Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken rättighetsupplåtelse olika bredbandsutbyggare föredrar att använda för att ordna markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Mer specifikt undersöks i arbetet om valet av rättighetsupplåtelse skiljer mellan olika typer av bredbandsutbyggare och/eller i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Med tanke på att bredbandsutbyggnad framför allt behöver ske utanför tätort för att det slutliga bredbandsmålet ska nås år 2025, undersöks särskilt hur bredbandsutbyggare tycker att markåtkomst i område för allmän väg fungerar. Detta då lokalisering av fiberkablar i allmän väg är ett särskilt viktigt alternativ utanför tätort. Vidare undersöks vilka huvudsakliga problem bredbandsutbyggare upplever i samband med markåtkomst. För att uppfylla syftet har kommunägda- och kommersiella bolag samt fiberföreningar intervjuats. Totalt har åtta intervjuer utförts. Alla med personer som är ansvariga för fiberutbyggnad från respektive bolag/förening. Urval har skett utifrån ledningsägare i tre kommuner, alla belägna i Stockholms län. Utöver detta har rättsfall analyserats för att illustrera delar av den problematik som föreligger vid markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att markavtal, som är en nyttjanderättsform, är det alternativ som föredras av alla tre typer av bredbandsutbyggare. Detta gäller både i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Vidare är både kommunägda- och kommersiella aktörer samt fiberföreningar restriktiva i användningen av ledningsrätt, främst för att underlätta för framtida relationer och med respekt för markägare men också på grund av hög kostnad och lång tid för upplåtelse. Intervjuerna visar att bredbandsutbyggare tenderar att värdera en relation med markägare högre än att markåtkomst ska ske på ett snabbt sätt. Någon större skillnad i val av markåtkomst mellan olika typer av aktörer eller i områden inom eller utanför detaljplan kunde ej urskiljas. Studien indikerar att det snarare handlar om den enskilde markägarens inställning till att upplåta mark. De upplevda problemen kring markåtkomst för bredband uppstår främst då fiberetablering i område för allmän väg sker, detta har framför allt att göra med samarbetssvårigheter med den statliga väghållaren. Ett annat förekommande problem i samband med markåtkomst är gemensamt ägd mark, sådan mark gör att processen med att ordna markåtkomst ofta drar ut på tiden. / This study aims to investigate what legal right different broadband developers prefer to use to get access to the land they want to establish fiber. More specifically, it investigates if the type of developer or the area's planning influences the choice of land access. For the final broadband goal to be reached in 2025, broadband expansion needs to occur mainly outside urban areas. According to this, special consideration has been given to how broadband developers experience land access in areas for public roads. This is because locating fiber cables in public roads is an essential alternative outside urban areas. To fulfill the purpose, municipal-owned and commercial companies and fiber associations have been interviewed. A total of eight persons responsible for fiber expansion from the respective company/association have been conducted. The selection has been made by asking different actors in three municipalities located in Stockholm County.Moreover, court cases have been analyzed to create a picture of the different problems that can arise when getting land access for this purpose. The interviews show that usufruct agreements are exclusively the alternative used in the first place, both within and outside the detailed plan. The results from the interviews show that usufruct agreements are used by all the different types of broadband developers. Furthermore, the actors in this study are restrictive in the use of utility easement. This in order to facilitate future relationships and to show respect for landowners. The usufruct agreements thus appear to be a better alternative from the perspective of active actors. The relationship with the landowners tends to have a higher value than the time aspect to get land access.Moreover, no distinction between whether the choice of land access between different types of broadband developers or the area's planning could be distinguished in the study. It has somewhat to do with the landowner's attitude to leasing land. The perceived problems regarding land access for broadband arise mainly when fiber establishments in public roads are made, and this has to do with the Swedish Transport Administration's cooperation. Another problem arises when access to land on joint-owned land is required, this often leads to an extended process in time.

Cette recherche vise à fonder les droits des animaux non humains (ou humains) d’une manière hobbesienne. Cette manière est celle du droit naturel (ou jusnaturalisme). Nous montrons tout d'abord pourquoi le droit naturel est un cadre normatif spécifique qui doit être distingué de tout autre système normatif, en particulier de la morale ou de l’éthique. Dans un contexte hobbesien, les droits des animaux non humains ne sont pas des droits moraux mais des droits naturels. Nous montrons ensuite comment on peut écarter grâce au droit naturel toute morale défavorable aux animaux non humains. En fondant les droits naturels des animaux non humains, cette recherche poursuit des travaux déjà engagés sur la voie hobbesienne. Mais nous relions plus particulièrement la question des droits naturels des animaux non humains à la question de savoir quel type de protection juridique doit leur être accordé en vertu d’arguments de type hobbesien. Nous montrons finalement pourquoi l’égalité animale est une nécessité juridique dans le contexte d’une défense jusnaturaliste des animaux non humains, ce qui se traduit en droit positif par leur personnification juridique anthropomorphique. / This research aims to ground nonhuman (or human) animal rights in a Hobbesian way. This is that of natural law (i.e., jusnaturalism). First, we show why natural law is a specific normative framework that should be distinguished from any other normative system, especially morals or ethics. In a Hobbesian framework, nonhuman animal rights are not moral rights but natural rights. We show then how any morals detrimental to nonhuman animals can be eliminated through natural law. By grounding nonhuman animals’ natural rights, this research pushes forward works already engaged in this Hobbesian manner. But we relate more particularly the nonhuman animals’ natural rights issue to the question of what kind of legal protection they should be granted on the basis of Hobbesian-like arguments. Finally, we show why animal equality is a legal necessity in the context of a jusnaturalist defense of nonhuman animals, which legally results in their anthropomorphic legal personification.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T17:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosmar Rissi.pdf: 1076310 bytes, checksum: 08127bcf0c60f81fc38f1cbc4c0ba8b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T17:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosmar Rissi.pdf: 1076310 bytes, checksum: 08127bcf0c60f81fc38f1cbc4c0ba8b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-10 / Nenhuma / O conceito de mínimo existencial é, em linhas gerais, o conjunto de condições materiais indispensáveis à existência humana, o qual é mutável, de acordo com a cultura e o momento histórico. Investigar as teorias do mínimo existencial à luz das teorias democráticas é o foco do presente estudo. A democracia é considerada a melhor forma de governo. Agregar teorias que visam ao seu aprimoramento e à adequação para o que há de melhor em gestão da res publica ocorre no presente estudo, através da democracia deliberativa, caracterizada pelo conjunto de pressupostos e condições para a deliberação de demandas políticas em prol da cooperação na formação da vontade coletiva. É fundamental a existência dos pressupostos de liberdade e de igualdade para a cooperação na deliberação democrática. Na existência desses pressupostos, há espaço para a inclusão de novos direitos sociais e a efetivação daqueles já existentes. Numa sociedade governada a partir dessa teoria, a concretização de direitos ocorre de maneira satisfatória sem a necessidade de demandar à esfera judicial. Entretanto, a Ação Civil Pública é um instrumento judicial adequado para impulsionar a Administração Pública a executar políticas que concretizam os direitos sociais fundamentais, quando esses são negados ao cidadão. Sustentamos que o controle judicial de políticas públicas relativamente a direitos sociais fundamentais que viabilizam a cooperação democrática pode ser exercido excepcionalmente com base em critérios como os princípios da proteção deficitária e da vedação do retrocesso. A intervenção judicial forte diz respeito às hipóteses relativas a políticas públicas vinculadas ao Mínimo Existencial, atribuindo-se ao controle brando as políticas públicas vinculadas à concretização de direitos sociais não fundamentais. Como exemplos do modelo forte de controle judicial em políticas públicas, citamos a tutela do direito subjetivo à prestação in natura ou quando o orçamento revela-se inconstitucional, desconsiderando o Mínimo Existencial ou não sendo isonômico. A sociedade brasileira clama por novos direitos sociais, especialmente o transporte público gratuito, já existente em pequenas cidades. Direitos sociais concretizados, como: saúde, educação, previdência social e outros, possuem a universalização de acesso, mas apresentam lacunas na prestação de serviço ao cidadão. O mínimo existencial não possui expressa menção na legislação brasileira, mas está presente através dos princípios e nos direitos fundamentais. / The concept of existential minimum is, in general terms, the set of material conditions essential to human existence, which is changeable, according to the culture and historical moment. Investigating the existential minimum theories under the light of democratic theories is the focus of the present study. Democracy is considered the best form of government. Add theories that aim its improvement and suitability for what is best in management of the res publica (commonwealth) occurs in the present study, through deliberative democracy, characterized by the set of assumptions and conditions for the determination of political demands in favor of cooperation in the collective will formation. The existence of assumptions of freedom and equality for cooperation in democratic deliberation is fundamental. In the existence of these assumptions, there is room for the inclusion of new social rights and the effectiveness of the existing ones. In a society governed from this theory, the concretization of rights occurs satisfactorily without the need of requiring the legal sphere. However, the civil action is an appropriate legal instrument to encourage public administration to execute policies which implement fundamental social rights when they are denied to citizens. We hold that the judicial control of public policies on fundamental social rights that enable democratic cooperation can be exceptionally exercised based on criteria such as the principles of protection deficit and the backtracking seal. The strong judicial intervention concerns with assumptions about public policies linked to the Existential Minimum, attributing to mild control public policies related to the implementation of non-fundamental social rights. As examples of the strong model of judicial review in public policy, we cite the tutelage of the subjective right to provision in natura or when the budget is revealed unconstitutional, disregarding the Existential Minimum or not being isonomic. The Brazilian society claims for new social rights, especially free public transport, which already exists in small towns. Achieved social rights, such as health, education, social security and others, have universal access, but there are gaps in service provision to citizens. The existential minimum has no express mention in the Brazilian legislation, but it is present through the principles and fundamental rights.