Pacemaker implantation can be associated with several complications, including myocardial perforation with or without pericardial effusion, venous thrombosis, vegetations of the tricuspid valve (TV) or pacing lead, and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). The TR is thought to be derived from deformity or perforation of the TV by the pacing lead or secondary to atrioventricular discordance with asynchronous ventricular pacing. Severe TR can be deleterious to the patient because it raises the central venous pressure by increasing the right sided preload. Chronically, the increase in right sided blood volume can result in an increase in the right atrial pressure leading to a decrease in venous return and low cardiac output. Severe TR from leaflet adhesion to the pacemaker lead has not been reported before. With the aging of the population and the expanding use of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) in clinical practice, this complication may be seen more frequently. We present a patient diagnosed with severe TR, years after his pacemaker implantation. His TR was thought to be caused by adhesion of the tricuspid valve to his pacemaker lead.

This thesis have been performed at Sweco Position in Jönköping. The work was split into two, where one part included an investigation regarding the possibility of developing a cross-platform GIS (geographic information system) with HTML5 and CSS3. A prototype would also be developed within this part. The second part included development of a cross-platform GIS for a client to Sweco Position. The client operates in the forest sector and had already an existing solution, with many problems. The client required an application with delimited functionality and which was not bound to a specific hardware. As the client users often were located in areas with limited Internet access, one additional requirement was that there would be some offline support. The students handle subjects within development of GIS, for example map projections, map services and mapping libraries. The application came to be developed in HTML5 and ASP.net. The mapping library that was used, was Leaflet 0.3.1. The result of this thesis is a cross-platform GIS with offline support. Examples of functionality included is to log positions manually, execute an automatic log function and support for managing which layers and logs that should be visible in the interface. / Detta examensarbete har utförts på företaget Sweco Positon i Jönköping. Arbetet var tudelat, där den ena delen omfattade en utredning kring möjligheterna att utveckla ett plattformsoberoende GIS(geografiskt informationssystem) med HTML5 och CSS3. För denna utredning skulle även en prototyp tas fram. Den andra delen omfattades av utvecklingen av ett plattformsoberoende GIS åt en kund till Sweco Position. Kunden verkar inom skogsbranschen och hade en redan befintlig lösning med många problem. Denne ville få fram en applikation med avgränsad funktionalitet och som ej heller var bunden till någon specifik hårdvara. Då kundens användare ofta befann sig i områden med tveksam uppkoppling, krävdes även ett visst offlinestöd. Studenterna går bland annat igenom delar som berör utveckling av GIS i form av kartprojektioner, karttjänster och kartkomponenter. Kartlösningen skulle komma att utvecklas i  HTML5 samt ASP.net. Den kartkomponent som användes i projektet var Leaflet 0.3.1. Resultatet av examensarbetet är ett plattformsoberoende GIS med offlinestöd. Exempel på funktionalitet är att logga manuella punkter, exekvera autologgning samt hantera visning lager och sparade loggar.

In order to anticipate the predictable changes in the environment associated with the earth’s rotation, most organisms possess intrinsic biological clocks. To be useful, such clocks require a reliable signal of ‘time’ from the external world. In mammals, light provides the principle source of such information; conveyed to the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian pacemaker (SCN) either directly from the retina or indirectly via other visual structures such as the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Nonetheless, while the basic pathways supplying sensory information to the clock are well understood, the sensory signals they convey or how these are processed within the circadian system are not. One established view is that circadian entrainment relies on measuring the total amount of environmental illumination. In line with that view, the dense bilateral retinal input to the SCN allows for the possibility that individual neurons could average signals from across the whole visual scene. Here I test this possibility by examining responses to monocular and binocular visual stimuli in the SCN of anaesthetised mice. In fact, these experiments reveal that SCN cells provide information about (at most) irradiance within just one visual hemisphere. As a result, overall light-evoked activity across the SCN is substantially greater when light is distributed evenly across the visual scene when the same amount of light is non-uniformly distributed. Surprisingly then, acute electrophysiological responses of the SCN population do not reflect the total amount of environmental illumination. Another untested suggestion has been that the circadian system might use changes in the spectral composition of light to estimate time of day. Hence, during ‘twilight’, there is a relative enrichment of shortwavelength light, which is detectable as a change in colour to the dichromatic visual system of most mammals. Here I used a ‘silent substitution’ approach to selectively manipulate mouse cone photoreception, revealing a subset of SCN neurons that exhibit spectrally-opponent (blue-yellow) visual responses and are capable of reliably tracking sun position across the day-night transition. I then confirm the importance of this colour discrimination mechanism for circadian entrainment by demonstrating a reliable change in mouse body temperature rhythms when exposed to simulated natural photoperiods with and without simultaneous changes in colour. This identification of chromatic influences on circadian entrainment then raises important new questions such as which SCN cell types process colour signals and do these properties originate in the retina or arise via input from other visual regions? Advances in mouse genetics now offer powerful ways to address these questions. Our original method for studying colour discrimination required transgenic mice with red-shifted cone sensitivity – presenting a barrier to applying this approach alongside other genetic tools. To circumvent this issue I validated a modified approach for manipulating wildtype cone photoreception. Using this approach alongside optogenetic cell-identification I then demonstrate that the thalamic inputs to the SCN are unlikely to provide a major source of chromatic information. To further probe IGL-contributions to SCN visual responses, I next used electrical microstimulation to show that the thalamus provides inhibitory input to both colour and brightness sensitive SCN cells. Using local pharmacological inhibition I then show that thalamic inputs supress specific features of the SCN light response originating with the contralateral retina, including colour discrimination. These data thus provide new insight into the ways that arousal signals reaching the visual thalamus could modulate sensory processing in the SCN. Together then, the work described in this thesis provides important new insight into sensory control of the circadian system and the underlying neural mechanisms.

Objective: Body image may be regarded as a very useful tool in marketing strategies. In the theoretic part of the thesis, body image topic is discussed from the women and men's perspective. Main aspects which could be used in marketing are stressed. 1) The first aim of the thesis is to support or explode a theory about current slim ideal in women and athletic body in men and furthermore struggling of men and women to fulfill this ideal by dieting or exercise. 2) The second aim is to find how exactly body image is used in printed adverts on cosmetics, medicines, food supplements and medical devices distributed in pharmacies. Methods: Questionnaire study, analysis of adverts on leaflets. Results: Aim 1: A total of 43 subjects were included in the study, 28 females, 15 males. The majority of subject had university education (35 subj.), none of the subject had only basic level of education. The most frequent residence included Prague (30 subjects). Two hypotheses were statistically confirmed in the study, i.e. Hypothesis 7: Women more than men are aware of the fact, that advertisements do influence their feeling about what they want to look like (p=0.004) and Hypothesis 13: The desire to loose weight is dependent on age (p=0.002). In women, slim body is preferred, while in men the best body would be athletic one. Aim 2: The percentage of total area which aimed at body image differs substantialy within the analysed sample (minimum 4%, maximum 36% of total area of the leaflet). Body image is most frequently used in adverts on cosmetics. In general, it seems, that the area dedicated to body image is very similar across all cathegories. Most of the adverts showed woman's body or its parts. If a man was shown, it was always in a particular social role (a father, a grandfather). Conclusion: Basic presumptions and hypotheses about body image of men and women in our society were confirmed. In line with published literature data, the women's ideal would mean a slim lady who takes care of herself. In men, it is a tall handsome browny man with friendly nature. A certain pilot study into printed adverts on various products sold in pharmacies also confirms wide use of body image in advertising on cosmetics and also over the counter sold medicines. Also in this part of the thesis a compliance with literature-published data concerning use of body image in advertising was found.

The aim of my thesis is to analyze the possibility of using a leaflet as an effective tool of marketing communications as well as to demonstrate the possible problems associated with its preparation and production on a practical example. The thesis consists of two main parts. In the first part of this work theoretical approaches to communication and representation of a leaflet campaign are discussed. Main attention is paid to direct marketing, as area in which a leaflet as a communication tool belongs. In the second part the theoretical hypotheses, together with an own survey are analyzed and applied on the example of Ahold company and its competitors. This part also examines in detail the production process of the leaflet and proposes possible solutions. In conclusion, the findings of the two parts are described and new possible approaches are recommended.

A new cycad species, Cycas fushunensis sp. nov., is described from the Lutetian Jijuntun Formation at Fushun Coalmine, Liaoning Province, northeast China, based on a well-preserved partial frond containing about 15 leaflets. The fossil is characterized by a single strong vein per leaflet, decurrent leaflet base and haplocheilic stomata, suggesting that the fossil is attributed to the genus Cycas of Cycadaceae. Epidermal anatomical comparisons between the fossil and 17 selected modern Cycas species further indicate that C. fushunensis sp. nov. closely resembles Cycas panzhihuaensis Zhou et Yang, an endemic cycad to southwest China, due to characters shared, such as the straight anticlinal walls of both adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells and granular to striate cuticular characters on the internal surface of guard cell periclinal walls. The occurrence of close-to-modern Cycas from the early Cenozoic largely casts doubt on a hypothesis of the late Miocene differentiation of modern cycads, suggested by a recent molecular phylogenetic study.

No description available.

No description available.

本文主旨在以內容分析法，分析候選人競選宣傳單所運用之策略，以及所提出政見之 論題結構，進一步呈現選舉行為的另一面貌。全文共一冊，分七章，大要如下： 第一章緒論一一闡明研究動機、宣傳單的意義，以及文獻探討。 第二章七十四年地方職選舉的背景分析一一分為四節，從政治、經濟、社會、競選策 略之調整，四個方向討論。 第三章研究方法一一敘述本論文所採用的內容分析法，包括頻數分析、列聯分析及方 向矩陣，並建立研究架構。 第四章討論宣傳單運用的策略，並以方向矩陣來說明侯選人運用之主要、次要策略。 第五章以列聯分析討論宣傳單的論題結構。 第六章匿名傳單的策略分析及論題結構。 第七章結論。

Pakuotės lapelis, tai įstatymu reglamentuota informacija apie konkretų vaistą, skirta pacientui ir esanti vaisto pakuotės viduje. Pagrindinis reikalavimas pakuotės lapeliui – gyventojams jis turi būti aiškus ir suprantamas. Pakuotės lapelis kaip ir kiti rašytiniai šaltiniai iš esmės yra svarbi priemonė pacientams sveikatos švietimo klausimais. Jie skirti tam, kad papildytų ir sustiprintų žinias po konsultacijų ir didintų gydymo efektyvumą. Tikslas. Įvertinti visuomenės vaistinės pacientų požiūrį į kartu su vaistu gaunamą pakuotės lapelį. Tyrimo metodas. Tiriami buvo vaistinės pacientai perkantys vaistus Lietuvos vaistinėse. Tyrimo metu buvo apklausta 360 pacientų skirtingose Lietuvos vietovėse. Apklausos buvo vykdomos Lietuvos didmiestyje, miestuose ir kaimo regionuose. Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojama anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Tyrimo anketa buvo sudaryta iš 17 klausimų. Trys klausimai apie vaistus, vienas klausimas apie informacinius šaltinius, kuriais pacientas naudojasi, penki klausimai apie pakuotės pakuotės lapelį ir aštuoni asmeniniai klausimai apie respondentą. Tikslinamajam tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojama anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Jo metu apklausti 33 pacientai, norint patikrinti duomenis, gautus pirmojo tyrimo metu. Apklausos buvo atliekamos skirtingose Kauno vaistinėse. Apklausoje buvo orientuojamasi į pacientų nurodomus pakuotės lapelių trūkumus, bei į informacijos naudingumo tyrimą, įvertinant tai, ką pacientai lapelyje mano esant svarbiausia. Rezultatai. 9... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Package leaflet is regulated by the law with the neccessary information about a particular drug and contained inside the package of drug. The main requirement of the package insert - it must be clear and understandable. Leaflet as well as other written sources of the substance is an important tool for patient education. They are designed to complement and enhance the knowledge and effectiveness of treatment. Objective: To evaluate pharmacy patients approach on drug- derived package leaflets. Methods: 360 pharmacy patients in different locations of Lithuania. Survey was made in three types of areas: big city, town and rural area. The survey was carried out using an anonymous questionnaire. The study questionnaire consisted of 17 questions. Three questions about the drugs, a question about information sources, five questions on the package leaflet and eight personal questions about the respondent. Control study was carried out using an anonymous questionnaire.. During the 33 patients interviewed, in order to verify the data obtained in the first study. Survey has been carried out in Kaunas in different pharmacies. The survey was tailored to patients' leaflet usefulness of the information, assess what the patient considers most important. Results: The public recognizes the leaflet as a key of written drug information source. 97 percent of surveyed patients were satisfied with the idea of package leaflet. Survey of patients revealed that the leaflet was always read by 78.9 per... [to full text]