar positiva resultat bör det övervägas för användning hos patienter med låg HDL. Dock orsakar biverkningarna en sämre följsamhet, och eventuella analoger till niacin bör utvecklas, detta för att inte gå miste om en eventuellt potent HDL-ökande behandling. Slutsatsen för detta arbete är att i människa har niacin en signifikant effekt på lipoproteinerna LDL och HDL samt lipiden triglycerider. Behandling med niacin leder till en sänkning av LDL och triglycerider samt en markant ökning av HDL.
116

Asociación entre la participación en programas de asistencia alimentaria y patrones del perfil lipídico en Perú. / Association between food assistance program participation and lipid profile patterns in Peru

Paredes-Aramburú, Jacqueline, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio January 2018 (has links)
Purpose: To assess whether the participation in food assistance programs (Community Kitchens and Glass of Milk) was associated with lipid profile patterns in the Peruvian population. We conducted a secondary data analysis using data from the National Survey of Nutritional, Biochemical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Indicators related to Chronic Degenerative Diseases. The sample included individuals aged ≥20 years, selected from five geographic strata in Peru. From each stratum a random sample of clusters was chosen. Different Poisson regression models with robust variance were built to determine the association between food assistance programs and participant lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)). Data from 4028 participants was analyzed, 123 (3.1%) reported being beneficiaries of the Community Kitchens program and 827 (20.5%) were beneficiaries of the Glass of Milk program. An association between being a beneficiary of Community Kitchens and increased LDL-c (Prevalence ratio (PR)= 2.33; 95% CI: 1.18–4.59) was found. Being a beneficiary of the Glass of Milk program increased the probability of having low HDL-c levels (PR= 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.14), but reduced the probability of hypertriglyceridemia (PR= 0.70; 95% CI: 0.56–0.88). Being a beneficiary of the Community Kitchen program was associated with increased LDL-c levels; while, being a beneficiary of the Glass of Milk increased the probability of low HDL-c, but reduced the probability of developing hypertriglyceridemia. / Revisión por pares
117

The Functional Characterization of PCSK9's Binding Interactions with LDL and the LDL Receptor

Matyas, Angela 04 June 2020 (has links)
Elevated plasma cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) hinders the uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) by mediating degradation of LDL receptors (LDLRs) in the liver. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PCSK9 cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In normolipidemic human plasma, 30-40% of PCSK9 is bound to LDL particles, and this association with LDL inhibits PCSK9’s ability to mediate LDLR degradation in cultured cells. To further investigate the physiological relevance of this interaction, we analyzed natural GOF mutations in PCSK9 and assessed their effects in vitro on LDL binding, LDLR binding and LDLR degradation. Our results indicate that several GOF mutations severely inhibit LDL binding compared to wild type (WT) PCSK9, and only modestly affect LDLR affinity and LDLR degradation. These findings shed light on the potential physiological relevance of the PCSK9-LDL interaction, which may have an inhibitory effect on PCSK9 activity in vivo.
118

Monogenic hypercholesterolemia in South Africans : familial hypercholesterolemia in Indians and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100

Rubinsztein, David Chaim January 1993 (has links)
LDL-receptor mutations and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (codon 3500) (FOB), the known causes of monogenic hypercholesterolemia (MH), have similar clinical features. The nature of the mutations responsible for MH in South Africans of Indian origin was previously unknown. Similarly, the mutations in the LDL-receptor gene of a South African Black FH homozygote had also not been characterised. The aim of this thesis was to identify and analyse the LDL-receptor mutations in the Indian homozygotes NS, D, AV and AA and in the Black homozygote JL. In addition, the possible importance of FOB as a cause of MH in South Africans was also assessed. The patient NS was characterized as having two "Null" LDL-receptor alleles. His skin fibroblasts expressed no detectable LDL-receptor protein and very low levels of LDL-receptor mRNA of approximately normal size. Since NS' s LDLreceptor promoter sequence was normal, his alleles are likely to harbour exonic point mutations or minor rearrangements that cause premature stop codons. The patient D was found to be a heteroallelic homozygote. Two new point mutations in the LDL receptor, Asp₆₉ -Tyr and Glu₁₁₉-Lys, were identified. D's fibroblasts expressed about 30% of the normal surf ace complement of receptors that bound LDL poorly. This low number could at least be partially explained by their decreased stability. These mutations were not identified in any other Indian FH or hypercholesterolemic patients. Patients AV and AA were both shown to be homoallelic homozygotes for the Pro₆₆₄ -Leu mutation. This mutation was identified in 4 unrelated Muslim families of Gujerati origin suggesting that the mutation arose from this area in India. Contrary to previous reports (Knight et al. 1990, Soutar et al. 1989), neither LOL nor β-VLDL binding were shown to be affected by this mutation. These mutant receptors were rapidly degraded. Thus the disease FH in these subjects is presumably due to the low steady-state level of mature receptors that are functionally normal but exhibit accelerated turnover. The Pedi FH homozygote, JL, expressed very few LOL receptors due to decreased receptor synthesis associated with low mRNA levels and not due to enhanced degradation. One of JL's LOL receptor alleles has a 3 b.p. deletion in repeat 1 of the promoter (G. Zuilani, H. Hobbs and L.F. de Waal, personal communication). The nature of the defect in his other allele is unknown. The importance of FOB as a cause of monogenic hypercholesterolemia in the South African Indian, "Coloured" and Afrikaner populations was determined by screening hypercholesterolemic subjects with or without xanthomata. The absence of FOB in such patients, in whom the relevant common or founder South African mutations were excluded, suggested that this disorder was rarer in these groups than in North America and Europe. FOB was identified in two different families of mixed British and Afrikaner ancestry. One family contained individuals who were heterozygous for the FOB mutation, as well as the FH Afrikaner-1 and the FH Afrikaner-2 LOL-receptor mutations. In addition, 4 compound heterozygotes, who had both FOB and the FH Afrikaner-1 mutation and one individual whu inherited all 3 defects, were identified. This family allowed us to characterise the compound heterozygotes with one mutant LOLreceptor allele and FOB as having a condition that was probably intermediate in severity between the FH heterozygote and homozygote states.
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B9-17: A suitable construct for apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein assembly studies

Sepulveda Chervony, Melyorise 03 November 2015 (has links)
Atherosclerosis, hardening and narrowing of the arteries, is the principal underlying cause of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease, which kills more than 600,000 Americans each year. High plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are linked to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries. LDL is the last metabolic product of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which is secreted from the liver along with one molecule of apolipoprotein B (apoB). Current therapies to control levels of LDL include: cholesterol synthesis inhibitors or statins, low-fat diets and antisense oligonucleotides to reduce cholesterol levels. Recent studies recommend lower clinical levels of plasma LDL to maintain an individual’s health, especially of those who have already developed atheroscle- rotic plaques. However, existing therapies are often unable to achieve these aggressive limits. Furthermore, patients have shown various levels of intolerance to these treatments. In order to develop new, targeted drugs, that can control LDL levels with minimal side effects, it is imperative to understand, in detail, the process of apoB-containing lipoprotein formation. ApoB is one of the largest human proteins known (4563 residues) and previous attempts to solve the structure have been unsuccessful, mainly due to analyzing the protein as a whole or by large sections. To advance the field we will go by a different approach. I present here a construct that represents roughly 8% of the whole protein, apoB9-17 (residues 430 to 782). This section of the protein is believed to play a pivotal role in the assembly process of LDL. My hypothesis is that this construct will be well-behaved and suitable for structural and functional analysis. The study shows that apoB9-17 can be produced in considerable quantities from bacterial cells and can be purified by means of a 6-histidine tag with a good yield. Furthermore, circular dichroism analysis shows the construct contains the expected secondary structure at room temperature and is stable at a wide temperature range (50 to 70 ◦C) at low concentrations. The construct here described will be useful to test the effect of mutations such as the one found in patients with Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL). Furthermore, this construct contains two regions believed to be of vital importance for LDL particle formation: the alpha-helical region (residues 430 to 570) is believed to associate with MTP at the initial stages of LDL formation and the c-sheet (residues 614 to 782), which may form part of the lipid recruiting process. Both essential aspects to ultimately develop therapies that can modulate VLDL particle formation.
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Cholesterol Conjugated Heat Shock Protein27 Inhibitor as a Novel Antiovarian Cancer Agent

Alhadad, Laila Abdulmohsen 22 May 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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