Die vorliegende Publikation widmet sich der Frage nach dem therapeutischen Potential von Musik und Tanz in Kamerun, Marokko und Liberia in verschiedenen Kontexten. In Kamerun untersuchte die Autorin die Rolle des Rappens für die Alltags- und Lebensgestaltung von jugendlichen Straßenkindern. Der musikalische und poetische Ausdruck förderte nicht nur die Kreativität und Lebensfreude der Jugendlichen sondern stärkte gleichzeitig generelle Lebensbewältigungsressourcen. Die Rolle der Kreativität im Kontext der Heilung kommt im Prozess des Lernens zum Ausdruck. Entwicklung und Heilung können als zwei Seiten einer Medaille angesehen werden, die durch die Musik gleichermaßen unterstützt werden. Die Autorin veranschaulicht diesen Zusammenhang am Beispiel des interkulturellen musikalischen Austausches in Khamlia (Marokko). In Liberia untersuchte sie die Rolle des Tanzes in der sozialtherapeutischen Arbeit mit traumatisierten Kindern. Neben der ethnologischen Feldarbeit und betreffenden anthropologischen Themen wurden verschiedene relevante Fragestellungen wie Traumatisierung, Entwicklung und Heilung auf biologisch-neurologischer, psychologischer und philosophischer Ebene erörtert. Ein wichtiges Fazit besteht in der Einsicht, dass Musik und Tanz heilen und fördern, weil sie als ein Medium zur Einstimmung an einer umfassenden Teilhabe am Leben einladen. / This publication seeks to explore the therapeutical potential of music and dance in Cameroon, Morocco and Liberia in different settings. In Cameroon the author examines the role of rapping for the resilience of elder street children. The musical and poetical expression in rapping enhances not only the children´s creativity and joyfulness but at the same time strengthens their general coping strategies. The role of creativity in the context of healing is also expressed in the process of learning. Development and healing can be considered as two sides of one coin equally supported by music. The author explores this relation in the context of the intercultural music exchange in Khamlia (Morocco). In Liberia she analyzes the role of dance in the socio-therapeutical work with traumatized children. Apart from ethnological fieldwork and connected anthropological questions, different related issues like trauma, development and healing are discussed from a neurological, psychological and philosophical the point of view. Concluding it can be stated that healing and development can be realized through music due to its seductive power for attunement to the complexity of life itself.

Wassa in southwest Ghana was the location of the largest mining sector in colonial British West Africa. The gold mines provide an excellent case study of how labour was mobilised for large-scale production immediately after the legal end of slavery, in the context of an expansive independent labour market. Divided into three sections, this thesis examines the practice of indirect labour recruitment for the mines during the formative years of colonial rule; the incorporation of ‘traditional’ credit relationships into ‘modern’ commerce. The starting point for this study is the analysis of precolonial strategies for mobilising labour. Part one examines the most pervasive and coercive employer-employee relationship in precolonial West Africa, namely the master-slave relationship. Even enslaved Africans could expect individual economic opportunity, and related to such, debt protection, and the power of labourers increased significantly after abolition. Starting in the 1870s, mine management found that the most effective way of recruiting long-term wage earners was through headmen; African authorities who established temporary patronage relationships with a group of labourers by offering them credit. Moreover, administrative and court records indicate that there were various forms of headship, some which the mines managed to impose greater regulation over than others. Therefore, part two demonstrates that issues of cost and control of recruitment differed depending on whether the labour recruiter had been furnished with the capital of a mining firm to conduct his business, whether he had done so with his own personal savings, or whether he was in the employment of the colonial government. Finally, part three takes a comparative look at headship and recruitment through rural chiefs, which began in 1906; two successive forms of non-free wage labour mobilisation. In 1909, mine management reverted to the headship system that many colonial commentators regarded as being more compatible with the colonial political order, albeit under considerably stricter regulations.

Hybridity, as it is currently understood in the Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) and International Relations (IR) literature, is defined by the complex interactions between ‘the liberal peace' and ‘the local'. However, under this theoretical liberal-local rubric, the ways in which power is practiced has already been determined; how resistance is expressed and the forms it assumes have already been established. While it has yielded numerous important insights into how power circulates and resistance manifests in peacebuilding operations, the theoretical approach conceals other significant dynamics which escape detection by ‘the liberal peace' and ‘the local'. However, these undetected dimensions of hybridity comprise the very processes that emerge in ways which destabilise the boundaries between ‘the liberal peace' and ‘the local' and reshape the contours of the emerging post-liberal peace. Instead of accepting the liberal-local distinction which defines this theoretical hybridity, this thesis advances an alternative methodological approach to exploring the tensions at play in peacebuilding projects. Rather than deploying theoretical distinctions in order to explain or understand complex hybrid processes, this thesis develops a methodological strategy for exploring the tensions between how actors design a peacebuilding project and how that project changes as actors work to translate that project into complex, everyday living sites (Callon, 1986; Law, 1997; Akrich, 1992). This tension is expressed as practical hybridity. The process of practical hybridity unfolds as the concrete material changes, modifications, and adaptations that emerge as actors appropriate and contingently translate organised practices in new ways and for different purposes. Through an ongoing process of practical hybridity, the boundaries and distinction which define the distinction between ‘the liberal peace' and ‘the local' become increasingly unstable. Amidst this instability, the practices which characterised ‘the liberal peace' are becoming stretched into a post-liberal peace. Drawing on the work of Richmond (2011a; Richmond & Mitchell, 2012), Latour (1987b; 1988; 2004), and Schatzki (2002), and based on over five months of field research, this this thesis traces the process of practical hybridity at play during the implementation and evaluation of a peacebuilding project in Liberia. I participated as a research assistant on a Randomised Control Trial (RCT), implemented by a small research team under the auspices of the Oxford University's Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE). The team was assessing the impact of a legal empowerment programme managed by The Carter Center: the Community Justice Advisor (CJA) programme. As the CSAE's evaluation of the CJA programme unfolded, many dynamics associated with theoretical liberal-local hybridity surfaced; however, it also became apparent that this theoretical formulation obscured important dimensions which were reshaping what peacebuilding practice is in the process of becoming in the emerging post-liberal world.

<p>This dissertation presents an ethnography of youth in Liberia and of how their lives became affected by a civil war which raged in the country between 1990 and 1997. The focus is on the experiences, motivations, and reflections of young combatants who fought for a variety of rebel factions. For these young people, the daily prospect of poverty, joblessness and marginalisation effectively blocked the paths to a normal adulthood; drawing them instead into a subculture of liminality, characterised by abjection, resentment and rootlessness. As opportunity came, their voluntary enlistment into one of the several rebel armies of the civil war therefore became an attractive option for many. Based upon one year of fieldwork during 1998, conducted among groups of ex-combatant youths in both the capital Monrovia and in a provincial town in the rural hinterland, I describe and analyse the young people’s own accounts of their involvement in the civil war; their complicity in atrocities, their coping strategies in the context of armed conflict, their position as ex-combatants in a post-war environment, and their outlook on their past, present and future.</p><p>In the first chapter I set the scene of the Liberian civil war and discuss the central concepts on which my dissertation is built. Chapter two then takes up the methodological issues relating to the particular fieldwork conditions found. This is done by providing an account of my participant observation within a volatile community of ex-combatants in Monrovia. Chapter three deals with the nature of pre-civil war Liberian political and military organisational structures and their rootedness in pre-state institutions such as local warlordism and secret societies. In chapter four I look at the cultural setting of my fieldwork and track elements found within the legacy of violence, to oral literature and patterns of socialisation. Chapter five focuses specifically on the role and predicament of young women in the civil war. Whilst some became active fighters, most participated as auxiliaries in various capacities. Their accounts convey not only the tremendous hardship and suffering, but also reveal mechanisms which helped at least some to survive. In chapter six I discuss the question of a post-war reintegration of ex-combatants into peacetime society and show that the prospects of different groups depend primarily on their social and geographical situation, rather than on the negligible effectiveness of aid programmes routinely executed by international organisations and NGOs.</p>

This dissertation presents an ethnography of youth in Liberia and of how their lives became affected by a civil war which raged in the country between 1990 and 1997. The focus is on the experiences, motivations, and reflections of young combatants who fought for a variety of rebel factions. For these young people, the daily prospect of poverty, joblessness and marginalisation effectively blocked the paths to a normal adulthood; drawing them instead into a subculture of liminality, characterised by abjection, resentment and rootlessness. As opportunity came, their voluntary enlistment into one of the several rebel armies of the civil war therefore became an attractive option for many. Based upon one year of fieldwork during 1998, conducted among groups of ex-combatant youths in both the capital Monrovia and in a provincial town in the rural hinterland, I describe and analyse the young people’s own accounts of their involvement in the civil war; their complicity in atrocities, their coping strategies in the context of armed conflict, their position as ex-combatants in a post-war environment, and their outlook on their past, present and future. In the first chapter I set the scene of the Liberian civil war and discuss the central concepts on which my dissertation is built. Chapter two then takes up the methodological issues relating to the particular fieldwork conditions found. This is done by providing an account of my participant observation within a volatile community of ex-combatants in Monrovia. Chapter three deals with the nature of pre-civil war Liberian political and military organisational structures and their rootedness in pre-state institutions such as local warlordism and secret societies. In chapter four I look at the cultural setting of my fieldwork and track elements found within the legacy of violence, to oral literature and patterns of socialisation. Chapter five focuses specifically on the role and predicament of young women in the civil war. Whilst some became active fighters, most participated as auxiliaries in various capacities. Their accounts convey not only the tremendous hardship and suffering, but also reveal mechanisms which helped at least some to survive. In chapter six I discuss the question of a post-war reintegration of ex-combatants into peacetime society and show that the prospects of different groups depend primarily on their social and geographical situation, rather than on the negligible effectiveness of aid programmes routinely executed by international organisations and NGOs.

This case study investigates gender-sensitive institutional reforms in post-war Liberia. It applies key concepts developed by the Research Network on Gender Politics and the State to explore the extent to which the emergent theory of state feminism might be applicable to countries outside of the West. Preliminary findings suggest that Liberia is a feminist state insofar as both the women’s machinery and the Sirleaf Administration are allied with feminist and women’s movement actors outside the state, and that they grant these actors access to policymaking fora. Policy content also appears to reflect many of the goals identified by women’s movement actors. However, given the lack of state capacity and the degree of state penetration by international organizations, it is difficult to determine the drivers of ostensibly state-led gender equity initiatives in the country. Because multi-level governance is the norm in areas where the capacity of the state is severely circumscribed, this research introduces the concept of “supra-state feminism” to demonstrate the major limitation of state feminist theory in Liberia. This notion of feminist policy transfer in areas of limited statehood adds to the comparative literature on engendering political transitions in sub-Saharan Africa.

This dissertation examines the constructed racial identities of African American settlers in colonial Liberia as they traversed the Atlantic between the United States and West Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. In one of the great testaments that race is a social construction, the West African neighbors and inhabitants of Liberia, who conceived of themselves as “black,” recognized the significant cultural differences between themselves and these newly-arrived Americans and racially categorized the newcomers as “white.” This project examines the ramifications for these African American settlers of becoming simultaneously white and black through their Atlantic mobility. This is not to suggest that those African Americans who relocated to Liberia somehow desired to be white or hoped to “pass” as white after their arrival in Africa. Instead, the Americo-Liberians utilized their African whiteness to lay claim to an exotic, foreign identity that also escaped associations of primitivism. This project makes several significant contributions to scholarship on the colonization movement, whiteness, and Atlantic world. Importantly for scholarship on Liberia, it reestablishes the colony as but one evolving point within the Atlantic world instead of its usual interpretative place as the end of a transatlantic journey. Whether as disgruntled former settlers, or paid spokesmen for the American Colonization Society (ACS), or visitors returning to childhood abodes, or emancipators looking to free families from the chains of slavery, or students seeking medical degrees, Liberian settlers returned to the United States and they were remarkably uninterested in returning to their formerly downtrodden place in American society. This project examines the “tools” provided to Americo-Liberians by their African residence to negotiate a new relationship with the white inhabitants of the United States. These were not just metaphorical arguments shouted across the Atlantic Ocean and focusing on the experiences of Americo-Liberians in the United States highlights that these “negotiations” had practical applications for the lives of settlers in both the United States and Africa. The African whiteness of the settlers would function as a bargaining chip when they approached that rhetorical bargaining table.

This thesis aims to investigate why inclusion of civil society actors in peace processes leads to more durable peace in some cases while not in others. It argues that the influence, rather than inclusion, of civil society organizations (CSOs) explains this variation. It is hypothesized that when CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable, as well as when a wide range of CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable. This is explored through a structured focused comparison between the peace processes leading up to peace agreements in Sierra Leone in 1996, the DRC in 2002, the Ivory Coast in 2003 and Liberia in 2003. The empirical findings lend support to the hypotheses and point in the direction of influence of CSOs in peace processes being of importance for the durability of peace. Certain evidence suggesting legitimacy being the causal mechanism is found. However, the empirical analysis also points towards other factors being potential alternative explanations such as war fatigue and sequencing of the process. The suggestive findings and the potential alternative explanations should be investigated further in order to increase the chances of durable peace.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T19:19:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniel Castanheira do Amaral Gonçalves.pdf: 64867867 bytes, checksum: aec28662296c219afd8550ddf11ca730 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T19:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Daniel Castanheira do Amaral Gonçalves.pdf: 64867867 bytes, checksum: aec28662296c219afd8550ddf11ca730 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-17 / CAPES / This study aims to analyze the impacts of the UN’s integration policies over the humanitarian space, based on the High Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees (UNHCR). It presents the development of such policies, exposing it as a direct result of a process of reform that sought to bring more coherence to the UN system’s action in favor of peace-building, intending to avoid the repetition of failures such as Rwanda and Srebrenica, which occurred during the 1990s peace operations. It analyzes, furthermore, the relation between the UNHCR’s mandate and the humanitarian space, exposing that the concept of the later, as used by the agency and by other humanitarian actors, favors a space destined to humanitarian action promoted by humanitarian actors in a neutral, impartial and absent form and with political influence. Nevertheless, questioning the possibility of completely divorcing the humanitarian action from politics, it is proposed that the humanitarian space be understood as an arena in which several actors negotiate its interests, world perspectives and operational objectives. This concept would allow to conciliate the heterogeneous nature of the humanitarian system and better understand not only the operational reality of humanitarian action, but also the threats to the humanitarian space represented by the integration policy. To explain and analyze these threats, it is used the five areas of humanitarian space - as identified by the United Nations Integration Steering Group - to assess how integration affects the humanitarian space: humanitarian security; humanitarian access; engagement with non-state armed actors; perceptions of humanitarian actors; and humanitarian advocacy. At the end, an analyses is made of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), a mission that since its genesis was structured under the precepts of integration, with the purpose of assess the impacts of integration on the humanitarian space in the Liberian using the five areas aforementioned. It attempts, therefore, to analyze if the UN integrated missions can expand the humanitarian space for UNHCR. It is, therefore, a documentary analysis - from UNHCR authored files - and a field study, in which data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with six UNHCR officers who served in Liberia and were interviewed at March 2015. It was used, moreover, scientific articles, books and academic dissertations obtained through electronic and bibliographic sources. It was concluded that in Liberia the integrated mission had a positive impact on the humanitarian space and that it facilitated the humanitarian action. It is proposed, by the end, that the use of the concept of the humanitarian space as an arena and the strategic engagement promoted by the humanitarian actors with political and military actors would allow humanitarian agencies to offer a stronger protection for those who benefit from their actions. Additionally, it would also better protect humanitarian interests in face of perceived threats that integration may represent to the humanitarian space. / O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar os impactos da política de integração da ONU sobre o espaço humanitário, tomando como base o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR). Apresenta-se o desenvolvimento da política, expondo-a como resultado direto de um processo de reforma que buscou trazer mais coerência para as ações do Sistema ONU em benefício da consolidação da paz, com o intuito de evitar-se a repetição de falhas como as de Ruanda e Srebrenica, ocorridas nas operações de paz dos 1990. Analisa-se, ademais, a relação do mandato do ACNUR com o espaço humanitário, expondo que o conceito deste espaço utilizado pela agência, bem como por outros atores humanitários, privilegia um espaço destinado à ação humanitária prestada por atores humanitários de forma neutra, imparcial e sem influências políticas. No entanto, questionando-se a possibilidade de se divorciar integralmente a ação humanitária da política, propõe-se que o espaço humanitário seja entendido como uma arena, na qual diversos atores negociam interesses, perspectivas de mundo e objetivos operacionais. Este conceito permitiria conciliar a realidade heterogênea do sistema humanitário e compreender melhor não apenas a realidade operacional da ação humanitária, mas também as ameaças ao espaço humanitário representadas pela política de integração. Para a explicação e análise destas ameaças, utilizam-se as cinco áreas do espaço humanitário - conforme identificadas pelo Grupo das Nações Unidas de Direção da Integração - para avaliar como a integração ameaçaria o espaço humanitário: a segurança dos atores humanitários; o acesso humanitário; a interação com atores armados não-estatais; as percepções dos atores humanitários por atores locais; e a advocacia humanitária. Faz-se, ao fim, um estudo da Missão das Nações Unidas na Libéria (UNMIL), operação de paz estruturada desde sua gênese sob os preceitos da integração, com o propósito de analisar o impacto da integração no espaço humanitário dentro do contexto liberiano, utilizando as cinco áreas anteriormente identificadas. Intenta-se, deste modo, analisar se as missões integradas da ONU permitem expandir o espaço humanitário para o ACNUR. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de análise documental - em arquivos de autoria do ACNUR - e de um estudo de campo, no qual se colheram dados por meio de entrevistas semi-dirigidas feitas com funcionários do ACNUR que atuaram na Libéria e que foram entrevistados em março de 2015. Utilizaram-se, ainda, artigos científicos, livros e dissertações acadêmicas obtidas por meio de fontes eletrônicas e bibliográficas. Conclui-se que, na Libéria, a missão integrada teve um impacto positivo no espaço humanitário e facilitou a ação humanitária. Propõem-se, ao final, que o uso do conceito de espaço humanitário como arena e o engajamento estratégico por parte dos atores humanitários com atores políticos e militares permitiriam às agências humanitárias oferecer maior proteção aos beneficiários de suas ações, bem como melhor defender os interesses humanitários em face das ameaças percebidas que a integração representaria ao espaço humanitário.

The research questioned the efficacy of standard biomedical information sharing and communication processes in ensuring rapid and reliable behavioural changes in the control of epidemics, especially in high-context cultures. Information processing arousals and behaviour change motivations are subject to the level of interactions in the extrinsic and intrinsic elements of an information. Following, epidemic control can only be successful if relevant elements of a system’s values, norms, beliefs and practices for information processing are superimposed on scientific communication to create shared meanings. An empirical research approach in grounded theory underscore the data collection of this research with the data analogy utilising the MAXQDA Analytics Pro software. Ebola behavioural changes were identified to be enabled by the functional properties of community mobilisation as a structure and process for meaning making and behavioural motivation. A contextual health communication model dubbed the ecological collegial communication model has been modelled for epidemiological control as the output of the research. Specific to the methodology, a systematic qualitative and data analysis process in grounded theory was adopted for conducting the research and the dissertation writing. Commencing the process was the identification and analysis of the problem from the perspectives of the challenges to the Ebola communication management. This was comprehensively identified from the fundamentals of the process of communication to the communication itself and was assessed from the motivational factors underlying the behaviours within which the rationality of the behaviours could be understood for their inflexibility to change or their insensitivity to the Ebola messages. The mediations of the behavioural motivators in the cognitive processes to information processing were considered for their intrinsic and extrinsic values to arouse information processing and persuade change. To explore the interface between communication and culture in cognitive processes of information processing and decision making, literatures on behavioural theories, including anthropological theories from which the processes and determinants of behavioural enactment are predicted were reviewed in chapters two to four. Intention (also used interchangeably in this dissertation as motivation) was unanimously construed as proximal in determining behaviours in the literatures. However, intention was also construed to have linkages with other factors in the determination of behaviours.:Dedication ii Declaration iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents v List of figures vi List of photos vii List of matrices vii List of tables vii List of appendices viii Abbreviations ix 1 Communication and culture of the 2014/2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conceptualisation of the research problem – the key factors of the Ebola outbreak 4 1.2.1 Structural violence 7 1.2.2 Communication deficiency 10 1.2.3 Cultural models (values and practices 20 1.2.3a Death and funerals 21 1.2.3b Caregiving 26 1.2.3c Reliance on traditional healers 31 1.3 Research objectives 37 1.4 Definitions 38 1.5 Questions formulation and research questions 42 1.6 Justification 52 1.7 Conclusion 58 2 Theoretical frameworks consistent with the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak health communication approaches – A discourse 59 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Psychological/behaviour science models 60 2.2.1 Health belief model 61 2.2.2 Protection motivation theory 64 2.2.3 Theory of planned behavior /reasoned action 71 2.2.4 Social cognitive theory / social learning theory 76 2.3 Summary 79 3 Information processing/communication theories 81 3.1Introduction 81 3.2 Elaboration likelihood model 81 3.3 Activation model 86 3.4 Narrative theory and entertainment education 88 3.5 Summary 95 4 Ecological theories / framework 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 The PEN-3 Model 98 4.2.1 Health education (cultural identity)100 4.2.2 Cultural appropriateness of health behavior (cultural empowerment) 101 4.3 Bioecological theory 103 4.4 Developmental process of Bronfenbrenner’s model in the framework of the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak 108 4.5 Theoretical framework of this dissertation 119 5 Research process and methodologies 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Justification of the research methodology 128 5.3 Overview of Monteserrado County 134 5.4 Techniques/procedures 137 5.4.1 Archival materials/documents 138 5.4.2 Ethnographic/observations 139 5.4.3 Key informants/in-depth interviews 142 5.4.4 Focus group discussions 143 5.5 Data analysis 146 5.5.1 Codes 147 5.5.2 Qualitative analysis employed in the research 152 5.6 Role of the researcher 153 5.6.1 Origins of the project 153 5.6.2 The discourse - philosophical worldview 156 5.6.3 Concluding thoughts 157 6 Data analysis: cultural practices, health and communication in the Liberian context 160 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 Ethnicity and religion 162 6.3 Social organization 171 6.4 Aspects of death and burial practices 179 6.5 Concept of health and health care 186 6.6 Communication and information sharing approach in Liberia 193 6.6.1Traditional communication and the town crier in Liberia 195 6.6.2 Contribution of Crusaders for Peace 201 6.6.3 Development of overarching Ebola communication messages 206 6.7 Conclusion 210 7 Data analysis: Socio-cultural patterns in Ebola perceptions, content of messages and behavioural outcomes 212 7.1 Introduction 212 7.2 Parent codes – summative description and discussions 214 7.3 Understanding the socio-cultural patterns in Ebola knowledge and behaviours: Perceptions of Ebola transmissions 226 7.4 Content and nature of Ebola messages in perceptions and behaviours 237 7.5 Conclusion 276 8 Data analysis: Understanding the motivators of Ebola behaviours – an analytical interrelationships model perspective 278 8.1 Introduction 278 8.2 Patterns of Ebola behaviours 279 8.3 Conclusion 317 9 Decoding: the interface between culture and communication in the Ebola communication management 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Contextual elements of effective communication – the interface 321 9.3 Cognitive heuristics to “…protect yourself…” 336 9.4 Processes of moderations of “protect yourself” in cognitions 339 9.5 Conclusion 343 10 Theoretical and conceptual inferences from empirical data and framework for a culturally appropriate communication 344 10.1 Introduction 344 10.2 Research questions 344 10.3 Epidemic control: The cultural model framework to persuasive communication for epidemic management 359 10.3.1 The composite conceptual analytical elements of the model 364 10.3.1a Model definition and assumptions 365 10.3.1b The ECCM – the interactive elements of a system 367 10.3.1c Pattern of communication in the ECCM 371 10.3.2 Summary 374 10.4 Processes of how to apply the ECCM 375 10.5 Limitations of the model 382 10.6 Conclusion 383 11 Conclusions and recommendations 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Key conclusions 385 11.3 Implications 387 11.3.1 Policy framework implications 387 11.3.2 Theoretical implications 390 11.4 Further research 393 11.4.1 Approach to communication 393 11.4.2 Cultural dynamics 396 11.4.3 Health perceptions 398 11.4.4 Ebola orphans and victims 398 11. 5 Research limitations 399 References 401