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Bakgrunden till denna studie är proposition 2020/21:144 som överlämnades till Sveriges riksdag den 18 mars 2021, där regeringen initierar en ny lagstiftning som förväntas träda i kraft den 1 januari 2022. Lagen medför en skyldighet för byggherrar att upprätta och registrera en klimatdeklaration för varje ny bygglovspliktig byggnad som uppförs, där mängden växthusgasutsläpp från byggskedet måste beräknas och redovisas för att byggnaden slutligen ska kunna tas i bruk. Studien har en fastighetsjuridisk utgångspunkt men behandlas ur ett företags- och samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv med syfte att undersöka lagens syfte, tillämpning och konsekvenser ur ett marknadsmässigt perspektiv, samt för att analysera korrelationen mellan lagkravets ikraftträdande och konsekvenser för enskilda branschaktörer av olika storlek. Studien utförs genom en kombination av tre vetenskapliga metodologier som tillsammans utgör ett empiriskt underlag för vidare analys. Studiens resultat visar på att lagens ikraftträdande kommer att medföra konsekvenser för samtliga aktörer inom bygg- och fastighetsbranschen, och enskilda branschföretag kommer bli tvungna att implementera kostnadsdrivande anpassningsåtgärder för att uppfylla det nya lagkravet. Detta riskerar särskilt att orsaka problem för de aktörer som inte redan arbetar aktivt med klimatfrågan, och riskerar även särskilt att drabba mindre företag. Detta kan i sin tur orsaka ogynnsamma konkurrensförhållanden på en marknad influerad av oligopolliknande tendenser, vilket även kan medföra samhällsekonomiska effekter, exempelvis i form av stagnation på bostadsmarknaden. I kontrast till detta framhäver dock klimatkalkyler som integrerar ekonomiska och ekologiska nyttoeffekter att införandet av lagen om klimatdeklaration för byggnader på längre sikt kan anses utgöra en lönsam investering ur både ett företags- och samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. / The background of this study is proposition 2020/21:144 which was submitted to the Swedish Parliament on March 18th 2021, where the government initiates a new law that is expected to enter into force on 1st of January 2022. The law entails an obligation for property developers to prepare and register a climate declaration for each new building subject to a building permit, where the carbon footprint from the construction must be calculated and reported in order to take the building into use. The study has a legal outset towards applicable law but is mainly treated from a business and socio-economic perspective in order to examine the law’s purpose, application and consequences from a corporate view, and to analyze the correlation between the legal requirements and consequences based on company size. The study is carried out through a combination of three scientific methodologies which together form an empirical basis for further analysis. The essence of the study shows that the new legal requirements will affect all different organisations within the construction and real estate industry, and will demand cost-driven adaptation measures to meet the new legal requirements. This is particularly likely to cause problems for those companies who have not already implemented an eco-friendly strategy for sustainability and climate awareness, and will also most likely particularly affect smaller companies in a negative way. This in turn can cause unfavorable conditions of competition in a market influenced by oligopol tendencies, with socio-economic effects, such as stagnation in the housing market, as a result. In contrast, climate calculations that integrate economic and ecological benefits emphasize that the introduction of the Climate Declaration Act for buildings in the longer term could be seen as a profitable investment from both a business and socio-economic perspective.

Durch die Lebenszyklusanalyse von Bauwerkintegrierten Photovoltaik(BIPV)-Fassaden werden deren ökologische Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Fassadenlösungen aufgezeigt. Die frühzeitige Analyse zu Beginn des Planungsprozesses ermöglicht es, die individuellen Potentiale von Baukörpern zu ermitteln und ermöglicht sichere Planungsentscheidungen durch Kennwerten. In dem Beitrag erfolgen Lebenszyklusanalysen an einem Fallbeispiel mit unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsebenen und methodischen Ansätzen. Es wird geprüft, welche Ansätze die Entscheidungsfindung von Architekt:innen und Planer:innen im Entwurfsprozess am besten unterstützen. Außerdem werden anwendungsbezogenen Erkenntnisse und Randbedingungen bei der Bilanzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen über den gesamten Lebenszyklus von BIPV-Fassaden identifiziert. / Life cycle analysis of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) façades demonstrates their ecological advantages over conventional façade solutions. The early analysis at the beginning of the planning process makes it possible to determine the individual potential of building structures and enables reliable planning decisions based on characteristic values. In this article, life cycle analyses are carried out using a case study with different perspectives and methodological approaches. It is examined which approaches best support the decision-making of architects and planners in the design process. In addition, practical findings and boundary conditions for balancing greenhouse gas emissions over the entire life cycle of BIPV façades are identified.

Ett hållbart företagande berör tre olika dimensioner: sociala dimensionerna, ekologiska dimensionerna och de ekonomiska dimensionerna.  För att arbeta mot ett hållbart företagande behöver ett företag kunna balansera dessa tre dimensioner samtidigt. Detta examensarbete syftar till att utifrån ett hållbart företagande undersöka de sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska dimensionerna för att fastställa Bra miljötekniks befintliga hållbarhetsarbete. Studien analyserar hur de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna integrerar med varandra. Detta för att få en ökad förståelse kring hur företaget bättre ska kunna anpassa sin verksamhet mot ett hållbart företagande.   För att skapa en djupare förståelse kring ämnet genomfördes en litteraturstudie. Litteraturinsamlingen består av avhandlingar och akademisk litteratur. Studien innehåller kvalitativa intervjuer med en semistrukturerad utformning. Syftet med intervjuerna var att skapa ökad förståelse kring hur företaget arbetar med sina sociala åtaganden. Både en direkt-intervju och en telefonintervju genomfördes.   Sociala aspekter och förhållanden vid företaget undersöks i studien genom en semistrukturerad intervju. De ekonomiska aspekterna undersöks genom viktning av tung lastbil, drivmedel, utsläpp och kostnader. Den ekologiska dimensionen undersöks med hjälp av verktyget livscykelanalys (LCA). Detta verktyg används för att öka förståelsen kring hur företagets aktiviteter påverkar i form av kostnader och miljöavtryck.   I den ekonomiska dimensionen kunde det tydligt utläsas att ingen av investeringarna var relativt stor i jämförelse med företagets resultat. Byte av bränsle till hydrerad vegetabilisk olja är det bästa alternativet taget ur ett perspektiv för hållbart företagande. De sociala dimensionerna undersöktes i form av aktiva val, etik, moral och inställning. Det framgick att stort ansvar har lagts på moderföretaget i Norge där all produktion sker. Inställningen var att; det sköter dem. Slutsatsen blev att företaget saknade kunskap kring vad de sociala dimensionerna innefattar, vilket är inte ovanligt enligt tidigare forskning. De sociala delarna består av mjuka delar och kräver därför en mer demokratisk och öppen process för att utvecklas framgångsrikt.     Att aktivt arbeta med hållbart företagande är resurskrävande för hela organisationen och dess processer. Ständig uppdatering och kontroll är ett måste. Då lönsamhet kan vara svårt att utläsa i ett kortsiktigt perspektiv finns en förståelse för att företag väljer att lägga resurser på annat.   Fördelar när det kommer till arbete med hållbart företagande är att det i det långa loppet genererar både ekonomisk lönsamhet och kompetensutveckling. Dock bör tilläggas att det främsta incitamentet till ett hållbart företagande är att kunna ge framtida generationer förutsättningarna att leva av och på vår planet precis som vi själva gjort. / Sustainable entrepreneurship involves three different dimensions in sustainable development: social dimensions, ecological dimensions and economic dimensions. In order to work towards sustainable entrepreneurship the firm needs to balance these three areas of responsibility simultaneously. This study examines the social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainable enterprise, based on sustainable entrepreneurship. The study analyses how the three sustainability dimensions integrates with each other in order to gain a better understanding of how to better adapt their business to sustainable entrepreneurship.   In order to obtain a comprehensive base a literature study was first conducted. The literature reviews consists of dissertations and literature studies. The study is also based on qualitative interviews with a semi-structured design. The purpose of the interviews was to get a better understanding of the present social commitment within the firm. Both a direct interview and a telephone interview were conducted.   Social aspects and conditions at the company were examined in the study through a semi-structured interview. In the economic aspects, heavy truck, fuel, emissions and costs for sustainable entrepreneurship were weighted. The ecological dimension is investigated through using the Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) as a tool. When using a LCA a company can get a greater understanding of how their activities affect the environment and where the effect has the most impact.    In the economic dimension, it was clear that none of the investments were relatively large in comparison to the company's earnings. Changing the fuel to HVO is clearly the best option taken from a perspective for sustainable entrepreneurship. The social dimensions were examined in terms of active choices, ethics, morals and attitude. It was very clear that great responsibility lies with the mother-company in Norway where all production takes place. The company lacked knowledge in how to affect the social dimensions and what they included. The social dimensions consist of many soft parts, a more democratic and open process is needed to create a successful result.   Working actively with sustainable entrepreneurship is demanding resources for the entire organization and its processes, as well as continuous updating and control. Since profitability in numbers can be difficult to read in a short-term perspective many companies choose to put resources on other things.    Advantages for organizations that work with sustainable entrepreneurship are that it generates both economic profitability and competence development in a long-term perspective. But most importantly, future generations must be given the conditions to live on and off our planet just as we did.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-18T14:41:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josiane Reschke Pires.pdf: 4785187 bytes, checksum: 5dcede27f6c8d94cee536d3dfbfa047d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-18T14:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josiane Reschke Pires.pdf: 4785187 bytes, checksum: 5dcede27f6c8d94cee536d3dfbfa047d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A preocupação com a sustentabilidade sugere a busca pela otimização dos recursos naturais. Um dos aspectos necessários é adequar as edificações para o clima em que estão localizadas, reduzindo o consumo energético da habitação e ampliando o conforto ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da aplicação de critérios de desempenho térmico em edificações residenciais. A investigação foi centrada na identificação dos custos e da energia no ciclo de vida de projetos simulados com soluções baseadas em conforto ambiental passivo (natural) e ativo (artificial), verificando a influência no consumo de energia da edificação. Foi aplicada em projetos de edificações residenciais verticais e horizontais, de classe média e baixa, em dois climas distintos (Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, RS), examinando o tipo de envelope, as absortâncias e o uso de elementos construtivos. Para análise do desempenho térmico foi adotada a norma de desempenho NBR 15575 e método graus-hora, com modelagem BIM, utilizando o Revit/Autodesk e para as simulações térmicas foi empregado o EnergyPlus, software especializado em análise energética para edificações. O ciclo de vida dos projetos propostos foi analisado considerando-se um período de 50 anos, comparando os custos e a energia incorporada das alternativas. Como um segundo parâmetro de sustentabilidade, também se analisou a eficiência energética conforme o selo de eficiência energética Procel Edifica. Os resultados indicam que com o aumento do isolamento da envoltória se verifica uma melhoria do conforto térmico, de até 54%, e economia de energia, em ambos os climas, com um período de retorno de 2 a 6 anos, em alguns casos. / The concern with sustainability brought the need for optimization of the energy resources to reduce the consumption of electric energy and of natural resources. One of the aspects is the need to adapt the buildings to the climate in which they are located, reducing the energy consumption of housing. The aim of this research is to investigate the technical and economic viability of applying some criteria of thermal performance in residential buildings. The methodology is based on the identification of the costs and energy in the life cycle of projects based on environmental comfort on passive (natural) and active (artificial) ways, detailing the influence on energy consumption of the building. It was applied in residential projects, both vertical and horizontal, of lower and middle class, in two distinct microclimates (Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, southern Brazilian cities), examining alternatives of envelope, insulation and the use of architectural façade elements. To analyze the thermal performance was adopted the Brazilian standard NBR 15575 and degree-hour method, with BIM modeling through Revit/Autodesk and for the thermal simulation Ecotect/Autodesk and EnergyPlus. The life cycle of the proposed case studies was analyzed by considering a period of 50 years, comparing the costs and embodied energy of alternatives. As a second measure of sustainability, energy efficiency was also analyzed with the Brazilian standard of energy efficiency Procel Edifica. The results showed that with the increment of envelope’s insulation there are improvement of thermal comfort, of 54%, and energetic economy, in both climates, with a payback period of 2 to 6 years, in some cases.

La planète se trouve dans un état de dégradation des écosystèmes, d’épuisement des ressources, de tension démographique et d’urgence climatique particulièrement préoccupant. Le découplage de la consommation de matières premières avec l’activité économique est indispensable. En réduisant la pression sur la raréfaction des matières premières, l’économie circulaire peut participer à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique. Bien que le recyclage ne puisse solutionner seul l’épuisement des ressources, il est indispensable de mettre en œuvre des solutions pour régénérer les matières présentes dans nos déchets. Or l’organisation actuelle de la filière de fin de vie ne semble pas répondre aux besoins de l’économie-monde.Le premier challenge pour déployer des solutions de recyclage en économie circulaire repose sur l’évaluation de la performance des scénarios de recyclage. La méthodologie proposée repose sur plusieurs outils d’analyse : analyse de flux de matières (MFA), Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) et Analyse de coûts (LCC) dans un cadre technique de référence basé sur l’évaluation des écotechnologies (ETV). Ce travail s’applique en partenariat avec la société MTB. Trois axes de performances ont été retenus : technique, économique et environnemental.Cette évaluation multicritères, intégrés dans la démarche de conception de MTB, permet une communication sous la forme d’indicateurs clés de performances (KPI). Ces indicateurs supplémentaires permettent de quantifier rapidement l’éco-efficience d’un scénario, pour accompagner la prise de décisions des concepteurs lors de la construction de l'offre et du développement des solutions scénarios de recyclage. / The planet is in a particularly worrying state of degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, demographic tension and a climate emergency. The decoupling of the consumption of raw materials with economic activity is a relevant action lever. By reducing the pressure on the scarcity of raw materials, the circular economy can participate in the fight against climate change. Although recycling alone cannot solve resource depletion, it is essential to implement solutions to regenerate the materials present in our waste. However, the current organization of the end-of-life sector does not seem to meet the needs of the world economy.The first challenge in deploying recycling solutions in the circular economy is based on evaluating the performance of recycling scenarios. The proposed methodology is based on several analytical tools: Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cost Costing (LCC) in a technical reference framework based on the evaluation of environmental technologies (ETV). This work applies in partnership with the company MTB. Three performance axes were chosen: technical, economic and environmental.This multi-criterion assessment, integrated into the MTB design process, allows communication in the form of key performance indicators (KPI). By providing additional performance indicators it is possible to quickly quantify the eco-efficiency, to support decision-making by designers during the development of the recycling pathway.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:11:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daisy Amed das Chagas de Freitas.pdf: 5797839 bytes, checksum: 5037fb54ff3fc2e2be975b2335d845d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-22 / The industry of air conditioning is a major consumer of raw materials and strong generator of waste. The production process and each step in the life cycle of such products cause impacts contributing to environmental degradation. The air conditioning is one of the leading manufactured products in the Industrial Pole of Manaus and the most sold in the local market due to high temperatures, typical of the region. Therefore, this study evaluated the environmental aspects and potential impacts involved in the production process of window air conditioner, using the tool of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a technique for environmental management based on inventory construction that considers the inputs of raw materials and energy, and waste emissions associated with the production process. In this context, a case study has been conducted in the Amazon Electrolux Ltd, manufacturer of air conditioners of the PIM, where the collection of data was made through desk research, interviews and questionnaires, molded based on the focus of the work and the guidelines established by ABNT NBR ISO 14040:2009, for the study of LCA. Secondly, the LCA methodology was applied, using software SimaPro 7.3 Faculty educational version, in order to identify the environmental impacts involved. The results obtained in the environmental assessment of the production process of window air-conditioning found that the electronic components, printed circuit boards and electrical components represent the greatest environmental burden in the production of these devices, due to the diversity of elements and compounds chemicals present in their compositions and the presence of toxic substances that cause harm to human health and the environment. The main potential impacts to which these inputs contribute are the carcinogenic effects, the use of fossil fuels and inorganic respiratory effects. Potential impacts include the categories of harm to human health, to ecosystem quality and to natural resources, the first being the most significant. The diagnosis of this evaluation made possible the construction of a benchmark survey for analysis and understanding of issues relating to the productive sector of air conditioning, contributing to the promotion of improvements in the product development and process, favoring cleaner production directed for sustainability. / A indústria de aparelhos de ar-condicionado é grande consumidora de matérias-primas e forte geradora de resíduos. O processo de produção e cada uma das etapas do ciclo de vida desses produtos acarretam impactos que contribuem para a degradação ambiental. O aparelho de ar-condicionado é um dos principais produtos manufaturados no Polo Industrial de Manaus e um dos mais vendidos no comércio local, devido às altas temperaturas, típicas da região. Diante disso, o presente trabalho avaliou os aspectos ambientais e impactos potenciais envolvidos no processo produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado de janela, utilizando a ferramenta Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). A ACV é uma técnica de gestão ambiental fundamentada na construção de inventário que considera as entradas de matérias-primas e energia, e as emissões de resíduos associadas ao processo produtivo. Nesse contexto, foi realizado um estudo de caso na Electrolux da Amazônia Ltda, empresa fabricante de condicionadores de ar do PIM, onde se fez o levantamento dos dados através de pesquisa documental, realização de entrevistas e aplicação de questionários, moldados com base no foco do trabalho e nas diretrizes estabelecidas pela ABNT NBR ISO 14040:2009, para o estudo da ACV. Num segundo momento, foi aplicada a metodologia de ACV, através da utilização do software SimaPro 7.3, versão educacional Faculty, com o objetivo de identificar os impactos ambientais envolvidos. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação ambiental do processo produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado de janela constataram que os componentes eletrônicos, os painéis e circuitos impressos e os componentes elétricos representam a maior carga ambiental na produção desses aparelhos, em função da diversidade de elementos e compostos químicos presentes em suas composições e da presença de substâncias tóxicas que acarretam danos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Os principais impactos potenciais, para os quais esses insumos contribuem, são os efeitos carcinogênicos, a utilização de combustíveis fósseis e os efeitos respiratórios inorgânicos. Os impactos potenciais abrangem as categorias de danos à saúde humana, à qualidade do ecossistema e aos recursos naturais, sendo o primeiro o mais expressivo. O diagnóstico dessa avaliação tornou possível a construção de um referencial de pesquisa para análise e compreensão de questões relativas ao setor produtivo de aparelhos de ar-condicionado, contribuindo para a promoção de melhorias no desenvolvimento do produto e do processo, favorecendo uma produção mais limpa direcionada para a sustentabilidade.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

Syftet med rapporten är att göra en jämförelse av två olika metoder för att kyla ett fiktivt kontorshus som är 2 000 m² stort och beläget i Västerås. För att representera ett normalt kontorshus har kyleffektbehovet valts till 50 W/m² vilket ger totala kyleffektbehovet 100 kW. I ena fallet finns en kylmaskin som kyler byggnaden och i andra byts kylmaskinen mot ett antal borrhål som motsvarar hela kyleffekten. För att kunna bedöma de tekniker som har använts har energianvändning och växthuspotential beräknats i ett livscykelperspektiv. Denna energianvändning beräknas som inbäddad energi, vilket är all energi som använts från framtagande av råmaterialen till färdiginstallerat system. Växthuspotentialen beräknas i alla dessa steg som totala koldioxidekvivalenter. Ett sätt att bedöma den energibesparing som har gjorts är med en EROI-analys. EROI beräknas som sparad energi dividerat med investerad energi och är ett dimensionslöst tal som ger en indikation på hur värdefull investeringen är från energisynpunkt. Kylbehovet som finns i byggnader består av värmeöverskott, som uppkommer av bland annat belysning, datorer, kopiatorer och värme från människor. För att kyla bort denna värme finns ett antal olika kyltekniker. Kylmaskinen betraktas ofta som det klassiska sättet att skapa kyla, men är förknippad med en stor energianvändning under dess drift, främst till kompressor-drift. Till borrhålslösningen utgör en cirkulationspump enda elbehovet för att kunna skapa kyla, eftersom denna driftenergi är mycket lägre än för kylmaskinens kompressor ses ofta kyla från borrhål som gratis- eller frikyla. Byggnadens kylenergibehov har bedömts till 40 kWh/m2, år eller totalt 80 000 kWh/år. Detta kylenergibehov ger upphov till driftenergibehov. De årliga elbehoven beräknades till 26 145 kWh/år för kylmaskinen och 2 000 kWh/år för borrhålen. Dessa elbehov motsvarar de totala energierna 4 235 460 MJ för kylmaskinen samt 324 000 MJ för borrhålen under byggnadens livslängd. För att beräkna den inbäddade energin i dessa två lösningar krävdes livscykelanalyser. Det framkom snart att det inte fanns, av denna anledning användes byggvarudeklarationer för komponenterna. Till det hämtades livscykelanalyser för material. I de fall där det funnits varken livscykelanalyser eller byggvarudeklarationer har antaganden gjorts. Det som saknades var information om vad en kylmaskin innehåller, därför har det antagits att en värmepump och kylmedelkylare tillsammans kan fungera på samma sätt som en kylmaskin. Resultatet av beräkningarna för den inbäddade energin, tillverkning och transporter, beräknades till 74 627 MJ för kylmaskinen och 480 490 MJ för borrhålslösningen. Koldioxidutsläppen i samma skeden blev 4,8 ton koldioxidekvivalenter för kylmaskinen respektive 29,5 ton koldioxidekvivalenter för borrhålen. De stora skillnader som ses i inbäddad energi och koldioxidekvivalenter uppkommer av dieselanvändning, som krävs för att borra borrhålen. I denna rapport studeras scenariot att ersätta en kylmaskin som använts i fem år med ett antal borrhål, med samma kyleffekt, om detta kan vara fördelaktigt ur en energi- och miljömässig synpunkt. Studien visar att efter bara 4,5 år använder borrhålslösningen mindre energi, trots den höga inbäddade energin vid installationen. Den stora skillnaden består av elbehovet i driftskedet, där borrhålen har en cirkulationspump som använder betydligt mindre el än kylmaskinens kompressor. Den andra kategorin som har undersökts i denna studie har varit växthuspotential i form av koldioxidekvivalenter, som uppkommer under hela livstiden för båda lösningarna. Ett av kylmaskinens utsläpp kommer från köldmediet (R407C), ett kg köldmedie motsvarar 1 526 kg koldioxidekvivalenter. Det antogs att 4 % av detta köldmedie årligen läcker till omgivningen under alla år 45 år, detta läckage gav en total växthusverkan på 46,6 ton koldioxidekvivalenter. Det förekommer även stora koldioxidutsläpp i driftskedet, eftersom elbehoven är totalt 1 177 MWh för kylmaskinen och 90 MWh för borrhålen. En litteraturstudie visade att koldioxid-utsläppen vid produktion av el varierar mycket beroende på vilka förhållanden som råder, utsläppen varierar från 0 till 1 269 kg/MWh. Det visade sig dock att borrhålets koldioxid-utsläpp är lägre än kylmaskinens även vid låga koldioxidemissioner från elproduktion. Detta beror på läckaget av köldmedie som förekommer i kylmaskinen. Resultaten visar att oavsett utsläpp från elproduktion kommer borrhålen ha en lägre växthuspotential än kylmaskinen. Om kylmaskinen skulle användas under byggnadens livslängd skulle den ha en viss inbäddad energi och om borrhålen användes under byggnadens livslängd skulle de ha en annan inbäddad energi. Skillnaden i dessa energier kallas sparad energi. Investerad energi beräknas som den energi som krävs för att ersätta kylmaskinen med borrhålen. Med sparad och investerad energi kan först nettoenergin beräknas som skillnaden mellan dessa, den blev 3 089 025 MJ. EROI beräknas sedan som kvoten av sparad och investerad energi och blev 7,4, vilket innebär att ett byte av en befintlig kylmaskin till en borrhålslösning är fördelaktig ur energisynpunkt. / The purpose of this study is to compare cooling from a refrigeration machine and a borehole system. These technologies are chosen because they are observed as each other’s opposites. A refrigeration machine is associated with a requirement of large amounts of electric energy, while the borehole system is often seen as free cooling. The study is performed on a fictional building located in Västerås. The building has an area of 2 000 m² and a cooling requirement of 50 W/m². In the scenario studied the building is already equipped with a refrigeration machine, the goal is to examine if it can be motivated to remove this machine and replace it with a borehole system. The chosen environmental impact categories are embodied energy and carbon dioxide equivalents. In order to evaluate the embodied energy, EROI (Energy return on investment) is used to calculate the energy saved by removing the refrigeration machine. For the refrigeration machine most of the energy used is during the operation phase, this is because of the compressor which is used to produce cooling energy. In the borehole system 40 % of the energy used is during the operation phase and 60 % during the manufacturing phase. The drilling used 8.1 m3 diesel fuel, which dominated both the embodied energy and the carbon dioxide emissions of the borehole system. Results show that after only 4.5 years after installation the borehole system has less total embodied energy. EROI was then calculated as saved energy divided by invested energy and the result was an EROI of 7.4. The carbon dioxide emissions from both systems are heavily dependent on the CO2-emissions from electricity generation. Though, if a refrigeration machine were used during the buildings entire lifetime the leakage of refrigerant would be big enough to counteract this dependence.