Natural rights theories have powerful reasons to limit the strength, scope and duration of intellectual property rights. These reasons come in two forms – limitations internal to the basic functioning of natural rights as such and limitations arising from rights-based considerations external to the property right. In terms of internal constraints, all natural rights conform to a variety of conditions delimiting the extent and strength of their application. Such conditions include, inter alia, requirements for consistency, universalisability and non-worsening. Like all rights, natural property rights must fulfil these conditions – but such rights require substantial limitations in order to legitimate their capacity to unilaterally impose new duties on others. Consideration of these conditions is, I argue, not sufficient to rule out natural intellectual property rights – but such conditions decisively limit the extent of those rights. By focusing upon the most general and deep-seated mechanisms of natural rights thought, this argument aims to be applicable to all natural rights theories. I argue natural rights theories have good reasons to accept one, if not both, of two conditions in particular: robust universalisability and self-ownership. As strong intellectual property rights violate both conditions, I conclude such rights cannot be justified by any recognisable natural rights theory. Turning to external considerations, I argue all individuals have a right to intellectual liberty – the right to inform their actions by learning about the world. This is a negative right: it grants freedom from interference in apprehending, investigating and thinking about the world, and in subsequently acting upon what has been learned. I argue this right is grounded in all Enlightenment views of human freedom and flourishing; it is supported by classical liberal State of Nature perspectives, and arises out of respect for human independence, self-governance, self-legislation, self-creation, autonomy and individuality. Acceptance of this right has profound consequences for the strength and scope of intellectual property regimes. I describe the extent we can find this right already operative – albeit in schematic and inchoate form – in contemporary intellectual property law.

Utveckling sker konstant i Sverige och det innebär fler ledningar i marken vilket leder till fler frågor om juridiska rättigheter. Elnätet är uppdelat i tre olika storlekar; stamnät, regionnät och lokalnät. Elnätet är en viktig del i infrastrukturen och det bör då juridiskt skyddas genom till exempel ledningsrätt eller avtalsservitut. Problematik kan uppstå kring elledningarnas juridiska rättigheter såsom när en överlåtelse sker m.m. Därmed är det viktigt att undersöka hur elledningar juridiskt bör skyddas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur elbolagen juridiskt skyddar sina elledningar samt för- och nackdelar med de juridiska rättigheterna utifrån elbolagens och lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter. Syftet är även att belysa vilket det mest förekommande problemet kring juridiska rättigheter av elledningar är. De frågeställningar som upprättades utefter syftet var: Hur skyddar elbolag juridiskt rätten till sina elledningar? Vilka för- och nackdelar finns det för de olika juridiska rättigheterna utifrån elbolagens samt lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter? Vilket är det mest förekommande problemet elbolag har kring juridiska rättigheter av elledningar? Genom en kvalitativ metod i form av en intervjustudie kunde underlag till studien fås. Intervjustudien bestod av 16 intervjuer med sakkunniga personer inom området från elbolag och lantmäterimyndigheter. Då studien skulle täcka hela Sverige valdes elbolag och lantmäterikontor med en geografisk spridning. Studien visar att elbolag juridiskt skyddar sina elledningar beroende på dess storlek. Studien visar även på skillnaden mellan elbolagens och lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter kring för- och nackdelar med de juridiska rättigheterna. Problematik kan uppstå beroende på vem som äger marken där ledningen ska anläggas. / Sweden is constantly developing and it means more lines in the ground, which leads to more questions about their legal rights. The electricity grid is divided into three different sizes; the core network, the regional network and the local network. The electricity grid is an important part of the infrastructure, and it should be legally protected through for example, utility easement or agreement easement.. Issues may arise about the legal rights of power lines such as when a transfer occurs, etc. Thus it is important to examine how the power lines should be legally protected. The purpose of the study is to examine how the electricity companies legally protect their power lines, as well as the pros and cons of the legal rights, based on the aspects of electricity companies and cadastral authorities. The purpose is also to highlight the most common issue regarding the legal rights on power lines. The questions that were formulated according to the purpose were: How do electricity companies legally protect their power lines? What are the pros and cons of the legal rights based on the views of electricity companies and surveyors? What is the most common problem that electric companies have about legal rights of power lines? By using a qualitative method in form of an interview study, the data for the study has been obtained. The interview study consisted of 16 interviews with experts from electricity companies and cadastral authorities. As the study should cover all of Sweden, electricity companies and land surveyors were selected with a geographical spread. The study shows that electricity companies legally protect their power lines depending on their size. The study also shows the differences between the electricity companies and the cadastral authorities ́ views on the pros and cons of the legal rights. Issues may occur depending on who owns the land where the lines are to be constructed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoSPM_DISSERT.pdf: 416202 bytes, checksum: c46404cdfcdcfd2fbc6150512bbaf7b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-16 / Um envelhecer saud?vel compreende fundamentalmente, o atendimento de necessidades que v?o al?m da manuten??o de um bom estado de sa?de f?sica. Faz-se necess?rio valorizar o idoso como pessoa socialmente ?til, favorecendo, direta e indiretamente, o idoso, a fam?lia e comunidade para o alcance de um estilo de vida desej?vel. Pautando-se nessas reflex?es, a partir da import?ncia de um estudo em que se procure avaliar at? que ponto, segmentos da sociedade e o pr?prio idoso, conhecem os direitos deste, e com isto, procurar pontuar conceitos de cidadania, vinculando os idosos a essas pr?ticas, tendo como ponto de partida neste estudo, a sa?de, como pr?tica muito questionada no cotidiano. Este estudo, portanto, tem como objetivo verificar o conhecimento de estudantes universit?rios sobre os direitos do idoso no que se refere ? sa?de, contemplados no Estatuto do Idoso e explorar os direitos do idoso no ?mbito da sa?de na concep??o de estudantes universit?rios. Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio descritivo, numa abordagem qualitativa, centrando-se na an?lise dos aspectos legais (jur?dicos) sobre o conhecimento dos direitos do idoso no ?mbito da sa?de pelos estudantes e sua implica??o na pr?tica da cidadania. O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Jo?o Pessoa - Pb, estudantes universit?rios de diferentes cursos do Campus I da Universidade Federal da Paraiba. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Os coletados foram qualitativamente, explorando-se as falas dos sujeitos, utilizando-se a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do tem?tica categorial. Os resultados encontram-se apresentados em quadros e temas. A partir de diferentes artigos realizados no decorrer do curso. Diante da expressividade dos resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa, ? poss?vel afirmar que os estudantes universit?rios ainda conhecem pouco o direito dos idosos, em particular, no campo da sa?de, mesmo os estudantes da referida ?rea. No contexto interdisciplinar este estudo sugere a??es dirigidas ? popula??o do estudo propiciando pesquisas com maior impacto na m?dia dirigida tanto aos idosos como a sociedade em geral

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MadsonOAR.pdf: 1039452 bytes, checksum: 543bb54cc1b362a288a9f55b881067e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-14 / The current study is about the legitimacy of lower court jurisdiction as a way of exercising basic legal rights, proposing, therefore, a new legal-administrative model for appellate court. In order to achieve that, a demonstration of the importance of basic legal rights in the Brazilian legal system and an open interpretation in light of the Constitution, as a way to affirm said rights, among which are accessibility to the justice system and proper legal protection, is required. As a result, the legitimacy to access the legal system resides in the Constitution, where the interpreter should seek its basic principles to achieve basic legal rights. It is observed that the lack of credibility regarding lower court decisions comes from the dogmatic view of truth born from power, and therefore, that the truth resides in decisions from appellate court and not from lower court judges. A lower court judge holds a privileged position in providing basic legal rights for citizens, considering his close contact to the parties, the facts, and the evidences brought forth. Class action suit is presented as an important instrument able to lead the lower court judge to provide basic legal rights. Small Claims Courts may be used as paradigm to the creation of Appellate State Courts formed by lower court judges, reserving to higher jurisdiction courts and Federal Circuit Courts, the decisions of original competency and the management and institutional representation of the judiciary system. Instilling an internal democratization of the judiciary is also required, which means the participation of lower court judges in electing their peers to chief positions in the court system, as well as establishing a limited mandate to higher court judges. / O presente estudo discorre sobre a legitimidade da jurisdi??o de primeiro grau na concretiza??o dos direitos fundamentais, propondo, ainda, um novo modelo jur?dicoadministrativo para o segundo grau. Para isso, parte-se da demonstra??o do valor que possuem os direitos fundamentais na ordem jur?dica brasileira, a exigir uma interpreta??o aberta da Constitui??o Federal no sentido de concretizar referidos direitos, dentre os quais se incluem o acesso ? justi?a e a presta??o da tutela jurisdicional adequada. Assim, a legitimidade da atua??o judicial reside na Constitui??o Federal, onde o int?rprete deve buscar os fundamentos que lhe permitam concretizar os direitos fundamentais. Constata-se que o descr?dito ?s decis?es de primeiro grau decorre do dogma da verdade como emana??o do poder, da? advir o pensamento de que a verdade reside nas decis?es dos tribunais e n?o nas emanadas dos ju?zes de primeiro grau. Acontece que o juiz de primeiro grau mant?m uma condi??o privilegiada para fazer valer os direitos da cidadania, considerando a sua proximidade com as partes, os fatos e as provas do processo. A a??o civil p?blica ? apresentada como um importante instrumento capaz de conduzir o juiz de primeiro grau ? concretiza??o de direitos fundamentais. O sistema dos juizados especiais pode servir de paradigma ? cria??o de turmas recursais formadas por juizes de primeiro grau da justi?a comum, reservando-se aos Tribunais de Justi?a e Tribunais Regionais Federais o julgamento dos feitos de compet?ncia origin?ria e os atos de gest?o e representa??o institucional do Poder Judici?rio. A democratiza??o interna do Judici?rio ? medida que igualmente se imp?e, o que passa pela participa??o dos juizes de primeiro grau na elei??o dos dirigentes dos tribunais, bem assim na fixa??o de mandato para a perman?ncia do magistrado no segundo grau por tempo determinado.

A noção de pirataria, pertencente ao vocabulário humano desde a Antiguidade, ganha novos sentidos no atual período histórico. Neste período da globalização, o modo de produção capitalista e o meio técnico-científico-informacional se tornaram planetários. Consolida-se, portanto, uma mesma base técnica do funcionamento das sociedades nos distintos territórios, acompanhada da globalização de normas de controle cada vez mais rígidas, como se procura mostrar, neste trabalho, a partir da expansão do sistema de patentes e de proteção de direitos intelectuais. Entretanto, as novas tecnologias informacionais e comunicacionais são progressivamente mais flexíveis e possibilitam, nos lugares onde se instalam, usos não previstos e, por isso mesmo, classificados como ilegais. Nesta pesquisa, defende-se que a expansão do meio técnico-científico-informacional no Brasil engendra novas formas de piratarias, sejam aquelas praticadas pelos agentes do circuito superior da economia urbana, sejam aquelas características do circuito inferior, de acordo com a proposição de Santos (1971; 2004 [1975]). A pirataria não pode, portanto, ser analisada como uma aberração ao processo de globalização em curso, mas, ao contrário, uma de suas manifestações mais notáveis. Assim, análises econômicas e jurídicas sobre o fenômeno, mesmo predominantes, não permitem a compreensão da totalidade dos agentes e situações envolvidos. O processo de urbanização do território combina a seletividade de objetos e informações, a desigualdade de renda e a manutenção de baixos salários, associados à ampla difusão de novas mercadorias cujo consumo é incentivado pela propaganda. Nesta situação brasileira, a pirataria, contraposta ao elevado preço das mercadorias ditas originais, tem uma função central no processo recente de modernização do território. Finalmente, almejando revelar a pirataria como um uso das técnicas e informações contemporâneas a partir dos lugares, são analisadas situações geográficas reveladoras de formas de vida e de produção baseadas na desapropriação como fonte de criação de novas economias urbanas, especialmente em São Paulo, Belém do Pará e Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este. / The notion of piracy, which has been used by human vocabulary since old times, acquires a new sense during the historic period. At this globalization period, the way of capitalist production and the informational scientific technical environment have become worldwide. It consolidates, therefore, on the same technical basis of the society functioning in distinct territories, followed for the more and more rigid world rules of control, as it is presented, on this essay, on the expansion of legal right system and the protection of the intellectual rights. However, the new informational and communicational technologies are progressively more flexible and they allow, where they are set on, non-predict uses and, for that, classified as illegals. This research takes into consideration the expansion of the informational scientific technical environment in Brazil cause new ways of piracy, those that are practiced by the agent of higher circuit of the urban economy, or those whose features of the lower circuit, according Santos proposition(1971; 2004 [1975]). The piracy cannot, therefore, be analyzed as nonstandard to the globalization process in course, but, on the contrary, one of the most remarkable manifestations. So, economic and juridical analysis on the phenomenon, predominant or not, do not allow the comprehension of the totality of the involving agents and situations. The process of urbanizing of the territory combines the selectivity of objects and information, the social inequalities and the maintenance of low incomes, combined to the enormous diffusion of the new goods whose consumption is stimulated by propaganda. In this Brazilian situation, the piracy, contrasting to the higher price of goods so called originals, has a central function on the recent process of modernization of the territory. Finally, getting into the point to reveal piracy as a use of the up-to-date technics and information from the places, they are analyzed as revealed geographical situations of life style and of the production based on embezzlement as source of creation of an urban economy, especially in São Paulo, Belém do Pará and Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the needs of social assistance for people with substance abuse are assessed in accordance to The Swedish Social Services Act 4th chapter 1§. The purpose was also to examine how substance abuse is assessed as a social problem by social workers, how the municipal guidelines concerning social assistance for substance abuser were constructed in relation to the Social Service Act and finally how social workers made their assessments of the need of social assistance to people with substance abuse in relation to the legislation. The sample was made among the municipalities in the county of Stockholm. Municipal guidelines were studied in 18 municipalities by content analysis. A sample of 11 social workers was chosen from 5 municipalities. A vignette study was used as method. The results have been analyzed by using a sociology of law approach, based on the theory of the law as mainly a ruling function. The results of the study show that both the construction of municipal guidelines and social workers’ assessment of the need of social assistance to people with substance abuse were based on restrictions with no connection in The Social Service Act. Social workers who did work in a municipal, where there were no special guidelines regarding social assistance to individuals with substance abuse, more frequently made their assessments according to the law. The result was the opposite for social workers working in municipals with special guidelines regarding social assistance to individuals with substance abuse. The results also indicated that social workers, as well as municipal politicians, showed little knowledge and ability to align the social work to current legislation and legal practice.

No description available.

A noção de pirataria, pertencente ao vocabulário humano desde a Antiguidade, ganha novos sentidos no atual período histórico. Neste período da globalização, o modo de produção capitalista e o meio técnico-científico-informacional se tornaram planetários. Consolida-se, portanto, uma mesma base técnica do funcionamento das sociedades nos distintos territórios, acompanhada da globalização de normas de controle cada vez mais rígidas, como se procura mostrar, neste trabalho, a partir da expansão do sistema de patentes e de proteção de direitos intelectuais. Entretanto, as novas tecnologias informacionais e comunicacionais são progressivamente mais flexíveis e possibilitam, nos lugares onde se instalam, usos não previstos e, por isso mesmo, classificados como ilegais. Nesta pesquisa, defende-se que a expansão do meio técnico-científico-informacional no Brasil engendra novas formas de piratarias, sejam aquelas praticadas pelos agentes do circuito superior da economia urbana, sejam aquelas características do circuito inferior, de acordo com a proposição de Santos (1971; 2004 [1975]). A pirataria não pode, portanto, ser analisada como uma aberração ao processo de globalização em curso, mas, ao contrário, uma de suas manifestações mais notáveis. Assim, análises econômicas e jurídicas sobre o fenômeno, mesmo predominantes, não permitem a compreensão da totalidade dos agentes e situações envolvidos. O processo de urbanização do território combina a seletividade de objetos e informações, a desigualdade de renda e a manutenção de baixos salários, associados à ampla difusão de novas mercadorias cujo consumo é incentivado pela propaganda. Nesta situação brasileira, a pirataria, contraposta ao elevado preço das mercadorias ditas originais, tem uma função central no processo recente de modernização do território. Finalmente, almejando revelar a pirataria como um uso das técnicas e informações contemporâneas a partir dos lugares, são analisadas situações geográficas reveladoras de formas de vida e de produção baseadas na desapropriação como fonte de criação de novas economias urbanas, especialmente em São Paulo, Belém do Pará e Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este. / The notion of piracy, which has been used by human vocabulary since old times, acquires a new sense during the historic period. At this globalization period, the way of capitalist production and the informational scientific technical environment have become worldwide. It consolidates, therefore, on the same technical basis of the society functioning in distinct territories, followed for the more and more rigid world rules of control, as it is presented, on this essay, on the expansion of legal right system and the protection of the intellectual rights. However, the new informational and communicational technologies are progressively more flexible and they allow, where they are set on, non-predict uses and, for that, classified as illegals. This research takes into consideration the expansion of the informational scientific technical environment in Brazil cause new ways of piracy, those that are practiced by the agent of higher circuit of the urban economy, or those whose features of the lower circuit, according Santos proposition(1971; 2004 [1975]). The piracy cannot, therefore, be analyzed as nonstandard to the globalization process in course, but, on the contrary, one of the most remarkable manifestations. So, economic and juridical analysis on the phenomenon, predominant or not, do not allow the comprehension of the totality of the involving agents and situations. The process of urbanizing of the territory combines the selectivity of objects and information, the social inequalities and the maintenance of low incomes, combined to the enormous diffusion of the new goods whose consumption is stimulated by propaganda. In this Brazilian situation, the piracy, contrasting to the higher price of goods so called originals, has a central function on the recent process of modernization of the territory. Finally, getting into the point to reveal piracy as a use of the up-to-date technics and information from the places, they are analyzed as revealed geographical situations of life style and of the production based on embezzlement as source of creation of an urban economy, especially in São Paulo, Belém do Pará and Foz do Iguaçu - Ciudad del Este.

Submitted by Victor Mauro Salomoni dos Reis (victoreis@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-09-30T20:20:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ensaios sobre seleção adversa e risco moral no mercado de crédito2.pdf: 1482544 bytes, checksum: 346d452e357d0cdb84e1b27c0be893bf (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Victor, Além do título diferente da Ata tembém a ficha catalográfica não tem o CDU. Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2012-10-01T15:38:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Victor Mauro Salomoni dos Reis (victoreis@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-10-09T13:13:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ensaios sobre seleção adversa e risco moral no mercado de crédito.pdf: 1326341 bytes, checksum: 71261b6ac833c4238367fd1d58c725ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-10-09T14:13:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ensaios sobre seleção adversa e risco moral no mercado de crédito.pdf: 1326341 bytes, checksum: 71261b6ac833c4238367fd1d58c725ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-09T14:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ensaios sobre seleção adversa e risco moral no mercado de crédito.pdf: 1326341 bytes, checksum: 71261b6ac833c4238367fd1d58c725ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-06 / Transactions involve a degree of uncertainty. A contract can not be completely efficient when one side has more information than another, giving rise to a problem of asymmetric information. There are two important problems of asymmetric information: adverse selection and moral hazard, which appear in the Lender-Borrower relationship. Governments have some ways to reduce information asymmetry in the credit market and encourage lending operations in the country. Lender legal protection and the existence of credit bureaus are institutions that contribute to the development of the credit market. The motivation of this research is to analyze the impact on credit market, of the availability of credit information from borrowers, coupled with the importance of the lender legal right. Analyses are conducted to clarify the effects of these institutions on banking spreads, credit default and credit to GDP. Going beyond the literature reviewed, this study empirically examines the effect of bank concentration in information sharing. Another distinctive point of this dissertation is the use of panel technique for the research. The results were: identification of the influence of bank concentration on the depth of information shared, suggestions about the role of public bureaus opening the credit market and indication of complementarity between the exchange of credit information and the legal right. Finally, this study explored nonlinear relationships of the variables identifying the levels that they bring significant impact to the credit market. / Transações envolvem certo grau de incerteza. Um contrato pode não ser completamente eficiente quando um dos lados possui mais informação que o outro surgindo assim, um problema de assimetria de informação. Há dois importantes problemas de assimetria de informação: Seleção adversa e Risco moral, que aparecem na relação Credor-Tomador. Os governos possuem algumas ferramentas para diminuir a assimetria de informação, no mercado de crédito e fomentar as operações de crédito do país. Proteção legal dos credores e a existência dos bureaus de crédito são instituições que contribuem para o desenvolvimento do mercado privado de crédito. A motivação deste trabalho é analisar os impactos no ambiente de crédito, da disponibilidade de informação dos tomadores, aliada à importância dos diretos do credor. Neste sentido, são realizados ensaios sobre o efeito destes quesitos no spread bancário, inadimplência e volume de crédito sobre PIB. Indo além da literatura revisada, este trabalho estuda empiricamente o efeito da concentração bancária, no compartilhamento de informações de crédito dos clientes. São realizados três ensaios buscando esclarecer esse tema. Outro ponto diferenciado desta dissertação é o uso de técnica de painel para a realização dos ensaios. Os resultados encontrados foram: identificação da influência da concentração bancária na profundidade das informações compartilhadas, sugestão sobre a função bureaus públicos em abrir o mercado de crédito de um país e indicação da complementariedade entre a troca de informação de crédito e o direto legal. Por fim, este trabalho explorou relações não lineares das variáveis para identificar os níveis que elas trazem impacto significativo ao mercado de crédito.

Les droits audiovisuels des manifestations sportives constituent un ensemble juridique complexe en constante évolution. La reconnaissance du monopole d’exploitation de la manifestation sportive au profit de l’organisateur, qui légitime la commercialisation des droits, constitue la pierre angulaire de cette construction. L’identification des entités titulaires des droits ne va pas de soi, le propriétaire n’ayant pas systématiquement vocation à les commercialiser. La procédure de mise en concurrence sur le marché demande de plus à être clarifiée compte tenu de la proximité des régimes juridiques en présence. Dans ce contexte, la commercialisation des droits donne lieu à un contrat dont la qualification juridique doit être précisée au regard des différentes dénominations rencontrées. L’environnement du contrat, qui permet d’appréhender comment sa réalité juridique est prise en compte par le droit à l’information et les contrats périphériques, ne peut pas être ignoré. Il s’agit ainsi de rechercher les implications juridiques attachées aux droits audiovisuels des manifestations sportives, de la phase de commercialisation au contrat. Plusieurs champs juridiques complémentaires et imbriqués irriguent alors cette recherche sur les droits audiovisuels des manifestations sportives, renforçant ainsi sa spécificité / Sports broadcasting rights are governed by a complex legal code in constant evolution. The notion that the organizer retains exclusive rights to the use of the sporting event, which legitimizes the commercialization of these rights, is the cornerstone of the system. Identifying the entities that hold the rights is not easy as the owner does not systematically retain commercialization rights. The approach to bringing broadcasting to market must be clarified due to the overlapping of legal domains. In this case, the commercialization of rights is outlined in a contract whose legal characteristics must be specified in accordance with the different denominations involved. The context in which the contract is drawn up cannot be ignored as it allows one to understand how its legal reality is taken into account by the right to information as well as related contracts. This dissertation looks at the legal implications of audiovisual broadcasting rights of sporting events, from the commercialization phase to the contract. Several complementary legal fields are linked to the research on sports broadcasting rights, thus strengthening its originality